Different points and similar
Level: primary
Chris Walden (cmwalden-at-us.ibm.com) e-commerce architect, IBM Developer Relations 2004 January
IBM e-commerce architect Chris Walden will pass him
The nine series of articles published on DeveloperWorks guides you how to use your Windows operation skills in your Linux environment. Let's first know the differences between Linux and Windows, and learn not to solve the problem through rebooting the system.
You have started to turn from Windows to Linux, which may be your own decision, or it may be "nothing". No matter what reason, you will have a very familiar working method and tools may become completely different. Not only that, you may need to train others how to easily manage Linux. Management is never followed, and successfully manages the computing environment is a creative job. Implementing this transformation is like a skilled oil painter to go to the sculpture.
Open standards make Linux to follow the basic model of Windows management, which is really good news for users. Although some of the terms are not the same, the tools have some differences, but the fundamental principles are the same. Better message is that after you are used to Linux how you work, you will have a bigger toolset to control and maintain your environment. LINUX is powerful in its stability and flexibility. Once you have realized Linux's ideas, you will be able to complete more tasks to automate more tasks, more to complete tasks remotely.
Linux and Windows have some similar to the discussion of Linux and Windows, let's take a look at what is similar to these both.
User and group Linux and Windows are multi-user operating systems. You can use many different users to provide separate environments and resources for each user. Control security based on user identity. You can control the access rights of resources in a group member, so you don't have to set permissions for each account when the number of users is large.
User and groups can centrally manage, let multiple servers share the same user and authentication data.
File systems Linux and Windows support multiple file systems. File resources can be shared with other clients via NetBIOS, FTP, or other protocols. Each individual file system can be organized, which can be accessed by administrators to determine where they can be accessed.
Both ports and equipment support all physical device ports, such as parallel ports, serial ports, and USB interfaces. Supports various controllers, such as IDE and SCSI controllers. Linux also supports many standard hardware "just listed".
Network Linux and Windows support a variety of network protocols, such as TCP / IP, NetBIOS, and IPX. All types of network adapters are supported. They have the ability to share resources through the network, such as sharing files and printing. Network service capabilities, such as DHCP and DNS.
Services are available in Linux and Windows. The so-called service refers to applications running in the background, providing some features for systems and remote calls of the service. These programs can be controlled separately when the system is guided. (Note: The habit of UNIX is used in Linux, saying that this application is daemon,)
LINUX and Windows have some similar situations, but Windows and Linux work methods still have some fundamental differences. These differences can only be realized after you are familiar with both, but they are the core of Linux thought.
Linux's application goals are network instead of printing Windows initially emerged, this world is still a paper world. One of Windows's great achievements is that your work results can be easily seen and printed. Such an opening affects the later development of Windows. Similarly, Linux has also been affected by its origin. Linux design is located in the network operating system. Its design is inspired by UNIX operating system, so its design is simple, or it is relatively simple. Since plain text can work very well across network, Linux configuration files and data are based on text.
For those who are familiar with the graphic environment, Linux servers may have primitives. But Linux develops more attention is its intrinsic features instead of something on the surface. Even in plain text environments, Linux also has very advanced network, scripting, and security. The steps that are more strange on some surfaces required to perform some tasks are unless you realize that Linux is expected to do these tasks with other Linux systems on the network. Linux automated execution is also very strong, just designing a batch file, allowing the system to automatically complete a very detailed task. This capability of Linux comes from its text-based nature.
Optional Guilinux has a graphics component. Linux supports high-end graphics adapters and displays, completely competent graphics related work. Now, many digital effects artists perform their design work in Linux workstations, and the previous work needs to be done using the IRIX system. However, the graphical environment is not integrated into Linux, but a separate layer running on the system. This means you can run the GUI or run the GUI when you need it. If your system is the main task to provide web applications, you can stop the graphical interface and use the memory and CPU resources used for your service. If you need to do some work in the GUI environment, you can open it again, and turn it off after work.
Linux has graphical management tools, as well as daily office tools, such as email, web browser, and document processing tools. However, in Linux, the graphical management tool is usually an extension of the console (command line) tool. That is to say, all the work that can be done with a graphical tool can be done using the console command. Similarly, using graphical tools do not hinder your manual modification of the configuration file. Its practical significance may not be particularly obvious, however, if any of the work made in the graphical management tool can be done in a command line, which means that those work can also be implemented by a script. The scriptization command can be a task that is automatically executed. Linux also supports both ways, do not require you to use only text or use only GUI. You can choose the best way according to your needs.
