The first part: About Swarm.
Swarm software is used to model complexity, and it is used to study the complexity of economic behavior. His development is developed in Santa FE Research in New Mexico, USA. The Santa Fe Institute and some individuals and the government provide funding for Swarm, and its issuance has got a GNU library public confidence and license. Documents and routines, as well as the ALL components of software and development tools, as executable parts and source code, freely available free of charge.
Swarm is developed using the Objective C language. Writing Swarm in early versions also makes Objective C, starting from the Swarm 2.0 version of support for Java language, possibly support JavaScript, C , Python, Perl, etc. Swarm's latest version SWARM 2.1.1 can run in different versions of UNIX, Linux, Windows95, Windows98, WindowsNT, Windows2000 environments.
The simulation of socioeconomic systems is based on the establishment of complex adaptive system referred to as CAS. Through "relatively simple micro-individual activities, the complex behavior of the macro level can be surpassed", and the roads of social science have multiplied the flight in contemporary new technologies.
Part II: Research on complexity.
What is a simple system, what is a complex system? A completely disorder, system in thermal balance is undoubtedly a simple system, such as a perfect crystal, a diamond diamond is also a very simple system. Generally speaking, describing the amount of information required for simple system is less, describing the amount of information in complex system states. Therefore, the state of the complex system, generally talking in the middle of complete ordered and complete disorder, is not in both heads.
- Zhou Guangzhao (the following views from Zhou Guangzhao)
When exploring the structure and evolution of complex systems, there are several basic laws that have basically role. Their connotation not only has a large number of experimental facts, but it becomes the basic starting point of our research complex system, we call it principle or in theory. There are three more important, one is the principle of conservation, one is an opening theory, one is evolutionary.
Conservation, the reason for the reason is that things are constantly changing, no matter how evolve changes, there are always some amounts that are constant. There are many carbon elements in the physical system in the physical system, the funds in the economic system, the goods, the goods, these are from one hand to another, but the amount will not come out or less, these quantities There is no born, and there will be no endless disappearance. During the entire movement change, the sum is balanced, which is conserved, which will meet the conservation equation anytime, anywhere. During the energy, energy is conservation, there is an energy called thermal energy, and all energy is different, it is the energy of the material utilization molecule and atoms without regular motion. Ordered is to have rules, no order is no rules. Therefore, thermal energy is a certain degree of disorder. The temperature of high temperature is much lower than the thermal energy of temperature, and the order is still a little higher. Energy without regular motion is not easy to translate into the energy of rule movement. The second law of thermodynamics, is said to be a closed system with a friction, resistance, etc., a dissipative factor, and a closed system without substances and energy exchanges. Ordered motion, finally, it is dissipated by friction, resistance, and the like, and transforms into disorderly energy motion. The heat can only be low temperature, and the final trend is thermally balanced without the opposite. Or the process within the closed system is an irreversible process. If you want to refill heat from a low temperature, there is a refrigerator to consume electricity. The second law of thermodynamics is the basic law of macro physics. In the world of our lives, physical, chemical, biological and higher-level social material structures consisting of a large number of atomic nuclear molecules should be abolished, and the unqualification of the blocking system will continue to increase. Moreover, the process of closed systems is irreversible. Where the ordered state will gradually disappear, and it is converted into a unordered thermal balance. People are closed, don't eat, this person will die soon, then rotten, and the outside environment becomes the same, becoming a unordered thermal balance. Ordered binding or ordered motion cannot be generated in the closed system, this is an important conclusion of the second law of thermodynamics, and is also an important reason why we are open. Closing the system status towards disorder, but natural boundaries constantly generate orderly organizational substances, like crystals, biology, social organizations, etc. They do not violate the second law of thermodynamics because they are not generated from a closed system in thermal balance, but from the open system from the thermal balance, this is the most important starting point for openness. An open system, continuous exchange of substances, energy, and information, such as funds, talents, knowledge, equipment, goods, etc., will appear vibrant. From the closed-door locks starting in the Qing Dynasty, the long-term future of China, and the reform and opening up, promoted China's rapid development, fully proved this truth. This system is often affected by some accidental factors, and will deviate from the balance. If the sum of the role makes the system deviates, the original force is not balanced. As a result, it restores balanced state, which is called a stable state. Otherwise it is in an unstable state. For example, we put a ball in a bowl, stop in a bowl, if you pull it, you will roll a few, but also stop in the bowl, the bowl is a stable balance. If you want to put it a ball here, put a mouse in the top of this ball, you can wait for a while, you will roll down a little, this is the state of unbalanced, and the force is slightly Offset from a point, the state deviates. In the unstable system, under the accidental interference, it will deviate from the original track, and there is a large change in disaster.
