I. CPU Terminology Explanation 3DNOW !: (3D NO WAITI) AMD Development SIMD instruction set, can enhance the speed of floating point and multimedia operation, and its instruction is 21. Alu: (Arithmetic Logic Unit, Arithmetic Logic Unit) In the processor is used to calculate, with its own data transmission unit and branch unit. BGA: (Ball Grid Array, Spherical Matrix) A chip package form, Example: 82443bx. BHT: (Branch Prediction Table, Branch Prediction Table) The processor is used to determine a numerical table in the direction of the branch action. BPU: (Branch Processing Unit, Branch Processing Unit) The area used to make branch processing in the CPU. BRACH PEDICTION: (Branch Prediction) A advanced data processing method starting from the P5 era, determines the direction of the program branch, and can operate faster than the CPU. CMOS: (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor, Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) It is a special chip, the most common use is the BIOS (Basic Input / Output System, Basic Input / Output System). CISC: (Complex Instruction Set Computing, Complex Instruction Set Computer) For longer instructions, called complex instructions relative to RISC Such as: x86 instruction length is 87 bits. COB: (Cache On Board, the integrated cache) The integrated cache is integrated on the processor card, usually refers to a secondary cache, an example: Pentium II COD: (Cache on Die, the chip integrated cache) inside the processor chip Integrated cache, usually refers to a second-level cache, an example: PGA Celeron 370 CPGA: (Ceramic Pin Grid Array, Ceramic Needle Raster Array) A chip package form. CPU: (Center Processing Unit, Central Processor) The brain of computer system, is used to control and manage the operation of the entire machine, and perform computing tasks. Data Forwarding: (Data Pre-Administration) CPU Copys the output value of one unit to the input value of the output value of one unit in one clock cycle. Decode: (Instruction Decoding) Due to the inconsistency of the X86 instruction, "translation" must be used in a unit, and the real kernel works by post-translational requirements. EC: (Embedded Controller, Embedded Controller) In a set of specific systems, the control device that has been added to a fixed position, and the control device that completes a certain task is called an embedded controller. Embedded Chips: (Embedded) A special CPU, usually in a non-computer system, such as a household appliance.
EPIC: (Explicitly Parallel Instruction Code, Parallel Instruction Code) Intel's 64-bit chip architecture, itself cannot perform x86 instructions, but can be compatible with the old X86 instructions through the decoder, but the operation speed is more than the real 32-bit chip. decline. Fadd: (Floationg Point Addition, floating point) FCPGA (Flip Chip Pin Grid Array) A chip package form, an example: Pentium III 370. FDIV: (Floationg Point Divide, floating point) FEMMS (Fast Entry / EXIT MULTIMEDIA State, fast entry / exiting multimedia State) In most Pentium, MMX and floating point units cannot run at the same time. The new chip speeds up the switch between the two, which is femms. FFT: (Fast Fourier Transform) A complex algorithm that tests the floating point capability of the CPU. FID: (FID: FREQUENCY IDENTIFY, frequency identification number) Pentium III to check the CPU frequency through the ID number, can effectively prevent Remark. FIFO: (First Input First Output, first-out queue) This is a traditional sequential execution method, first entering the instructions to complete and retract, followed to execute the second instruction. Flop: (Floating Point Operations Per Second, floating point operation / second) calculates a unit of CPU floating point capabilities. Fmul: (Floationg Point Multiplication, floating point) FPU: (Float Point Unit, floating point operation unit) FPU is a processor dedicated to floating-point operations, the previous FPU is a separate chip, after 486, Intel puts FPU With integrated in the CPU. FSUB: (Floationg Point Subtraction, floating point) HL-PBGA: (Surface adhesive, high heat resistant, lightweight plastic spherical matrix package) A chip package form. IA: (Intel Architecture, Intel Architecture) X86 chip structure developed by Intel. ID: (Identify, Identification Number) is used to determine the identification code of different chips. IMM: (Intel Mobile Module, Intel Mobile Module) Intel Develops processor modules for laptops, integrated CPUs and other control devices. Instructions Cache: (Instruction Cache) Since the speed of the system is slower, when the CPU reads the instruction, the CPU will stop waiting for memory transmission.
The instruction cache adds a fast storage area between the main memory and the CPU, even if the CPU does not require an instruction, the main memory will automatically send the instruction to the instruction cache. When the CPU requires the instruction, you can directly from the instruction cache. Read, no need to access the main memory, reduce the Waiting time of the CPU. Instruction Coloring: (instruction classification) A technique for manufacturing predicting execution instructions, once predicts that it is determined that the corresponding instruction decision is predicted, the processor will process the same judgment of the same intersection. INSTRUCTION ISSUE: (Instruction Send) It is the first CPU pipe for receiving instructions sent by memory and sent it to the execution unit. IPC (Instructions Per Clock Cycle, Instruction / Clock Cycle) Indicates the number of instructions that can be completed in one clock cycle. KNI: (Katmai New Instructions, Katmai New Command Set, SSE) Latency (latency) is more difficult, in fact, in fact, it indicates that the clock cycle required for a directive is fully executed, the less the incubation period is, the better . Strictly speaking, the incubation period includes an instruction from receiving the entire process of sending. Most X86 instructions today require approximately 5 clock cycles, but some of these cycles are overlapping with other instructions (parallel processing), so the incubation period of CPU manufacturers is longer than the actual time. LDT: (Lightning Data Transport, Lightning Data Transfer Bus) K8 Novel Data Bus, Froquency Foundation 200MHz. MMX: (MultiMedia Extensions, Multimedia Extensions) Intel Development The first SIMD instruction set can enhance the speed of floating point and multimedia operations. Mflops: (Million Floationg Point / Second, Million Floating Point Action) Calculates a unit of CPU floating point capabilities, which is based on millions of instructions. Ni: (Non-Intel, Non-Intel Architecture) In addition to Intel, there are many other manufacturers who produce X86 systems. Due to patents, their products and Intel are different, but they can still run X86 instructions. Olga: (Organic Land Grid Array, Substrate Grid Array) A chip package form. OOO: (Out of Order) One of the properties of the POST-RISC chip, it is possible to complete the calculation task in order to provide in the order provided, is an architecture that speeds up the processor calculation speed. PGA: (PIN-Grid Array, Pin Grid Array) A chip package form, a disadvantage is that power consumption is large. POST-RISC: A new type of processor architecture, its kernel is RISC, and the periphery is CISC, combined with the advantages of two architectures, with advanced features such as predictive execution, processor reunification, such as: Athlon. PSN: (Processor Serial NumBers, processor serial number) Identifies a set of numbers of processor features, including clocked, production date, production numbers, etc.
