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First, project and project management
Significance of the project
Paul Grace, Chairman of the US Project Management Professional Qualification Certification Committee, said that in today's society, everything is project, everything will become a project. Whether it is daily work or after a meal, people talk about the most things are also a variety of projects. The project is very important to the society, the company, and the individual's significance is very important, so project management is regarded as a gold occupation in the next 20 years.
First, the project is the main means of resolving the contradiction between social supply and demand. The contradiction between demand and supply is the driving force of social and economic development, one of the strategies to solve this contradiction is to expand demand, such as merchants, the government encourages personal loan consumption, encouraging social investment, and increasing government investment, etc. Such strategies are the main strategy of China's current development and development; another strategy is to improve supply, improve supply, companies continue to introduce new, launch personalized services and products, reduce product prices, improve product functions, and this kind of strategy Adoption requires government and businesses to continue to start, complete new projects, which also put forward new requirements and challenges to project management.
Second, the project is an important way for knowledge transformation into productivity. It is a major business means of knowledge economy. Knowledge economy can be understood as an economy that transforms knowledge into benefits. Knowledge produces new ideas, forming new scientific research results, new scientific research results need to pass a project startup, planning, implementation, and management can eventually become wealth, otherwise, knowledge is always lying on books on books. Therefore, from the transformation of knowledge to benefits to rely on projects, enterprises buy patents, engage in predictions, and ultimately need to achieve profits through projects.
Third, the project is a carrier for realizing the development strategy of enterprises. The mission of the company, the vision of the enterprise, the strategic objectives of the enterprise need to be implemented through a successful project. Successful projects not only realize the development goals and profits of enterprises, expanding the size of the company, but also enhances the company's brand effect, exercise the company's R & D team, retaining the people's talents.
Fourth, the project is an embodiment of the social value of the project manager. Life of most engineering technicians is accumulated by a project, and the value of technicians and project managers can only be reflected by the results of the project. Participation in a major impact is itself a great honor of engineering technology and project management personnel.
Project concept
The project is a limited task that will be completed. It is a general name of multiple related work that meets a series of specific targets for a certain period of time. The definition of the project contains three levels of meaning: First, the project is a task to be completed, and there is a specific environment and requirement; second, within a certain organization (human, material, financial, etc.) Complete tasks within the specified time; third, tasks must meet certain performance, quality, quantity, technical indicators and other requirements. This three-layer meaning corresponds to the triple constraints of this project - time, costs, and performance. The project's goal is to meet the different requirements of customers, management and suppliers on time, cost and performance (quality).
The basic properties of the project are:
1, one-time;
2, uniqueness;
3, the determinism of the target;
4. Temporary and openness of the organization;
5, the retrogenousness of the results.
Project management
Project management is to apply various resources to the goal to achieve the objectives of the project, meet the established needs of all aspects.
Project management is first managing, but managing objects are special, it is project; management method is the target management; the organization's organization is usually temporary, flexible, flat, and the management process is through systematic idea; management Method tools and means have advanced nature and openness, with multidisciplinary knowledge and tools.
Second, the process management of the project
The project comes from various needs and problems to be solved, and people's needs are urgent to solve problems. The implementation of the project generally includes four aspects: the demand is summarized into a project concept model; the project is decomposed into several relatively independent tasks according to the conceptual model; complete the various tasks; the results of the fruit assembly of each task become an outcome of the project . Project life cycle
The project management knowledge system is also divided into four stages, namely the concept phase, the development phase, the implementation phase, and the completion phase, the project is at different stages. The content of its management is also different.
C- conceptual phase, proposed and arguing that the project is feasible. Many large software R & D companies have product pre-research department to be responsible for new products, pre-research work including demand collection, project planning, feasibility study, risk assessment, and project proposals. This stage needs to be put in human, there is not much physical force, but the influence on the later period is very large. The importance of the concept phase can be summarized in a sentence: a valuable demand is planned to achieve a project to achieve a good economic benefit, and a very value-worthy project is timely suspended but reducing the direct loss of the company. Therefore, many companies pay more attention to the latter, IBM, Huawei's integrated product development (IPD) project management model, one of the most effective results, the cost of spending the cost of the project in the middle of the project is reduced . Most of the work of the general bidding project, the work of the concept phase has been completed by the owner.
D-development phases, people who work before starting work and all hardware and software preparations are the overall planning of the project. The development phase is an important guarantee for the successful implementation of the project. Its main task is to make a detailed plan and configuration of project tasks and resources. Plan (cost, quality assurance, risk control, communication) and other work. In project management practice, the planning work is not in place, the root cause of my country's project management level, in the software development industry, we have always calling system analysts, architects, and IT blue collars, but can't truly implement software development projects. Separate status, a very important reason is that my country's software industry high-level designers have not reached the designed planning and design levels, so that the underlying developers should also take a certain design task. This is related to the difference in Chinese and Western cultural differences. Chinese habits, extensive jobs are not only in projects, but we must be good at using other aspects (such as team tacit) to make up for this shortcomings.