Part III: Orderly Downtown Transformation, Towards Chaos From Newton Mechanics, the initial conditions of interaction and state or the boundary conditions are completely given, and the system's motion trajectory is completely given. It turns out that we discuss the sports of the earth. How to exercise today, you know how it will move after a year. The pendulum is a cycle of cycle per second, which is also a cycle movement. In general, the motion trajectory of the cycle movement is fully determined according to the law of mechanical movement, and the earth track is also a cycle movement, one year one cycle. Under the influence of this view, people have believed that all phenomena is generated according to the necessary law. The later studies have found that under certain conditions, the inevitability will be converted to an incidentality. Even the mechanics of Newton's determinism, there will be a phenomenon of chaos. The case of cycle movement in nonlinear interaction is different. When the external boundary parameter or the initial parameter changes, change to a degree, the phenomenon of the cycle is doubled, and it is returned to the original place. It turns around two laps, cycle acceleration Double. If you change, the cycle will double again. It turns out two laps, and now it will go to the original place. At a certain limit, the exercise suddenly turned chaos. Chaos can wind around a limited area, every day can be run, not just on a circle. This cycle is doubled, and there will be in daily life. If you have been in the countryside, go to the fruit tree, you will find that if nutrition is good, the fruit trees are very good. If some conditions are giving difference, there is a big year, a small year, a year knot, a year or even a result, the third year, then the cycle is divided. Then change this condition, perhaps four years can be used to finish, which is the phenomenon of cycle. The cycle movement is doubled through the cycle, and it is a very common phenomenon. Like a fruit tree, a population, many aspects, including the heart of the heart, the heart is cycle, if you find the first cycle of the heart and the second cycle is not the same, a strong stronger, a weakness, This is troublesome, producing two-law, after two cycles to return to the original look, and become triple laws during the development. In 1985, the physicist did the experiment. When the parameters were changing, they were constantly banding, and they finally formed chaos. Under the chaotic state, as long as the two initial conditions are subtle differences, in the chaotic movement trajectory, close to each other, with time, the distance is getting bigger, but the entire track is in a limited space. . For example, there is a twin, it is exactly the same, the gene is the same, but when they may go to school, there is a person suddenly has a cold. As a result, the exam did not test, there was a famous university, one into the college Two people in the future, although the conditions given the conditions, an accidental event has become more and more different later. Butterfly effects, affecting the conditions of the movement, once in the region that leads to chaos, the movement of the exercise is very sensitive to the outside world, and the incidentality will play an important role. In fact, chaotic phenomenon is the earliest discovery. Because atmospheric movement should take the law of the slowness of Newton. But the interaction between the atmosphere, and the atmosphere, ocean, and creatures are non-linear. Therefore, under certain conditions, the atmospheric movement will have a chaotic phenomenon. At this time, they found that there is a butterfly in Shanghai ... After a worship, it will rain in Beijing, called butterfly effect.
