Summary and Prospect of Chinese Dialect Map
Department of Cities and Resources, Niu Dong, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210089 Niu_dong@msn.com
Abstract: This article combines the knowledge of maps, linguistics and software engineering, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various traditional types of dialects, and puts forward the future development direction of Chinese language should focus on China's own dialects. Map digitization and software engineering.
Keywords: dialect pointing symbol map, dialect scope, dialect line diagram, dialect approximation map, dialect moving chart, digital dialect map
The Retrospect and Prospect of the Cartography of Chinese Diagects
Niu dongdept. Of urban & resources,
NANKING UNIVERSITY
,
Jiangsu
NANKING 210089,
China
Niu_dong@msn.com
Abstract: Based on the background knowledge of Cartography, Linguistics, and Software Engineering, this paper analyses the merits and flaws of different types of the traditional Chinese dialectical maps, and comes up with a viewpoint that the digitization and software-engineering of dialectical maps should Be the main task for the chinese linguists.
Key Words: Dialectical Pointing-symbol Cartography, Dialectical Bound Cartography, Dialectical Homolingual-line Cartography, Dialect-Resemblance Cartography, Dialectical Locomotor-line Cartography, Digital Dialectical Maps
May 2004
0. introduction
The figure above is a geographical map of Chinese dialects drawn by Western scholars.
The geographical distribution of Chinese dialects is like the distribution of natural geographical characteristics of China. If the characteristics of dialect distribution can be expressed on the map, or, the geographic survey of dialects can be published in the form of a map, so that the geographic distribution of dialects can be more intuitive, which is conducive to the macroscopic macro The angle further studies the problem, and it is also convenient for the reading and understanding of ordinary readers.
1. Review of traditional Chinese dialect maps
Chinese scholars' records and research on dialects can be recovered to two thousand years ago, but the idea of dialect maps is introduced by Western scholars.
The dialect map is different from the general map, and the information it communicates is mainly the geographical distribution of dialects in a certain region. Any dialect map should be objective and concise, which is convenient for readers to see and consult. Only only diagrams are generally only dialects, larger rivers and lakes, sometimes drawn on the administrative regions to readers, and marked scales.
Traditional dialect maps, according to the different characteristics of the research topic, common can be divided into such two categories: diagrams of diagrams and diagrams; there are some special dialect maps, such as dialects, line diagrams, dialect approximation Figure and dialect moving charts. The following will be a simple summary of these five dialect maps.
1.1 Five types of traditional dialect maps
1.1.1
Dialect point symbol map
The map of the diagram of the diagram of the diagram of the diagram of the diagram of the diagram of the diagram of the diagram of the diagram of the diagram of the diagram of the diagram of the diagram. The fixed-point symbol diagram means that the symbols of different shapes are used to represent the quality characteristics of each object that is independent, the overall concept is displayed. The size of the symbol does not represent the distribution area representing the object to the map scale, generally exceeds its actual area. The diagram of dialects is based on the inspection of dialect points in a certain region and classifies each dialect point. How many different types of symbols are designed. The symbol is generally very simple, so it must be explained in the legend. The symbols are as accurately marked in this location as much as possible, and the place name is marked next. As shown in the figure, a dialect map of Shandong Province Pingdu County is used to compare the extensive projects of all localities is the "中国 中 母 母 母 摄 口 三 等 等 今,,,,, 今 今 今 今 今 今 今 今 今 今 今 今
The figure below is a map of China's official dialect, which is based on the dialect point of the main large and medium-sized cities in China's official dialect area.
The information on the diagram of the dialect point symbol is completely based on the other integrated processing, and there is no comprehensive processing. Therefore, the diagram of dialects is a map of dialects that compare objective. It is especially suitable for describing geographical distribution of sporadic dialects. However, such a picture is not conducive to the reading of dialect geographical distribution law from the macro.
1.1.2
Dialect area
The map of dialect scope diagrams is the scope of graphical. The scope method (also known as the region) is a representation of some or certain phenomenon in a certain or continuous distribution of some or some phenomenon in a certain local range.