E- Implementation phase, implement projects according to project plan. The execution phase is the longest in the project life cycle, the workload is the largest, and the resource consumption is most. This stage should be coordinated according to the work decomposition structure (WBS) and network plan of the project to ensure the quality of the tasks and complete the time. Guidance, supervision, prediction, control is the management focus of this period. The implementation phase requires project managers to be able to manage on-site management; timely discover problems and make decisions; timely resolve conflicts between tasks and all members, resolve contradictions; timely solve the problem of project implementation, and dredge channels. The management of this stage needs to be completed under the underlying manager, so managers and project groups need a high degree of target identity.
The F-end phase, the completion of the project, completing the work of the mind, the final product formation. Project organizers should conduct financial clearing, document summary, evaluation acceptance, and final delivery of the project, and summarize the project summary. There is not much job in the end of the stage, but it is very important, and a successful experience of a project can be made by copying and failure. The previous Chinese people need to summarize and evaluate through in-depth projects in the project planning and team of the team.
The following figure is an integral description of the four phases of the project's C, D, E, and F, from the point of view of the project life cycle.
C- concept stage
D-development phase
E- Implementation stage f-ending stage
* Clear demand, planning project * survey research, collect data * OGG * Conductive research * Clear partnership * Determine Risk rating * Subject to resource measurement * Propose project group program * Proto item proposing The next stage * Determine the main members of the project group * The scope of the final product of the project * Implementation plan to study the project quality standards * Resource Guarantee * Project environmental guarantee * Primary plan * Project funding and cash flow budget * Project Work Structure Decomposition (WBS) * Project Policy and Procedure Formation * Risk Assessment * Confirm Project Validity * Propose Project Summary Report, Approval Entering Next Stage * Establish Project Organization * Establish Project Contact Channel * Implement Project Incentive Mechanism * Establish project work packages, refine the technical requirements * Establish project information control system * Operation of WBS * Get order items and services * Guidance / supervision / prediction / control: scope, quality, progress, cost * Solution implementation Problem * Final product completion * Evaluation and acceptance * Clear final account * Project assessment * Document summary * Resource cleaning * Conversion product responsibility * Explorer project group
Analyze the specific content of project management by different life cycle stages, you can have a comprehensive system awareness of project management, but also the main focus of project management. Project Stage and Milestones In 1994, the research results of Standish Group for the IT industry ($ 25 billion) in the IT industry showed that the total average budget of the project was 90%, the progress exceeded 120%, and 33% of the total project. Both exceeding the budget, postponed progress, in large companies, 9% of the projects are completed according to the budget. The first question of the system analyst examinations in the 1999 system analyst is also a similar topic. There are many reasons why the project cycle delay or cost exceeds the budget, but there is no good phase and milestone division is undoubtedly the most important reason. The figure below can illustrate this: In the figure, the success of the project needs to take a long distance, from the beginning to the results, there is no ready-made road to go (one-time), if the project manager pursues step in place Not to do the stage division, because the distance goals are too far, it is inevitable that many detours are not easy (not good comparison), when you feel that you feel off the target, you will have a lot of detours, and you may deviate after the correction. To another direction, it is also not easy to feel, so repeated, the blue trajectory in the figure is formed. If the project's implementation process is divided into several stages, there is a marker milestone at each stage, then there is a clear goal at each stage. Although it is still not detached every stage, because the goal is relatively close, it is not Winding around a large bend, forming a red trajectory in the figure. Obviously, the length of these two trajectories is different, the blue line is much longer than the red line. what does this mean? It means that the former has spend more costs and time than the latter! It means that the project cost is exceeding the budget and progress! People who do projects are easily become frogs in warm water, and they are placed in a dead place, and they should be awarded the risk of recent goals. The process review of the process review project is an important part of the quality assurance. A very simple truth-quality is made rather than find out. Taking software projects as an example, the reliability of software depends on the reliability of each module, the reliability of the module is cast in the module's summary, detailed design, encoding, test and other links. I think the software project requires a member of the project team to have the most perfect spirit and smelling the realm of hi, because the software is done, people always have negligence, during the development process, even if the software that is perfect Avoid existence defects, it is barely to achieve the level you can use; the software that doesn't have to develop, it is likely that it is likely to use it. Below is a software defect production phase, the relationship between the defect modification phase, and the modified cost, indicating that the defect is discovered and modified, the higher the cost of the modified. The defects caused by the demand analysis phase have the cost of modification after the product release is that the problem can revise 50-200 times the cost payment at the time of the demand analysis! This is just a statistical result. In fact, some loss will then be released, and the loss caused by the impact wave vulnerability of Windows2000. The meaning of the process review is that problems in time, timely correction, but the stage review is not only to ensure the quality, but also achieve the role of control project costs.