PIB: (Processor In A Box, Boxing Processor) CPU Manufacturer is officially launched on the market, usually more than the OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer, original equipment manufacturer) vendors to expensive, but only PIB has The manufacturer's official warranty rights. PPGA: (Plastic PIN Grid Array, Plastic Needle Matrix Package) A chip package form, the disadvantage is that the power consumption is large. PQFP: (Plastic Quad Flat Package, Plastic Square Planic Pack) A chip package form. RAW: (Read after Write, Write) This is an error in the CPU's chart, that is, before the necessary conditions are not established, the final result is wrong. Register Contention: (Preemption Register) When the last write backward task of the register is not completed, another instruction exists conflicts when this register. Register Pressure: The number of registers required when the software algorithm is executed is restricted. For X86 processors, the register has become the biggest feature of its maximum, so AMD wants to increase the number of registers in the next generation chip K8. Register Renaming: (Register Rename) relocates the output value of an instruction to an arbitrary internal register. In the X86 architecture, this type of situation often occurs, such as: When a FLD or FXCH or MOV command requires the same target register, it is necessary to use it to the register rename. Remark: (Chip Frequency Heavy Identification) Chip Manufacturers set most of the CPUs to freely adjust multiplier and inferior frequency, which is selected in the same batch of CPUs in the same batch of CPUs. Level 1, low performance, is completed in the factory, and is a legal frequency positioning method. But after the factory, the dealer passed the low-end CPU overclock, and the new label was posted, and the illegal frequency positioning as a high-end CPU was called Remark. Because manufacturers have power to change their products, the dealers do this is copyright infringement, don't think that only software has copyright, hardware has copyright. Resource Contention: (Resource Conflict) When an instruction requires a register or pipe, they are used by other instructions, and the processor cannot respond to instantly, which is the resource conflict. Retirement: (Instruction Remove) When the processor performs a command, it automatically removes it from the schedule process. If only the instruction is completed, but still stay in the scheduling process, it is not an instruction to retreat. Risc: (Reduced Instruction Set Computing, Reximel Instruction Set Computer) A computer with a shorter length, which is running fast than CISC. Sec: (Single Edge Connector, Unilateral Connector) A module of a processor, such as Pentium II.
SIMD: (Single Instruction Multiple Data) can copy multiple operations and package them in a set of instructions in large registers, examples: 3DNOW!, SSE. SiO2F: (Fluorided Silicon Oxide, Dioxide) Making the materials for electronic components need to be used. SOI: (Silicon On Insulator, Insulator Wili) SONC (System ON A CHIP, System Integration Chip) Integrates a variety of features in a processor, such as Cyrix Mediagx. SPEC: (System Performance Evaluation Corporation, System Performance Evaluation Test) Benchmark, overall performance of the system. Speculative Execution: (Predicting) A area for performing unlimited instruction streams. When the branch instruction is issued, the conventional processor cannot do any work before the correct feedback is not received, and a new processor with predicted execution capability can estimate the upcoming instructions, using a pre-calculated method to speed up. The entire process. SQRT: (Square root calculation, square root calculation) a complex operation, can test the floating point capability of the CPU. SSE: (Streaming SIMD EXTENSIS, single instruction Multi-data stream extension) Intel's second-generation SIMD instruction set, 70 instructions, can enhance the speed of floating point and multimedia operations. SuperScalar: (Overview Architecture) The processor architecture of multiple instruction streams can be performed at the same clock cycle. TCP: (Tape Carrier Package, Film Package) A chip package form is characterized by a small fever. Throughput: (throughput) It includes two meanings: The first type: the minimum number of clock cycles required for executing a command, the better. The faster the speed is executed, the less the next instruction and it seizes the resources. The second: can perform the maximum number of instructions in a certain period of time, and the bigger the better. TLBS: (Translate Look Side Buffers, translation bypass buffer) is used to store instructions and input / output values. VALU: (Vector Arithmetic Logic Unit, vector arithmetic logic unit) is used in the processor for the vector calculation. VLIW: (Very long instruction word) A very long instruction combination, which connects many instructions together to increase the speed of the operation. VPU: (Vector Permutate Unit, vector arrangement unit) The part of the data is used in the processor. Second, the hard disk term explains the rotational speed of the hard disk: the speed of the hard disk motor spindle, the speed is one of the key factors that determine the internal transmission rate of the hard disk, and its quick slowness has largely affected the speed of the hard disk, while speeding speed The quick slow is also one of the important signs that distinguish the hard disk.
The spindle motor of the hard disk drives the disc at high speed to generate buoyancy to float the head over the disc. To bring the sector you want to access to the head below the head, the faster the speed, the shorter waiting time. Therefore, the speed determines the speed of the hard disk to a large extent. At present, there are usually 5400 rpm, 7200 rpm, or even 10,000 rpm on the market. In theory, the faster the speed is, the better. Because higher speeds can shorten the average search time and actual read and write time of the hard disk. However, the faster the speed, the larger the heat, which is not conducive to heat dissipation. The mainstream hard drive speed is typically 7200 rpm. As the hard disk capacity is increasing, the speed of the hard disk is also increasing. However, the improvement of the speed also brings a series of negative effects such as wear, temperature rise, and increased noise. Thus, the Fluid Dynamic Bearing Motors in the precision machinery industry is introduced into the hard disk technology. The liquid bearing motor uses a mucosa liquid oil bearing that is replaced by an oil film. This can avoid direct friction of the metal surface, minimize the noise and temperature; the oil film can effectively absorb the vibration, enabling the seismic ability; more reduced wear, improve the life. Average seek time: Refers to the time that the hard disk moves the read writing on the disk to the specified track to find the corresponding target data, which describes the ability of the hard disk to read data, and units in milliseconds. When the single disc capacity is increased, the seek action and moving distance of the magnetic head are reduced, thereby reducing the average search time and speeds up the hard disk speed. At present, the average roof of the mainstream hard drive on the market is generally 9ms or less, and the hard drive greater than 10ms is a earlier product, which is generally not worth buying. Average Latency Time: Refers to the time to continue to rotate to the magnetic head after the head moves to the data where the data is moved, and then waits for the time to continue to rotate under the magnetic head, generally between 2 ms-6ms. Average Access Time: The average time to find the specified data is usually the sum of the average roof time and the average latency. The average access time can represent the time used by the hard disk to find a certain amount of data, the better the average access time, generally between 11 ms-18ms. Note: Most of the average access hours in many hard drive advertisements are now replaced by average finding time. BURST DATA TRANSFER RATE: Refers to the highest rate of the computer read data from the hard disk internal cache area through the data bus. Also called external data transfer rates. The external transmission rate of the hard disk currently adopted UDMA / 66 technology has reached 66.6Mb / s. The maximum internal data transfer rate: refers to the maximum data transfer rate between the head to the hard disk cache, generally depending on the disk speed of the hard disk and the disk data line density (refers to the data spacer on the same track). Also called sustaind transport rates. The internal transmission rate of the hard disk of the UDMA / 66 technology is generally 25-30Mb / s, only a few products exceeds 30Mb / s, because the internal data transfer rate is the real bottleneck of the system, so everyone should distinguish these two times when buying Concept. However, in general, when the speed of the hard disk is the same, the single-disc capacity is high; the internal transmission rate of the hard disk having a high speed is high when the single disc capacity is the same.