The production of dialect scope is drawn on the basis of diagrams of diagrams. It requires a drawing worker to compare research and regional division of dialects that have been investigated. Dialects scope diagram scratches the properties, the same or similar location dialects in the same principle or standard, in the same area. The figure below is a separate map of modern Wu language dialects:
But more often, due to the cause of population migration, there is a "flyland" between the dialect area, or "Deminert Islands"; in addition, there are two or more simultaneous passing activities in a region. Naruto. These dialects are best suited to use dialect scope diagrams, because the scope making graphics allow interpolation configurations to each other or symbols to display phenomena, gradual and mutual permeability. For example, the figure below is a map of dialect zone in the southeastern part of China, which includes many "dialect islands" and "one-way multi-dialect" phenomenon. Duan Yan Islands see the official Dialect Islands of Nanping City, Fujian Province, and the Western Western Islands in the western Hunan Province, etc. In the northern part of Guangzhou and the eastern part of the east, in two different background, it is used to pass the Yue dialect and the Hakka dialect.
In addition to the geographical distribution of dialects to a certain degree of dialects to a certain extent, it can be expressed, such as "dialect islands", "one-earth multi-dialect", etc., is unable to represent the diagram of the dialect. Although this type of map application is the most widely used, there is also a certain limitations, because the edges of a dialect zone are often blurred, and they cannot be meticulously scratched with the details of their transition. All dialect scope podders need deeper research and judgment on dialect nature of the boundary area, so that the boundary lines you can do as an objective fact as much as possible; however, the principles of each family are different, resulting in different dialects The border line painting is large, which seriously affects the reference value of dialect scope. For example, the North of Fujian and Zhejiang Junan City, the dialect of the area is between 语 and Wu language, it is difficult to say that the side is more similar, and the map producers are just based on their own standards - such Information is not credible. In order to make up for such a shortcomings, there is a diagram of dialect line.
1.1.3
Dialect line diagram
The diagram of dialects is a secondary map of dialects. Its mapology Theory is the line symbol charting, and the linear symbol method refers to a linear symbol of different styles to represent some of the topic.
The dialect line diagram is a special dialect map specifically designed to describe the transition conditions of the adjacent dialects. There are two main items on the picture, one is the dialect location, and the other is the same line. Each of the same lines on the line map is generally two points, that is, for the same project, the two-way dialect characteristics of the same line are different, the same side of the same side is the same as the same side. A plurality of words are symbolized with different lines, integrated drawn on the same map, forming a wire harness, and illustrates the symbols employed on the image. As shown below, it is a picture of the same line of Zishui County, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. The dialect place on the figure, "in the city" is the place where the Water County Government is located, and others are the land of the township government. Some of the divided line of Wu language and the official words are through the Shuishu County. There are three similar lines on this picture, indicating that the Chinese ancient and the mother, the south of the north, the northwestern, the northwest, the northwest of the Yishui County [P, TH , TSH], in the southeast of the county, the turbidity [B, D, Z / DZ] is read. Dialects are suitable for indicating that the meticulous transition status between different dialect zone transition bands, the more the projects survey, the more accurate the nature of this transition status. It makes up for the disadvantages of the transition zone division in the diagram of the dialect, with high academic reference value.
1.1.4
Dialect approach
Dialect approximation is a special dialect map. This map is closely marked between any adjacent place dialect within a region, directly marked in the figure, checks the number of approximation of the approach, compares any two adjacent place dialects. The rate, and it can be seen that dialasia of which of a region is close to each other. Please see the picture below:
The authors of the figure have compared the difference in Chinese dialects in Hunan with 52 dialect characteristics (including the sound, opening and closing, rhyme and rhyme, tone, special words, and words), and calculates any two points with this 52 characteristics. The approximation, each number on the graph represents the same number of two dialect features connected to the line. For example, there are 35 characteristics of Changde and Anxiang (in order to facilitate the view, the approach is only the approximation of some neighborhoods). It can be seen from this picture that is relatively close. For example, Liuyang River is close to (25), and it is more alienated with Changsha (17), so Liuyang is more likely to be returned to one district in peace, and the two districts are divided into Changsha.