The profile in Linux is a human readable text file, which is similar to the INI file in the past Windows, but the nature of the registry mechanism with Windows. Each application has its own profile, and usually not put together with other profiles. However, most of the profiles are stored in a single place under a directory tree (/ ETC), so they seem to be logically together. The configuration method of text files makes it possible to complete the backup, check, and editing of the configuration file without passing the special system tool.
File name extension Linux does not use the file name extension to identify the type of file. Instead, Linux identifies its type based on the header of the file. In order to improve human readability, you can still use file name extensions, but there is no effect on Linux systems. However, there are some applications, such as web servers, may use naming conventions to identify file types, but this is just a specific application requirement rather than the requirements of the Linux system itself.
Linux judges whether the file is an executable via file access. Any file can give executable permissions, so the creator or administrator of the program and script can identify them as executable. This is good for security. The executable file saved to the system cannot be executed automatically, so that many script viruses can be prevented. What is the kernel? Linux is actually just a kernel; it implements multitasking and multi-user features, managing hardware, allocating memory, and activating the operation of the application. For beginners, the most important thing is to understand the odd core version (such as 2.3, 2.5, 2.7) is an experiment, the kernel developed. Stable, the officially issued kernel version number is an even number (such as 2.4, 2.6, 2.8).
Re-boot is the last means if you have been using Windows for a long time, you may have been used to re-boot the system for a variety of reasons (installed from the software to correct service failures). This habits are needed in Linux ideas. Linux is essentially more compliant with "Newton's Law". Once start running, it will remain running until the impact of foreign factors, such as hardware failures. In fact, the design of the Linux system makes the application do not cause the kernel crash, so it is not necessary to redirement frequently (relatively regarded as the WINDOWS system). Therefore, in addition to the Linux kernel, other software installation, start, stop, and reconfiguration do not re-boot the system.
If you really reboot Linux systems, the problem is likely to be resolved, and the problem will deteriorate more. Learn and master Linux services and run levels are the key to successfully solve the problem. The most difficult thing to learn Linux is to overcome the habit of rebooting the system.
In addition, you can do a lot of work in Linux remotely. As long as there are some basic network services run, you can enter that system. Moreover, if a specific service in the system has problems, you can continue to run in troubleshooting. This management is very important when you run multiple services on a system.
Command Case Size All Linux commands and options are case sensitive. For example, -r is different from -r, it will do different things. The console command is almost small. We will introduce the command in "Part 2. Control Terminal Class".
How should I locate Linux? It is very troublesome from managing Windows to manage Linux. However, as a Windows administrator, you have your own advantage. The understanding of your calculation is still available. Whether it can become a successful Linux administrator will depend on the difference between the differences between the two and the adjustment of operating habits.
LINUX is beneficial relative to Windows. The overhead of idle GUI is returned to the service. The task can be scripted and can be executed automatically. The profile is based on text and is readable. Don't reboot the system in most cases. In fact, you should suppress the impulse of reboot systems.
Reference
From DOS / Windows To Linux Howto provides some quick start-up information for people with DOS or Windows background. To start using IBM software products on Linux, develop refueling for your Linux application will provide you with the best reference. You can find installation prompts and reference information about DB2, Lotus Domino, WebSphere Application Server, WebSphere Studio, etc. You can also log in to get the free Linux Software Evaluation Kit, with trial software and training materials. Go to DeveloperWorks from here to learn Linux page to continue learning Linux basic concept. "Linux User Technology FAQ" (DEVELOPERWORKS, July 2001) can also help you transition from Windows to Linux smoothly. Linux Documentation Project is a Linux document warehouse, which includes separate software, HOWTO document, FAQ, and more. Linux Online! Provides no prejudice Linux news and information. O'Reilly Network is an excellent resource for Linux technology books. Linux AT IBM Site provides software, link, end-end Linux solutions, user reference, IBM Alliances / Linux product partners, and IBM open source products. Special, please refer to Learning Linux and Linux Education Information on the Linux At IBM page. IBM provides professional certification for Linux professional certification services and UNIX and Linux hardware and various software systems (including IBM products). IBM PartnerWorld provides market and sales support for IBM business partners. Linux Lens is a portal that IBM business partners quickly contact Linux. More reference materials for Linux developers can be found in the developerWorks Linux zone. About the author Chris Walden is an e-commerce architect in IBM Developer Relations Technical Consulting (also known as Dragonslayers) in Austin, Texas, which provides education, implementation and consulting for IBM business partners. He is committed to Linux related work, and an opportunity to promote the benefits of Linux from people around you. In addition to completing his architect's responsibilities, he is also proficient in various fields of Linux infrastructure servers, including files, prints, and other application services in a hybrid platform user environment. Chris has 10 years of experience in computer industry, supporting Web application development and consultants from site, and he has been involved in various fields. You can contact CHRIS with CMWALDEN-AT-us.ibm.com.