Automatic detection analysis and reporting technology (S.M.A.R.T): The factory hard drive is now basically supports S.M.A.R.t technology. This technique can monitor the head unit of the hard disk, the disk motor drive system, the internal circuit, and the disc surface media material, etc., and when SMART monitors and analyzes the hard disk, it will be alarm to the user to avoid computer data. loss. S.m.a.r.T technology must only work on the premise of motherboard support, and S.m.a.r.T technology does not guarantee the possible hard disk failure. The magnetoresistive head technology MR (Magneto-Resistive Head): MR (Magneto-ResitiveHead) is a referred to as a magnetoresistive head. MR technology can record density, record data, increasing the hard disk capacity and increase data throughput. The current MR technology has several generations of products. Maxtor's diamond three-generation / four generations have adopted the latest MR technology. The working principle of the magnetoresistive head is based on the magnetoresistance effect. The core is a small sheet metal material, which varies with the change in the magnetic field. Although its change rate is less than 2%, but because the magnetoresistive element is connected to a very sensitive The amplifier, so that the tiny resistance change can be measured. MR technology can increase the hard disk capacity by more than 40%. GMR (GIANTMAGNETORESIVE) GMR head is the same as the MR magnetic head, and the resistance value of the special material is used to read the data on the disk with the principle of magnetic field changes, but the GMR head uses a magnetoresistive effect, better materials and multiple layers. The thin film structure is more sensitive than the MR head, the same magnetic field change can cause a larger resistance value to change, so that higher storage density can achieve a higher storage density can be achieved by 3Gbit-5Gbit / IN2 ( GM per square inch), while the GMR head can reach 10Gbit-40Gbit / IN2 or more. At present, the GMR magnetic head is already in a mature promotion period. In the next few years, it will gradually replace the MR head and become the most popular magnetic head technology. Cache: The cache is a place where the hard disk is exchanged with external bus. The process of reading data of the hard disk is to convert the magnetic signal into an electrical signal, fill the empty, fill, then empty, step by step by cached, then fill, then emptying, according to the cycle of the PCI bus, can be seen, the role of the cache is quite important. When interface technology has evolved to a relatively mature stage, the size and speed of the cache are important to directly related to the transmission speed of the hard disk. At present, there are several mainstream hard drives, including several 512KB and 2MB. Its type is generally EDO DRAM or SDRAM, which is generally mainly SDRAM. Based on the way the write mode, there are two written forms and backcrops. When reading hard disk data, the system checks the request instruction first to see if the required data is in the cache, if the response is sent out by the cache, this process is called hit. Such the system does not have to access data in the hard disk. Since the speed of SDRAM is much faster than the magnetic medium, the speed of data transmission is accelerated. The reply is that it is also looking for a cache when writing to the hard disk data. If it is found to be written by the cache, most hard drives currently use the reply hard disk, which greatly improves performance. Continuous failure time (MTBF): Refers to the longest time of the hard disk from starting to the failure. The MTBF of the typical hard drive is at least 300,000 or 40000 hours. Partial response fully matched technology PRML (Partial Response Maximum Likelihood): The disc can store more information while effectively increase the reading and data transfer rate of the data. It is one of the advanced technologies currently applied to the hard disk data reading channel.
The PRML technology is to divide the hard disk data reading circuit into two "operation line", and the first segment of the pipelines performs the signal read by the head and only selects the part "standard" signal to transfer the second segment to continue processing, the second paragraph will The received signal is compared to the PRML chip preset signal model, and then selects the smallest difference of the difference in the combination to output to complete the reading process of the data. PRML technology can reduce the error rate of the hard disk read data, so the disk data intensity can be further improved. Single track time (Single Track Seek Time): When the head is transferred from a track to another track. Super Digital Signal Processor (ULTRA DSP) Technology: Mathematical operation with Ultra DSP, with a speed of 10 to 50 times higher than the general CPU. Ultra DSP technology, a single DSP chip can also provide a dual function of the processor and drive interface to reduce the use of other electronic components, which can greatly improve the speed and reliability of the hard disk. Interface technology can greatly improve the maximum external transmission rate of the hard disk, the biggest benefit is that data can be directly transmitted from the hard disk to the main memory without occupying more CPU resources, and improving system performance. Hard disk surface temperature: Refers to the temperature generated during hard disk to increase the temperature of the hard disk sealing. The temperature generated during the hard disk will affect the data read sensitivity of the thin film magnetic head (including MR head), so the hard disk having a lower temperature of the hard disk has a better data read, write stability. Max Full Seek Time: Refers to the full time to move the magnetic head until finally find the required data blocks. Interface technology: Oral technology can greatly improve the maximum external data transfer rate of the hard disk, and now the Ultraata / 66 that is generally used has greatly improved the performance of the E-IDE interface. The so-called Ultradma66 refers to a synchronization of Intel and Quantum design. DMA protocol. The hard disk of this technology is used in conjunction with the corresponding chipset, and the maximum transmission speed can be increased from 16Mb / s to 66 ms / s. Its maximum advantage is to liberate the CPU from a large amount of data transmission, you can directly transfer data from HDD to the main memory without occupying more CPU resources to a certain extent, to a certain extent, to a certain extent. Performance of the entire system. Since the overall performance of the Ultraata technology is more than 20% to 60% compared to the ordinary hard drive, it has become the current E-IDE hard disk in fact standard. The interface technology of the SCSI hard drive is also growing rapidly. Ultra160 / MSCSI is introduced to the hard disk world, which has the ability to extend the performance extension of the high computing amount application field, and dealing with the server, graphics workstation, redundant disk array (RAID) such as a critical task, will therefore be improved. From the perspective of technology development, Ultra160 / MSCSI is only a ring on the road of hard disk interface. The 200MB of fiber optic technology has not reached the end, and the future interface technology will make today's users. Fiber Channel technology has the advantages of high data transmission rate, far data transmission distance, and simplified large storage system design. At present, the Fiber Channel supports 200MB of data transmission rates per second, and can accommodate up to 127 drivers on a loop, and the local cable can be run within 25 meters, and the remote cable can be run within 10 km. Some specialized storage applications, such as small storage area networks (SAN), and digital video applications often require up to 200MB of data transfer rates and strong networking capabilities per second, and the launch of Fiber Channel technology is adapted to this requirement. At the same time, its long data transmission distance is greatly facilitating the technical implementation of remote communication. Due to the superiority of Fiber Channel technology, hard disk products that support fiber optic interface began to appear in the market. These products are generally a large-capacity hard disk, and the average finding time is short, adapted to the application requirements of high speed, high data volume, will provide good guarantees for medium high-end storage applications.