Now everyone sometimes comrades have a little complain about the meteorological forecast. Sometimes it is sunny, how suddenly, this is a normal phenomenon, the recent prophecy can, but long-term prediction is difficult, this is called butterfly effect. An example of the population, there is a very simple equation, the population of XN 1, first is that the population is more than the DN generation, the population does not limit the growth, due to the limited global, limited food, there is a limit, become a 1-xn, 1 is symbolized, maybe it is $ 100 billion, standardize it. In fact, all the population equations are mostly like this. Finally, the population tends to be a stable state. When it is 3.3, the population will be more people, and less will be less. When I arrived, people suddenly, suddenly, I didn't observe the phenomenon behind people, because the population reproductive rate is not so high. However, it has been observed for insects, specializing in experimentation. Because of the possibility of chaos, maintain the stability of the system, do not fall into chaotic state, timely feedback, regulation and adaptive mechanism of complex system status, is indispensable. The general life system has this mechanism, and if there is no such mechanism, it will be troublesome. For example, infecting bacteria, bacteria have self-reproduction, and there is a phenomenon of positive feedback, more and more, after generations, bacteria have not yet. If you don't kill the regulation mechanism of bacteria, you can't live it. Any system should remain stable and must have timely feedback, regulation, and adaptive systems. Biology is like this, and a social organization is the same. Part IV: How to form an orderly structure from disorders in an open system away from thermal balance, continuously exchange substances, absorb or order energy and information, and eliminate energy and information that become dissipated. , Gradually develop an orderly state of determining structure and exercise behavior, and further evolving from a simple structure to complex structures. This structure is scientifically called dissipative structure, and biological systems can also be considered a dissipative structure. Once the metabolism is stopped, it is closed, it is closed, and the life activities are over. One of the modes of the model, if it is enlarged by nonlinear action feedback, it will gradually form the rule of the dominant mode, and the role of other modes will suppress the role of other modes, forcing the internal subsystem to serve, according to the format of the rule. Similar self-replication, followed by unified steps, forming a whole with a specific time and spatial structure. For example, once all government agencies have formed, since a certain revolution or a certain election is a rising behavior, it will become a model of rule, and will be from the provincial government, county government, what institutions above There will be what institutions will be replicated in this mode, and some degree of structure, especially if you don't conscious, it is definitely what institutions above, one of the following institutions, many organs are also like this. Many systematic ordered structures occur in the vicinity of the critical state of the system. What is a critical state? For example, when the water is frozen, it is a critical state when zero, which is solid to be a solid. When 100 degrees, it turned from water to an angry, which is also a critical state. There is a state in which the place in the critical place is interacting when it is changed, and the influence is far.
Now the role of information is always long, because information dissemination is getting faster, there is a thing in the world, the US "9.11" incident happened, and the world will know in a while. Therefore, the role of information is very large, in order to use the anti-terrorism to take the whole world, so that others can not resist, the role is long. The internal subsystem is often associated, making the resulting self-similar shape, in particular the natural system, the social system is more complex, and any part of the system amplifies, the structure, and the original system are the same. The complex spatial structure can be generated by simple rules. The simplest is snowflakes, which are generated near the zero, and snow is in the northeast, as long as the temperature is, it will suddenly be formed, and it is necessary to form a beautiful structure, orderly state. Part 5: Complex adaptation systems have many complex systems, under certain external conditions, can form self-organizing, self-organizing, self-learning, adaptive, and constantly evolving under environmental influence Survive, prosperity and development. If the adaptability is caught up with the changes in the environment, we will fall. We call this complex system is a complex adaptation system, and life is no doubt is a complex adaptation system. The complex adaptation system has the following characteristics: first, consisting of subsystems, but its structure, motion mode and properties have a whole feature. It is not a simple superposition of the subsystem, and even changes in some subsystems, the overall feature does not have a big impact. Including a part of a person is damaged, and it does not affect this person as a whole. Second, an open system that is away from the thermal balance. Third, the internal subsystem is divided into linearity. Fourth, within a certain environmental conditions, it has its own environmental conditions, automated, automatically forms an orderly state, adapting to the environmental changes, and the degradation of the internal structure and the deterioration of the external environment. It will cause disintegration. Fifth, historical accidents will have an important impact on the evolution process. If a fetus is pregnant when the mother is pregnant, or what medicine is eaten, or the fetus will have a disability or a serious consequence. There is a famous saying in "Complex" book. It will have new ideas or new structures in the edge of chaos. The chaotic state or the orderly state of the complex adaptation system can only occur when there is a must-have condition. It is often reflected that the parameters of these conditions are also very sensitive, and a little change may suddenly change its state. If there is a correct understanding of the condition, it will provide the possibility of controlling these states. The heart beating is originally a state of order, but if the secondary law, the heart rate changes, to the chaotic area. In the past, I used a high voltage to slam, and then pulled back, change this parameter back, and now I know that as long as the sensitive area, use a dozen volt voltage to hit will be recovered. The parameters are very sensitive, and the problem can not find the area, it is very dangerous. Problem of evolution. According to Darre Literature, species that live on the earth are produced by a common ancestor, and evolution is a historical process of genetic variation, genetic breeding and natural choice of three factors, but natural choices are evolutionary. major factor. Even between the individuals of the same race, the gene is not exactly the same due to the variety of reasons. The shape and physical fitness of individuals will differ. In the same environment, some individuals are strong in mutual competition, and some will take better strategies, camouflage or common, adapt to the environment at the time, these individuals can reproduce more future generations, their physical strength and intelligence It will be inherited, and the advantage is achieved in the population.