Dialect approximation is based on the theory of comparative linguistics, and use a new method to portray the kinship relationship between dialect points in a region. Same line diagram and dialect scope maps easy to make readers misunderstand, to use various local dialects of the same side of the same line or in the same dialect area, not only its characteristics are the same, but also the relatives of each other; The rate map can avoid the above problems, and more accurately indicate the relationship between dialects. But dialect approximation is only suitable for drawing a map of small area. If there are too many investigations, it will make the map unclear. Such dialect maps are not intuitive and therefore rarely used.
1.1.5
Dialect motion
The map of the diagram of the dialect map is a motion chart method. Motor line diagram means a method of indicating a movement trend of a matter or a phenomenon with arrow-shaped symbols. Ordinary dialect maps can only display dialect distribution of a particular period, while the dialect map is specially used to describe a special dialect map of a dialect in history. Such a map generally marks the historical age and comments on the information on the graph.
1.2 The meaning of traditional dialect map
Dialect maps are language scholars to show their research results to others' best ways; dialect map is an indispensable basis for studying dialect geography, is an indispensable material for language scholars research language; and sometimes it can reflect dialect characteristics Evolution. For example, the full turbidity of Chinese Chinese is integrated in Wuzhong District in modern knowledge. On the dialect map of Zhangshui District, Xiangshui District and Southwestern officials, the full turbidity is only incomplete places in a number of traffic. For example, the following figure is the distribution of full turbidity in Northern Northern and its surroundings (represented by "tea"). It can be seen from the map, except for the Yushan, Guangfeng, Shangrai 3rd and Zhejiang Wuyong has a full turbidity, and the "tea" word in large sectors reads the TSH sound mother, the full turbidity of the sound is just retreats along the coast of Poyang Hubei. Lake, Star, Central, and Wunning a small piece. The West has a Pu Yu, Chongyang, Tongcheng, Southeast Hubei, Linxiang and Yueyang, Northeast Hunan. From a dialect map, you can also know that the full turbidity is only a few places remaining in these inconveniences. Dialect map also helps to develop research in sociology and history. From the geographical map of dialect, you can see the source or immigration background of local residents. For example, observation of Chinese dialects can be found that in addition to Fujian Province, there are many places to pass the private language, such as Taiwan, Tidosheng and Leizhou Peninsula, Hainan, Zhejiang, and Sichuan, etc., from such a distribution Incident in the history of Fujian has experienced the process of movement to foreign provinces, and history has also proved this.
2. About Dialect Map Future - Develop Chinese Digital Dialect Map Software
With the continuous development of information technology in recent decades, a new map form has appeared in the field - digital map. The production of dialect maps and software engineering should be one of the key points of my country's modern dialect map production. Digital dialect maps can be stored on digital storage media, such as hard drives, tapes, floppy disks, U disk, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, and more. Such diagrams can be displayed on the computer screen, or you can print out on the paper. The content shown in the map is dynamic, adjustable.
2.1 Digital Dialect Map Software User and Interface
Users of digital dialect map software, most of which are some language scholars or ordinary users who are interested in linguistics, they need to query the content they are interested in, or use this software to make their custom digital dialect map. These people are likely to be unfamiliar with the operation of the computer, so the operation interface of dialect map software must be convenient and friendly, which is important. Such software must have a standardized interface term, with HELP help, powerful tolerance, and more.
2.2 Digital Dialect Map Software
2.2.1
Stepless
The software shows a complete China map with stepless scaling, so it can break the paper map proportion of the ruler. It can be displayed in a certain limit and displays any steplessly. In this way, users can simply view macro geographical distribution of Chinese dialects, but also to view the subtle geographical distribution characteristics of dialects in a small area.
2.2.2
roaming
It must also provide "roaming" function, accommodating all map contents of a region at once, and does not require map distribution.
2.2.3
Automatically adjust load negative
It must have an automatic load negative adjustment system. The map load negative refers to the density of the information on the map, and the load is too high, which makes the map mess, and it will make the map information inadequate. For example, there is no need to listed the administrative unit below the county level in the picture below. Dialect distribution, there is a need to mark a residential spot on the population of more than 10,000 maps (especially in the southeastern part of China), because there are some or fine or macro between the dialects used by each residential point. This information is detailed to the user.