IEEE1394: IEEE1394 is also known as FireWire, which is a high-speed serial bus. Existing IEEE1394 standards support 100Mbps, 200Mbps, and 400Mbps transmission rate, will reach 800Mbps, 1600Mbps, 3200Mbps, and even higher, so The high rate makes it possible to use a large-capacity storage device such as a hard disk, a DVD, a CD-ROM. IEEE1394 is expected to replace existing SCSI buss and IDE interfaces, but due to high cost and technical lack of mature, there is still only a small number of products that use IEEE1394 interfaces, and the hard disk is less. Hard disk: English "hard-disk" referred to as HD. It is a huge storage of storage, and the role is to store data required for computer runtime. The computer's hard drive is mainly composed of discs, magnetic heads, magnetic head arms, magnetic head arm service positioning systems, and underlying circuit boards, data protection systems, and interfaces. The technical indicators of computer hard drives are mainly surrounded on disk size, disk, single-disc capacity, disk speed, head technology, service positioning system, interface, secondary cache, noise, and S.m.a.r.t. Disc: All data of the hard disk is stored on the disc, and the disc is made of a hard alloy, and a glass disc is also present. The current disk size of the current hard disk products is: 5.25, 3.5, 2.5 and 1.8 inches (after two commonly used in notebooks and partial pocket precision instruments, there are often 3.5-inch discs in the desktop. The head of the head: The head of the hard disk is made by coil on the magnetic core, and the initial magnetic head is read and written, and the amplitude of the induction signal is transmitted by current. For most computers, in the process of exchange data with the hard disk, the read operation is far from writing, and read / write is the operation of two different characteristics, which enables hard disk manufacturers to develop a read / write separation head. . In 1991, IBM proposed a magnetoresistive (MR) technology-based reading technology - various anisomagnetic, magnetic heads and rotated disc phase contacts, read data by changes in magnetic field on the induction disc . In the hard disk, the disc's single-disc capacity and head technology are mutually restrictions and promote each other. AMR (Anisotropic Magneto Resistive, AMR): A magnetic head technology, AMR technology can support 3.3Gb / square inch record density, in 1997 AMR is the mainstream technology in the market at the time. GMR (GIANT Magneto Resistive, GMR): 2 times higher than the AMR technology, GMR head is made of four-layer conductive material and magnetic material film: a sensor layer, a non-conductive interposer, a magnetic property Trouble layer and a switching layer. The first three layers control the resistance of the magnetic head. In the ingress layer, the magnetic field strength is fixed, and the exchange layer of the magnetic field is maintained. Moreover, the magnetic field strength and direction of the free layer is changed as the slight magnetization zone of the disk surface under the magnetic head is changed, and the change in the magnetic field strength and direction results in a significant change in the magnetic head resistance, and below a fixed signal voltage. You can pick the signal for the hard disk circuit processing. OAW (Optical Auxiliary Voltage Technology): The OAW, which is developed by Seagate is the direction of future magnetic head technology. OAW technology can write more than 10,5000 tracks in 1 inch wide, and single-disc capacity is expected to break through 36GB. The increase in single-disc capacity can not only improve the total capacity of the hard disk, which reduces the average seek time, but also reduces costs, improve performance.
PRML (the largest propaganda of local response, Partial Response maximum likelihood): In addition to the chance of magnetic head technology, magnetic recording technology is also a major factor affecting the performance of hard disk performance. When the magnetic recording density reaches a certain degree, the phenomenon of mutual interference between the two signals will be very serious. In order to solve this problem, people have added PRML technology in the design of the hard disk. The PRML read channel method can be simply divided into two parts. The first is to digitize the signal read from the disc and abandon the standard signal without reaching the standard, and no signal output. This part is called a local response. The maximum planning part is compared to the signal model library with the PRML chip itself, identify the signal model of the PRML chip itself, and then re-combines these signals directly to directly output data. Using the PRML mode, no signal strength as the pulse detection mode is required, or the mutual interference due to the signal recording is too intensive. Advances in magnetic head technology, plus the development of current recording materials and processing technology, will increase the storage density of the hard disk to 10GB per square inch, which means that 40GB or more hard disk capacity can be implemented. Space Factor: The number of physical sectors between the two logical sectors of the hard disk track. Because the information on the hard disk is organized in the form of a sector, each sector has a number, the access operation is to pass this sector number, so use a specific spacing to give the sector number to help get The best data transfer rate. Landing area (LZ): To make the hard disk has a starting position, generally specify an inner cylinder as a landing area, which stops the hard disk head until the power is turned back before the power is turned back. The landing area is not used to store data, which can avoid the loss of data during the fire, and the power supply is avoided. Currently, a general hard disk automatically stops the head in the landing area when the power is turned off, and the old hard disk needs to perform a park command to place the head. Reaction time: Refers to the working conditions of the wheel in the hard disk. The reaction time is a most direct reaction index of the hard disk speed. The 5400 rpm hard drive has a reaction time of 5.55 ms, while 7200 rpm can reach 4.17 ms. The reaction time is the hard disk to complete the first wheel rotation using how long time. If we determine that a hard drive reaches a speed of 120 weeks, the rotation of a week will be 1/120 is 0.008333 seconds. If our hard drive is 0.0041665 seconds per week, we can also call the reaction time of this hard disk is 4.17 ms (1 ms = 1/1000 per second). Average Latency: Refers to the time when the head moves to the data where the data is located, then waits for the required data block to continue to rotate (half a ring or less) to the magnetic head at milliseconds (MS). The average incubation period is, the better, the latency is small in the hard disk read data, which is equal to having a higher hard disk data transfer rate. SINGLE TRACK SEEK: When the head is transferred from a track to another, in milliseconds (MS). Max Full Seek: Refers to the full time that the magnetic head starts until finally find the required data block, unit is in milliseconds (ms). External data transfer rate: Burst Data Transfer Rate: Refers to the rate of reading data from the hard disk buffer, often replaced by the data interface rate, and the unit is MB / s.