What is good? There is no absolute standard, which is for the environment at the time. Once the environment changes, the original adaptation may not be adapted, the number will decrease, the original uncomfortable may be more beneficial, the number increases, and the bio group release will change. It is difficult to evolve now, it is difficult to say that it is difficult to say that some people in the biological industry have promoted this to evolve this, in short, it is good. After the biochemistry is widely accepted, the concept of evolution is extended in two directions. One is to apply the general conclusions of biological evolution in human beings. On the other hand, it will be promoted to inorganic nature, leading biological evolution, and the concept of human origin and social progress. Anthropology has basically scientifically clarified the evolution of people from 猿 到The contour, sociology has also been generally discussed from the social progress pattern from the primitive society to the communist society. The open system is the necessary condition of evolution, and the non-equilibrium state is the source of an orderly manner. The chemistry is still in development, and there are different voices in the scientific community. Examples of complex adaptation systems, biological evolution. Everyday, there are all kinds of complex systems with dissipative structures, development and demise. In the development process, constantly adapt to the changes in the environment, constantly accumulate information, so that their complexity is getting higher and higher, spontaneously forming the evolution of simple to complex, from low-level to advanced organizational form with self-learning and self-organization This process is an evolutionary process of the organism of the earth, and the effect of this process on the change in the earth environment and gas. An example is to tell the dinosaur. In the history of earth survival, there have been periodic ice-free periods, suffering from the horizontal strikes, have a large amount of earthquake, volcanic eruption, flood flooding, etc., some disasters are so serious that most of the biological varieties are mostly Overhaul. The disaster of five large creatures occurred in 200 million, the most powerful thing was a year before 200 million years ago, when the volcano broke out, earthquake, and creatures were dead in just a short time. . Dinosaur is a lot of development after 200 million years of disasters. The earth's gas is returned to a very warm period, and it creates a good environment for the breeding of the dinosaur. The ancestors of mammals competition but dinosaurs, the mammals did not develop large, smart animals, only some mammals living underground, such as rats survived at the time. In a further sense, human beings have a common ancestor with mice. The dinosaurs have ruled for a long time. In the late stage, about 1,200 million, the earth's gas has changed, and the temperature in millions of years is declining. Many tropical organisms are in full, land has become dry, inland formation The heat and winter, the plant is not good, the number of dinosaurs began to decrease. When the dinosaurs grow environment, it is approximately 6 thousand and 5 million years ago, there was a collision of foreign asteroids. This collision caused dust, temperature drop, the world's darkness, so that the dinosaur is extinct, the land is reduced by 88% The species in the sea decreased by 50%. This disaster ended the rule of dinosaur, repting the rule of the animals, which made the mice hidden in the underground, so that the effect of eating rots is small, so survive, after this, it has been a relatively large development opportunity. Today, the genes of the biological industry are survived by thousands of hammers. At the same time, the perspective of history has played an important role in opportunities. If there is no factor, there is no clear clearness today. An evolution of a complex adaptation system may stop due to the intervention of strong external force. Asteroid collision as a deterioration of the environment, promoting dinosaurs.