2.2.4
Have a massive data
The database of this software must have a massive, authoritative data, I think the following standards should be reached: 1) Dialect attribute data of the land should be owned by the residential points of each population of more than 10,000. These attribute information should at least include which dialect classification area belonging to the dialect, the number of people in the dialect point, is used to distinguish the voice system characteristics of the dialect (the number of tone, the adjustment of each tone, and the determination of the vagadance, the sound mother, Mindi, rhyme, etc.), the characteristics of the dialect area (these words must have certain representation, and strictly classify, try to involve various aspects of life); the most significant characteristics of the dialect point also It should be listed. For example, Fuzhou dialect points in Minqian District can list its attributes (part): "Min Dialect Zone Ministry Department, 500,000 people, 7 vocals, Yin 55, Yang Ping 53, emo 332, yin 212 , Yang to 242, yang, yang into 5, ..., into the yin and yang and the rhyme is shed into throat, retains the ancient lip tongue and tongue on the top of the Chinese dialect property, Hong Kong, Japanese and European and American sinologists have taken us for many years than us, we can learn from their experience and results.
2) For each municipality, the city, and county administrative units, in addition to providing the above attribute text information, the multimedia information of dialect recording should be provided. In the recording file, some representative words should be included, read from the "Book of Songs", Tang Poetry, and Song Words, 3 to 5 poems or words, read 3 paragraphs of different contents, and daily daily than 3 minutes. dialogue. In theory, each administrative unit should provide its own dialect recording, but in the northern official dialect area, many local dialects are extremely high, so they can have some speech files to reduce redundancy information.
2.2.5
Inquire
In order to enable users to effectively extract information, the software must provide powerful and easy-to-operate query functions. Designing a friendly dialog To make users fill in the content they want to query, automatically generate SQL statements by the program and query, and highlight the query on the map. For example, one user wants to query the second person who uses the second person who uses "汝" as the second person who uses the pronouns in the dialog box: Select the type "Municipal City" to select "City City", select "Select" in the field drop-down list in the query " "Two people" = ", after the operator selects" = ", and then fill in" 汝 "and press" OK ". In this way, the following cities in China will be highlighted on the screen: Ningde, Fuzhou, Taipei, Putian, Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Chaozhou, Shantou, Haikou, etc.
2.2.6
Design, editing and printing
Similar to some other map software or GIS software in today's market, this software should also support users' design, editing and printing of dialect maps. By simple operation, let users make their own dialect maps. Users can design dialect maps, range, scale, symbols, color, and more.
2.3 Development of a Chinese own digital dialect map software meaning
Chinese language scholars have a long history for dialects, especially after the introduction of Western comparative linguistics in modern times, it has achieved great progress, and they have left a rich dialect map for future reference and research. . However, in the constraints of the times, these dialects maps are paper as a medium, as discussed above, inevitably bring a variety of limitations. The digital dialect map compensates for all these shortcomings to facilitate the learning and research of language scholars.
In addition, I think that in Today, in Mandarin, the disappearance of dialect is slowly carried out. Of course, this is the progress of promoting national blending and economic development, but it is also a reverse of language evolution. If you can implement and issue such software, you will enhance the awareness of the language and cultural diversity of the Chinese people to a certain extent, and reduce the decline of dialects.
More importantly, a variety of knowledge that can be fully and in-depth involves a national dialect, the map software of the phenomenon, there is no precedent in the international current. If you can demonstrate the Chinese language culture in this way to the world, it is undoubtedly a long-term meaning. 3. Conclusion
It can be seen from above that China's paper dialect map has experienced a multi-century, and there have been a variety of perfect forms, but no matter which form is excellent. With the arrival of the information age, the digital map has been successfully applied to the various branches of the map, but in terms of geopolitic language, but it is still relatively blank. Therefore, digitizing the diagram map and software engineering should be one of the fields of today's domestic language priorities research and development.
references
Map School Tutorial Ma Yongli Nanjing University Press March 1998 First Edition
New map student tutorial Cai Meng and other higher education publishing agency, June 2000, first edition
The principle and method of geographic information system software engineering, the second edition, the first edition, July 2003
Chinese Mandarin Introduction Tour, Shanghai Education Press, June 2000, Second Edition
Contemporary Chinese dialects Hou Jingyi Shanghai Education Press, October 2002, First Edition