At present, the mainstream hard drive is Ultra ATA / 66. Its largest external data rate is 66.7Mb / s, the Ultra ATA / 100 launched in 2000. Theoretically, the largest external data rate is 100Mb / s, but due to internal data transmission The restriction of the rate is often not so high. Spindle speed: refers to the rotational speed of the motor spindle in the hard disk. At present, the spindle speed of the ATA (IDE) hard disk is generally 5400-7200 rpm. The rotational speed of the mainstream hard disk is 7200 rpm. As for the SCSI hard disk, the spindle speed of the SCSI hard disk can be reached from 7200 to 10,000 rpm. And the highest speed of the SCSI hard drive speed is up to 15,000 rpm. Data caching: Refers to the high speed memory inside the hard disk, which is temporarily stored in the computer, which is temporarily saved to read and read it. At present, the hard disk is typically 512KB-2MB. At present, the mainstream ATA hard disk is 2MB, and the highest data cache in the SCSI hard drive has now reached 16MB. Has a great advantage for the hard disk of big data cache is accessed. Hard disk surface temperature: It refers to the temperature generated when the hard disk is working, the hard disk sealing case temperature rise. The temperature generated during the hard disk will affect the data read sensitivity of the head of the head, so the hard disk having a lower temperature surface temperature is better data read, write stability. MTBF (continuous failure time): It refers to the maximum time that the hard disk is running from the beginning to the failure, and the unit is hour. The MTBF of the typical hard drive is at least 300,000 or 40000 hours. SMART (self-monitoring, analysis, reporting technology): This is now the universal data security technology used by the hard disk. When the hard disk works, the system analyzes the state of the motor, circuit, disk, and heads. When there is an abnormality, it will WARNING, some will automatically reduce and back up data. DPS (Data Protection System): Quantum built DPS in the first time in the eight-generation hard drive in the fireball, the first 300MB memory operation system of the hard disk, etc., DPS automatically detects the recovery system data within 90 seconds after the system has problems. If you don't start with the DPS floppy disk, it will automatically analyze the fault, try to ensure that the data is not lost. Data Guard: It is a unique hard disk data security technology that western data (WD). This technology can automatically automatically scan, detect, detect, and repair the sectors of the disk every 8 hours. MaxSafe: It is the technology applied by Mai Tuo in the gold diamond second-generation. Its core is to save additional ECC check digits on the hard disk, so that the read and write procedures are verified to ensure data integrity. DST: Drive self-testing technology, is the data security technology used in Sejour's hard drive, which ensures the security of the data stored in the hard disk. DFT: Drive Health Test Technology, is the data security technology used in IBM's hard drive, which can greatly improve data security as many technologies. Noise and Shock Seismic Technology: The hard disk spindle is inevitable to generate noise during high speed rotation, and wear and heat resistance due to metal friction, "Liquid bearing motor" can solve this problem. It uses the mucosa liquid oil bearings, which can effectively reduce the above problems in an oil film. At the same time, the liquid oil bearing can also effectively absorb the vibration, so that the earthquake resistance of the hard disk is increased by one or two hundred g, so the life and reliability of the hard disk can also be improved.
Quantum has applied SPS vibration protection systems after the hard disk after the Fireball Seven Generation (EX) series; Mai Tuo applied ShockBlock anti-seismic protection system in the gold diamond second generation, and their purpose is to disperse the impact energy, try to avoid the head and disk. The impact of the film; the Seashield system in the gold medal of Seagate is achieved by the protective soft cover of the shock absorbing material and the shock-shock design between the disc. ST-506/412 Interface: This is a hard disk interface developed by Seagate, first using the hard disk of this interface for Seagate's ST-506 and ST-412. The ST-506 interface is quite simple, it does not require any special cables and connections, but it supports the transmission speed is very low, so this interface is basically eliminated in 1987, using the old hard disk capacity of the interface. Most are less than 200MB. The hard drive used in the early IBM PC / XT and PC / AT machines is the ST-506/412 hard drive or called the MFM hard disk-MFM (Modified Frequency Moduction) refers to a coding scheme. ESDI interface: Enhanced Small Drive Interface interface, it was developed in 1983. It is characterized by placing the codec in the hard disk itself, rather than on the control card, the theoretical transmission speed is 2 ... 4 times the ST-506 described above, generally 10 Mbps. However, its cost is high, and there is no advantage compared to the Ide interface generated by the Ide, so it is eliminated after the 1990s. IDE and EIDE interface: Ide (Integrated Drive Electronics) actually refers to a hard drive that integrates a controller with a tray, and we often say the IDE interface, also called the ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) interface, now PC Most of the hard drives used are IDE compatible, just use one cable to connect them with the motherboard or interface card. The practice of integrating the disk with the controller reduces the number of hard drive interfaces and length, the reliability of data transmission is enhanced, and the hard disk is made easier, because the manufacturer does not need to worry about whether the hard disk is worried about whether the hard disk is The controller produced by the manufacturer is compatible, and it is more convenient to install the hard disk. ATA-1 (IDE): ATA is the official name of the earliest IDE standard, the IDE actually refers to the hard disk itself connected to the hard disk interface. ATA has a socket on the motherboard, supports a master and a slave device, the maximum capacity of each device is 504MB, and the earliest supported PIO-0 mode (Programmed I / O-0) in ATA is only 3.3MB / s, and ATA -1 specifies three types of PIO mode and 4 DMA modes (without actual application), to upgrade to ATA-2, you need to install an EIDE adapter card. ATA-2 (EIDE ENHANCED IDE / FAST ATA): This is an extension of ATA-1, which increases 2 PIOs and 2 DMA modes, raising the highest transfer rate to 16.7Mb / s, and introduce LBA address conversion The way, breaks through the old BIOS inherent 504MB limit, supports up to 8.1GB hard drives. If your computer supports ATA-2, you can find (LBA, LogicalBlock Address) or settings in CMOS settings.
The two sockets can be connected to a master device and a slave setting, so that four devices can be supported, and the two sockets are also divided into the main socket and from the socket. The fastest hard disk and CD-ROM can usually be placed on the main socket, while the secondary device is placed on the jack, which is necessary for the 486 and the early Pentium computer, which makes the main socket Connect to the fast PCI bus and connect from the socket on a slower ISA bus. Third, memory term BANK: BANK refers to the calculation unit of the memory slot (also known as a memory), which is the basic operation unit of computer system and memory information exchange. Memory speed: The speed of memory is calculated by processing time consuming with memory between each CPU and the bus cycle (bus cycle) in nanosecond (NS). Memory Module: It is mentioned that the memory module refers to a plurality of memory chip chips on a printed circuit board, and this memory chip is usually a DRAM chip, but recently system design also uses it to hide the chip inlaid. The memory module is a private slot (slot) mounted on the MODULE (CHIPS) to the number of DRAM chip (CHIPs) on the MODULE, which is the main factor in the design of the DRAM chip (CHIPS) on the MODULE. . SIMM (SINGLE IN-line memory module): The number of memory ICs on the board is not equal to the following 2 types: 72PIN: 72 Foots Single-sided memory module is used to support 32-bit data processing the amount. The single-sided memory module of 30PIN: 30 foot is used to support 8-bit data processing amount. DUAL in-line memory module: (168pin) is used to support 64 bits or a wider bus, and only use 3.3 volts, usually used in a 64-bit table-on computer or server. RIMM: The RIMM module is one of the main specifications of the next generation of memory modules, which is Intel launched the memory module supported by the chipset in 1999 with a bandwidth up to 1.6GBYTE / Sec. SO-DIMM (144PIN): This is a modified DIMM module, which is smaller than the general DIMM module, applied to notebook computers, listing machines, fax machines or various Terminal, etc. PLL: For the lock circuit, used to unify the integrated pulse signal, so that the memory can access the correct access information. Rambus Memory Module (184PIN): The memory module of Direct Rdram is called RIMM module. The module has 184pin feet, the data output is serial, with the current DIMM module 168pin, and there is a large architecture. difference. 6 layers and 4 layers (6 Layers vs 4 Layers): Refers to the circuit printing board PCB Printed Circuit Board is made of 6 or 4 layers of glass fibers, usually SDRAM uses 6-layer plate, although it will increase PCB Cost but exempt noise interference, while 4 layers can reduce the cost of PCB but poor efficiency. Register: It means the cache, its function is to achieve the purpose of synchronization at high speed.