The natural ecosystem is a complex adaptation system that has evolved during the evolutionary process. In every aspect of ecosystem logistics and energy flow, many species are survived on each ecological position, which guarantees logistics and conelectric conditions in the ecological environment. Under the full use of various resources of the system. In the ecosystem, it is possible to produce new species, resource and space living to the original species. Nowadays, our country introduces special attention to species. Now foreign introduction has caused very serious ecological problems of our country. It is originally thought to be a good thing, from foreign introduction, resulting in large quantities of reproduction, uncontrollable. 400 to 5 million years ago, there has been a vertical walk in the southern ancients in the south of Africa. May be 700 to 800,000 years ago, due to the continued drought in the eastern part of the Africa, the forest destruction, African monkeys began to evolve along the three way, the first hug the trees did not put, and later became gorilla. The second support began to transfer to the edge of the forest, not separated from the forest, looking for food on the grassland, evolving as a chimpanzee. The third is the weak, there is no way to compete with the other two, I have to go out of the forest, seek new outlets, I am forced to use the bipow, develop eating habits, don't climb the tree, because the environment is very harsh, know how to cooperate with each other Share food, and finally achieve the transition to the ancient antique of human ancestors. Now some people are very dangerous, not necessarily the final development, and some of the weak will develop. Recent studies have shown that today's human and their blood nearest ancestor-the-algeneous genetic password is arranged, only 1.23% difference. A small point difference formed by genetic mutation and natural choice in millions of years has formed a divide between us and farms. In order to survive the monkeys that compete, leave the fruits of the forests, seek development in the plains, undoubtedly experienced hard tests in the beginning, and the difficult time is made by all things. Humans continue to develop their unique wisdom and hardworking, understand the world, transform the world, in just 10,000 years after the development of culture and knowledge, human beings have become unrecognizable. Now some people always feel bad, do scientific research, must go to the best school, the most money support, I have always thought that some people who struggled to work hard, some people became everyone. Like natural ecosystems, high-tech and industries are also an evolving complex adaptation system. Under open conditions, by replication is the technology spread, variation is the innovation of technology and products, through competition or common birth, like the shares, through the market selection and adaptation, every aspect of the value chain will form a new related Industry, including financial, transportation, telecommunications, insurance, sales, maintenance, etc. of industrial services, jointly formed industrial ecosystems that are divided into labor, self-study, self-organizing, and adaptation. Industrial clusters are a manifestation of industrial ecosystems. The electronics industry has formed industrial systems, the most suitable development of related industries. There is a famous economist to say a word, the interaction of technological innovation and competitive market space is the basic driving force in the capitalist industry, and technological innovation is the basic variation of the gene, competition and adaptation is the basic complex adaptation system. Point. In the competitive market, a normal, healthy economy is not in a balanced state, but often destroyed by technological innovation.
When the entrepreneur observes the market economy, pay attention to how capitalism manage existing structures, and more intelligent approaches to understand how these structures are created and how to destroy them. In the economic system is also constantly developing, changing, continuous innovation, and continuous adjustment. The law of high-tech and high-tech industries, from the concept of complex systems, first is the national goal, especially the demand for defense, is a high-tech and its industries, the promotion of the industry, and there is an irreplaceable role in the initial development of development. Their birth is still external force, but the development of high-tech industries and its industries is a complex adaptation system, through self-organizing, self-learning, adaptive process. The innovation of high-tech is the variation of genes, which determines the technician's active ideology and superb technology level. There is a new ideological technological innovation that may create a new high-tech enterprise. The reproduction, innovation, and variation of technology are continuously carried out. The new companies and new products have emerged every day, and the market competition has fiercely respond quickly, performance, and quality speed becomes the key to market selection. These have prompted high-tech industries to accelerate evolution. Different high-tech industries can produce positive feedback, and improve the functionality and speed of the computer, expand the market and application of the computer. Conversely, the development of computers increases the demand for chips, and computer-aided design accelerates the progress of the chip research and development work. The positive feedback effect between this high-tech has driven high-speed expansion of high-tech industries. On the value chain, different high-tech industrial alliances, rapidly promote the development of high-tech industries, Intel and Microsoft, this compatibility has greatly accelerated the development of microelectronic chips and computers. Monopoly can bring high profits to monopoly companies, but will have the evolution of the entire system, which is not strong for the entire society. Therefore, in developed countries, anti-monopoly