SPD: The abbreviation for serial presence detect, it is a code that burned in the EEPROM. When the boot is turned on, the BIOS must detect Memory, but there is no need to detect the action, but directly read the SPD directly by the BIOS. Related information about memory. Comparison of Parity and ECC: Parity Check Codes is widely used on an error detection code, and they add a check bits to each data, and can detect Test a character in a character (even) is wrong, but Parity has a disadvantage that when the computer finds an error, it is not possible to determine which bit of the error is not correct. Buffer and Buffer VS UnBuffer: The buffer DIMM is a method for improving the timing problem. There is no buffer DIMM, although it can be designed for the system, but it can only support four DIMM. If a buffer's DIMM is used for a host board with a speed of 100 MHz, there will be an adverse effect. The DIMM with a buffer can use four memory, but if the buffer speed is not fast enough, it will affect its performance. In other words, there is a buffer's DIMM that has slowed down, but it can support more DIMM usage. Self-Refresh: DRAM has independent and built-in charging circuitry in a certain period of time, usually used in a computer that is highly saved in a notebook computer or a portable computer. Precharge time (CAS LATENCY): Generally referred to as CL. For example, CL = 3, when the computer system reads the first data autonomous memory, the desired preparation time is 3 external chassis (System Clock). The difference between CL2 and CL3 is only necessary for the first reading data, and there is no significant effect on the performance of the entire system. Clock Signal (CLOCK): The clock signal is provided to the synchronous memory signal synchronization, and the access action of the synchronous memory must be synchronized with the clock signal. Electronic Engineering Design Development Joint Conference (JEDEC): Most of JEDEC is engaged in design, inventive manufacturing, inventive, in accordance with a group consortium composed of computer memory modules, most of the memory products produced by the general industrial, mostly established by JEDEC As an evaluation. Read-only memory ROM (ROM): ROM is only read and cannot be written to the information, because this special is the most common is the BIOS on the motherboard (basic input / output system Basic Input / Output system) Because BISO is the basic hardware setting for computer boot, it is used as a low-order communication interface with the periphery, so the BISO is burned in the ROM to avoid freely clearance. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM): For a case of writing data, even if the power is turned off, it is necessary to reserve a quite long time, and if the write data does not need to increase the voltage, as long as some handle is written You can write the information into memory. ERASABLE Programmable ROM: After clearing the internal data that can be removed through the ultraviolet rays, the data can be burn into the EPROM, which is the advantage to be repeated burning information. .
The read-only memory (PROM): is a memory memory, because it can only be written, so once it is written, if there is an error, it is unable to change and can no longer save other information, so As long as the memory is not available, it cannot be recycled. Mask Rom: It is the manufacturer to produce a ROM or EPROM in advance as a sample, and then produce a large number of ROM samples, this is Mask ROM, The information burning in the Mask ROM will never be modified. Random access memory RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM is a memory that can be read and written. We also read data from RAM when writing data to RAM memory, which is different from ROM memory. However, the RAM must be stabilized by stable and smooth power, so once the power is turned off, the data in the RAM will disappear. Dynamic Random Access Memory: DRAM is the abbreviation of Dynamic Random Access Memory, is usually main memory in the computer. It is a storage action with a capacitor, but due to the problem of electricity itself, The information must be continuously accessible to other information. FPM DRAM (Fast Page Mode DRAM): is a modified DRAM, most of the 72IPN or 30PIN module, FPM is composed of memory inside the memory Pages, from 512 Bite to several kilobytes, it is characterized by waiting When you re-read, you can read the information within each of the PAGE. EDO DRAM (Extended Data Out DRAM): The access speed of EDO is about 10% faster than traditional DRAM, which is more than 72PIN, 168PIN, which is 12 to 30 times faster than FPM. SDRAM: SYNCHRONOUS DRAM is a new technique for DRAM architecture; it uses Clocks in the wafer to make the input and output can be synchronized. The so-called clock synchronization refers to the time pulse of the memory time and the CPU to synchronize access. SDRAM saves the time of executing instructions and data transmission, so that computer efficiency can be enhanced. DDR: DDR is a higher speed synchronous memory, DDR SDRAM is a DIMM module of 168PIN, which is faster than SDRAM, and DDR is designed to be a higher speed requirement such as servers, workstations, and data transmission. DDRII (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dram): DDRII is the future new standard after DDR's original SLDRAM alliance will be integrated with existing R & D results with DDR after 1199. DDRII's detailed specifications are currently not determined. DRDRAM (Direct Rambus DRAM): is one of the next-generation mainstream memory standards, which is developed by Rambus, which is connected to a common bus, which can not only reduce the volume of the controller. Increase the efficiency of data transfer. RDRAM (Rambus DRAM): It is done independently by Rambus. Its speed is about 10 times more than DRAM, although there is such a strong performance, but the memory controller needs considerable changes, so this Most of memory uses on the game machine or a professional graphics acceleration card.
Vram (Video RAM): The biggest difference from DRAM is that it has two sets of output and input ports, so it can be read while reading, while outputting data. WRAM (Window Ram): It belongs to the VRAM's improvement version, which is different from its control lines with an input / output controller of twenty groups, and uses EDO's data access mode. MDRAM (MULTI-BANK RAM): The inner part of MIDRAM is divided into several different small storage libraries, which is made of several college small unit matrices. Each repository is connected to each other than the external data speed, which is applied to a high speed display card or acceleration card. Static Random Handling Memory SRAM (Static Random Access Memory): SRAM is the abbreviation of Static Random Access Memory, usually more stable than the general dynamic random processing memory processing speed. The so-called static meaning means that memory information can be accommodated at any time without Semi-random processing memory is usually used to make caches because of this feature. Async SRAM: For asynchronous SRAM This is a more old SRAM, which is usually used on Level 2 Cache on your computer, which is independent of the computer's systematic time pulse. Sync SRAM: For synchronous SRAM, its working clock and the system are synchronized. SGRAM (Synchronous Graphics RAM): It is improved by SDRAM to block blocks, individually retrieved or modify access, and reduces the number of memory overall read and writes to increase the drawing controller. Cache RAM: A high speed memory is designed to process the operating CPU. The memory of the memory is to use SRAM's particles to do memory. Due to the different connection mode, it can be divided into an external method (External) another is an intersystem. The external method is to place the memory on the host board, also known as Level 1 Cache and the connection method is to refer to the memory in the CPU is called Level 2 Cache. PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association): is a standard card-type expansion interface, mostly used on notebooks or other peripheral products, which can be divided into: Type 1: 3.3mm thickness, often made SRAM , Flash RAM's memory card and the DRAM memory card used by the most recent printer. TYPE 2: 5.5mm thickness, usually designed to have the modem interface (MODEM) used by the note computer. Type 3: 10.5mm thickness, is used to connect the ATA interface to the hard disk. TYPE 4: Small PCMCIA card, mostly used in digital cameras. Flash: Flash memory comparison is a storage device because the information stored in the flash memory is not lost after the power is turned off, and the original information must be cleared before writing the information before it can be written. New information, the shortcomings are too slow to write to the information. Remnant Memory Module: Many merchants in the memory market will sell re-indicated memory modules, the so-called re-indicated memory module is changed to the label on the chip CHIP, making it displayed The message provides more profits to providing merchants. Generally speaking, the industry will indicate faster speeds (-7 to change to -6) or will have no label to change to have a factory. To avoid buying this product, the best way is to purchase a top-level chip manufacturer product to a good reputation.
REFRESH: The main memory is a combination of DRAM, and its capacitance needs to be constantly charged to maintain the correct information. Generally there are 2K and 4K refresh classification, and 2K is more fast REFRESH but 2K is 3K to 4K. Fourth, the optical drive term explains the CLV technology: constant-linear-velocity) Constant line speed reading method. The technique used in a 25-fold optical drive. It is to keep the data transfer rate unchanged, and change the speed of the rotating disc at any time. Reading the rotational speed along the inner data is much faster than the outside. CAV Technology: Constant-angular-velocity) Constant angular speed reading mode. It uses the same speed to read data on the disc. However, the inner edge data on the optical disc is lower than that of the outer edge data transmission speed, and the more it can reflect the speed of the optical drive, and the speed refers to the highest data transmission rate. PCAV technology: (Partial-Cav) region constant angular speed reading method. It is a new technology that combines CLV and CAV, which is a CAV technology using the outer edge data, and the in-line data is used to improve the speed of the overall data transmission. UDMA mode: (ULTRA-DMA / 33) The usage of CPU resources. Nowadays, UDMA / 66 appears, twice the speed. PIOM mode: (Pio-Mode) previously employed data transmission mode, each operation can be completed, occupying a large number of resources in the CPU. SCIC interface: (Small-Computer-Sysem-Interface) is a new type of external interface that drives multiple external devices; the data transfer rate can reach 40MB, and will become the standard of external interfaces, and the price is expensive. However, less CPU resources are small, and the work is stable. IDE interface: (Integrated-Drive-Electronics) is an external interface that is generally used, mainly connected hard drives and optical drives. The 16-bit data is used in parallel, the size is small, and the data is quickly transmitted. One IDE interface can only be connected to two external devices. Betal: Refers to the optical drive data transmission rate, the International Electronic Industry Association sets 150 k / s data transfer rate as a single speed optical drive. The data transfer rate of 300kb / s is double speed. The result was calculated in turn. Data Transmission rate: (Data-Transfer-Rate) means that the amount of data that can read how many kilobytes (kilobytes) can be read on the disc in the optical drive, and directly determines the speed of the optical drive. The data transfer rate of a single speed optical drive is 150kb / s. Average read time: (Average-seek-time) means that after the laser head moves to the specified pre-read data (this time is Rotation-Latency), start reading data, then transfer data to the circuit on the circuit. time. It is also an important indicator of the optical drive speed. Cache Capacity: It provides a data buffer that is temporarily stored first and then transmits one-time delivery. Solve speed matching gaps with other devices.
Laser Head: It moves outward in the Table-of-Contents area, by transmitting a laser to find a designated position on the optical disc, and the sensing resistor is subjected to reflected signals to the electronic data CD: (Compact-DISC) disc. The CD is LIAD-IN (the location of the data starts recorded); and then the Table-of-Contents area, the inside and outside the data; after the recording, a tag of the data rail end record is added to the record. In the CD CD, the simulation data engraves a small pit that can't even see many even the naked eye through a large burner. CD-da: (cd-audio) is used to store light and flyfall pieces of digital sound. In 1982, SONY, PHILIPS established a red book standard to store sound data in a track. CD-ROM is compatible with this specifications. CD-G: (Compact-Disc-Graphics) CD-DA is based on the graphic to another format, but failed to promote. It is an attempt to multimedia computers. CD-ROM: (Compact-Disc-Read-Only-Memory) Read-only CDM. In 1986, Sony, Philips developed the Huang Jun Standard, defined the archive information format. The MODE1 for computer data storage and two types used to compress the video image storage are defined to make the CD a generic storage medium. And add the quotation code and correction code alignment to ensure that the computer data can be completely read. CD-PLUS: 1994, Microsoft announced the standard of new enhanced CDs, also known as CD-ELURE. It is the first track of CD-AUDIO sound in the CD, and then the information file, so that CD will only read the front track, not read the data rail, reach the benefits of the computer and audio. CD-ROM XA: (CD-ROM-EXTENDED-Architecture) 1989, Sony, Philips, MICUOFT to expand the white paper standard for CD-ROM standard. It is divided into four and one enhanced CD standard CD . VCD: (Video-CD) Laser Disc. Sony, Philips, JVC, MATSHITA, etc. are developed and belong to the white paper standard. It is a laser film and television disc that refers to full dynamics, full screen. The CD-I: (Compact-Disc-Interactive) year is the green paper standard for Philips, Sony. It is an interactive disc system. In 1992, a full dynamic video image played PHOTO-CD: 1989, Kodak launched the orange book standard for photo discs, and can save 100 high-resolution photos with five formats. Can add the corresponding explanations and background music or episodes, becoming a sound electronics photo set. CD-R: (Compact-Disc-Recordable) In 1990, Philips issued a multi-segment one-time write CD data format. It belongs to the standard of oranges. Add a layer that can be recorded at one time on the optical disc, which can be burned. CD-RW: Add a layer of rewritten layer on the optical disc to repeatedly write data multiple times by laser.
SDCD: (Super-Density-CD) is Toshiba, Hitachi, Pioneer, Panasonic, Mitsubishi, Timewamer et al. To develop a super-density disc standard. Double-sided 5GB of storage, data compression ratio is not high MMCD: (Multi-MDeiA-CD) is a multimedia CD, which is made by Sony, Philips, etc., single-sided 3.7GB storage, data compression is relatively high. HD-CD: (High-Density-CD) High Density CD. large capacity. One-sided capacity is 4.7GB, with a double-sided capacity of 9.4GB, and some reach 7GB. The HD-CD disc uses MPEG-2 standards. MPEG-2: 1994, ISO / IEC organization developed moving image and its sound coding standards. Compression and decompression of the broadcast level and stereo signals. DVD: (DIGITAL-VERSATILE-DISK) Digital multi-purpose disc, standard with MPEG-2, has a large capacity of 4.7g, can store 133 minutes of high resolution full dynamic film program, including Dolby Digital Sound Sound Tracks, Images And the quality of the sound is not of the VCD. DVD RW: DVD discs can be written repeatedly, and also called DVD-E. A standard that is published by HP, Sony, and Phioips. The capacity is 3.0GB, which uses CAV technology to obtain a higher data transfer rate PD drive: (PowerDisk2) is Panasonic Company to write a writable optical drive and CD-ROM to one, LF-1000 (external) and LF-1004 (Built-in) two types. The capacity is 65omb, with a data transfer rate of 5.0Mb / s, a micro-laser head and a precision electromechanical servo system. ABS Balance System: (Auto-Balance-System) is the latest Mitsubishi Diamond series high-speed drive drive, which is a steel baht bearing in the optical drive tray. When the optical drive is vibrating, steel balls are centrifugal. The role is part of the light part, and it plays a balanced role to increase the ability to read the disk. Partial installation: (Partial-Installation) When installing a software, only some must or basic files are installed. When a special feature is performed, read or perform files in the disc, so that the system can match a high speed, efficient Can and high-stable optical drives to achieve the best performance DVD-RAM: DVD Forum Association establishes and published a business can read and write DVD standard. It has a large capacity and low price, and the speed is not slow and the compatibility is high. V. MODEM Term Interpretation AT Command (Atcommands): Invented by Hayes, it has now become a factual standard and a modem command language used by all modem manufacturers. Each command starts with the letter "AT" and is obtained. After the AT, the letter and numbers indicate the specific function, such as "ATDT" is a dial command, and other commands have "initialization modem", "control speaker volume", "specified the number of ringing of the modem startup response", "Select Error Correction Format" Wait, the AT commands of different grades modems are not exactly the same, please read the MODEM user manual carefully to use the AT command correctly.