law is developed, and our country is also very fast. There are antitrust laws. High-tech alternatives have emerged soon, high-tech companies cannot rely on monopoly techniques to achieve sustainable development, relying on monopoly techniques and finally fail. Apple is the most famous computer company. It is unwilling to design computer design, so that other manufacturers cannot produce compatible products, although its technology is excellent, early occupation of the market, and finally lost IBM PC. These all indicate that high-tech companies can develop rapidly under open conditions. High-tech companies rely on outstanding talents is the central link of enterprise management. However, under open conditions, it is inevitable to form a person's flow and the technique transferred as a flow of people, and a technological innovation idea is like a new ecological position in an ecosystem, there will be skilled off. To create related industries, occupy new ecological sites, use the original enterprises to form new, often the more efficient division of labor, in the entire high-tech industry. Personnel flows with personal reasons, but more is a problem with business management model, or does not support innovation, or decision-making, market prospects is not good, or the market value is deviated. Excessive frequent talent flows, it is not conducive to the development of high-tech enterprises, and talent competition will force companies to pay more attention to the shape of corporate culture, the protection of intellectual property rights and the incentives for creative employees. From the perspective of the whole society, moderate standardized personnel flow can accelerate the transfer of technology and can reproduce. Accelerate the elimination of backward technology and enterprises, create a healthier competitive environment and new employment pathways, improve the efficiency of market operation, from society, government's perspective, should not administer the flow of these people, should be properly standardized, Under certain conditions, it is necessary to give it necessary support.
As the high-tech rapid development requirements of productivity, the production relationship is rapidly adjusted, high-tech enterprises, industrial structure, management models, operational mechanisms, and market strategies, as technology changes, continuous innovation. Innovation and change of non-pauses is the routine of high-tech enterprises. Anyone who can't keep up with it is not a merger. Under the same external conditions, the speed and driving force of the system development is determined by the system's openness and within. The main role of the policy of recruiting and using talents due to the overall quality of middle talent groups. The quality of the leadership is reflected in the choice of development goals and market strategies, discovers and concentrates on resources, using the identification, training, incentives and quantity of talents, and the importance of research and development and quality, planning to market development , Improve the efficiency of customer service, the coordination and organizational capabilities of work, and the key role. High-tech enterprises must form a good ecosystem, competitiveness and sustained innovation is the basis for high-tech companies. Knowledge, talents, funds, information and markets are the main factors that support high-tech enterprises and improve their competitiveness. To form a good high-tech ecosystem, there must be universities and scientific research institutions in terms of knowledge and talents, and have a good information infrastructure. There is a strong demand for market services. system. The core is to improve competitiveness and innovation, there must be talent, knowledge, market and infrastructure, and have good conditions in society. The prosperity of China's science must let the scientific and technological community form a complex adaptation system. In a sharp change environment, adaptation has evolved from advanced phases through self-organizing, self-learning. First of all, there is an open environment, there must be knowledge innovation, equivalent to gene mutation, and spread, it is equivalent to breeding. Communication is not only knowledge spread, but also to attract more talents in the future, and it is our breeding. It is necessary to strengthen academic exchanges, competition and collaboration, and have a good application and evaluation system, how to conduct academic choices and market selection. Every link, the policy must be correct, and the measures must be done. If the policy is correct, these conditions are available, it can form a complex adaptation system, you can organize, self-study, adaptive, continuous development, evolving, and then scientific prosperity will refer to the day. Now that we are always pulling long, eager to seek, not to create these policies and conditions, so that he is very good in this condition, there are indeed a lot of problems. For example, an open environment has been now, between China, schools and research institutes have poor abroad. Our knowledge innovation, lack of gene mutation, our spread, especially between the intersection and dissemination of each subject now is not enough. Attracting scientific talents, now there are dangerous disciplines, and students don't learn. Of course, academic exchanges, arguments, especially academic arguments are now very unhappy, and there is no fair environment that is truly competitive. Our choice, with a single indicator, such as SCI's argumentation is not enough. These measures need to be studied, how to form a self-development, of course, to support the society, because it is an open system, always with the exchange of material energy and information in the outside world, if you have developed, there are more results If you transfer it, there will be more resources to enter, you can form a benign cycle to develop, if these conditions do not have, it is an eager to seek, and then pull the seedlings, I may only make more falsification, exaggerated these situations.