BaudRate: The rate of the analog line signal, also known as the modulation rate, and measures the number of oscillations per second. If the data is not compressed, the baud rate is equal to the data bit transmitted per second, if the data is compressed, then the number of data bits per second is usually greater than the modulation rate, so that the exchange use of baud and bit / second occasion. error. "DatacommunicationEquipment" of the first letters of "Data Communication Equipment". DCE provides functions that establish, maintain and terminate join, and modems are a DCE. DTE: "DataTerminalEquipment" of the first alphanumeric thrombin. DTE provides or receives data. The computer coupled to the modem is a DTE. Abbreviation for Modems: Modulator / Demodulator (modulator / demodulator). It is a device that converts the digital signal into an analog signal by modulation by modulation, while the receiving end is converted to a digital signal by demodulating the analog signal. Line Rate: Also known as the DTE rate, the unit is BIT / S (BPS). Refers to the transmission rate of data on the telephone line (or line) between the two modems. Common rates have 28800 bps, 19200 bps, 14400 bps, 9600bps, 2400 bps. Portrates: Also known as the DCE rate or maximum throughput. Refers to the transfer rate of computer serial ports to the modem. Since the current modem supports almost all V.42BIs and MNP5 compression standards (compression ratio is 4: 1), this rate is generally much higher than the line rate. Special Line / Dial Line: Refers to the ordinary two passive (or active) wires. Dial is not dial on the dedicated line, so special hardware support is required. The dial line is the ordinary telephone line, dialing through the telephone system. Common modems support dial lines without storing the line. Remote settings: Refers to the local modem to connect to the distant modem, the remote user can set the parameters of the local modem. He is compatible: Because Hayes invented AT instructions have been widely used. Most other production modems companies use Hayes's AT command to control the modem, which is Hyundon compatible modem. Rate: Refers to the size of the amount of data that can be transmitted per second. In the modem industry, generally in Kbps as a unit. 56 kbps means 56,000 binary numbers per second. Asynchronous: A communication method, simple device demand. The standard communication interface provided by our PC is asynchronous. Synchronization: A communication method, complex device demand, but communication quality is high. Data Bits: When transmitting data on the line using a modem, each transmitted a set of data, the corresponding control data, including starting data, ending data, and the most important data bit in this set of data is the data bit. Different communication environments generally specify different data bits and end bits. Flow control: The data stream used to control the modem and the computer has data loss caused by mismatch due to the communication processing speed between the computer and the modem. There is usually hardware flow control (RTS / CTS) and software traffic (XON / XOFF) control. Terminal Simulation: Early computer usage is a host and many of the terminals work together, and now the PC can also mimic the various terminals and can be connected to other computers through the modem. The computer software of the imitation terminal is called terminal simulation.
Carrier: Since only the sound signal can only be transmitted on the normal telephone line, the modem is to convert the digital signals on the computer into the sound signal after transmitting. The carrier is actually a sound signal that carries digital information on the computer. The modem requires the carrier signal to communicate with each other, so only the carrier signal is established between the two modems, the modem is called communication. Terminal Rate: Refers to the connection speed between the modem and the computer communication port. This speed should be greater than the carrier rate. Carrier rate: The modem can reach the data transmission speed through the telephone line. The rate of modem that is usually said refers to a carrier rate. Automatic Answer: When there is a ringing signal that receives the phone, the modem automatically begins to answer the other party's call, and establish a connection to communicate computer. Sixth, sound card terminology explains DSP: Digital Signal Processing (Digital Signal Processing). DSP technology has a wide range of applications in analog electronic fields such as tone control, distortion effect, WAH-WAH pedal. At the same time, the DSP can also show up in a variety of effects such as simulation equalization and reverb. DSP operations can be performed through computer CPUs or special DSP chips. Different, dedicated DSP chip processing is more optimized than computer CPU processing, faster. Sampling: The process of simulating audio is converted to digital audio, as sampling, the main device used is analog / digital converter (Analog to Digital Converter, that is, the ADC, and the corresponding number / module converter, ie DAC). The process of sampling actually converts the electrical signal of the usual analog audio signal into binary code 0 and 1, these 0 and 1 constitute a digital audio file. The greater the frequency of the sampling, the more sound quality is guaranteed. Since the sampling frequency must not be more than twice the highest frequency of the recorded, it does not generate distortion, and the human hearing range is 20Hz ~ 20kHz, so the sampling frequency is at least 20K × 2 = 40 kHz, and it can guarantee that there is no low frequency distortion, this It is also the reason why the CD sound quality is 44.1 kHz (slightly higher than 40 kHz is in order to stay). Signal to noise ratio: The maximum fidelity output of the signal calculated by DB and the ratio of inevitable electronic noise. The bigger this value is, the better. Lower than 75dB, the noise is likely to be discovered when it is silent. The signal to noise ratio of the AWE64 Gold sound card is 80dB, which is relatively reasonable. SB LIVE! It is also a top signal to noise ratio of 120 dB. In general, because the high frequency interference in the computer is too large, the signal-to-noise ratio of the sound card is often unsatisfactory. However, SB Live! Provides a digital output SPDIF, which can bypass the analog part of the output, greatly reduced noise and distortion, and greatly improved the dynamic range and sharpness sound card: Sound Card: As the name suggests, Card, which is the same as the vocal tie in the human throat, with it can make a sound, you can communicate, you can sing. The role of sound card in the computer is the same, it can achieve human-machine communication, such as learning foreign language, voice input, etc. The sound card is called a sound card or sound card in the Hong Kong and Taiwan area, which is essential in multimedia computers. The computer has a sound function. Sound cards are essential for computer musicians, because the music used to use it is much better than traditional production methods. The sound card took you into a "colorful" audio world. Let you feel the wonder of nature. Synthesis Technology: Synthesis technology in the sound card has two types, first, FRency mode technology (FRENQUENCY MODTITION); second, Wave Table (wave form) synthesis technology.
FM synthesis technology uses the calculated method to show the true sound of the instrument, it does not need a lot of storage capacity to simulate a variety of sounds, its structure is simple, low cost, but its imitation ability is very poor. The English name of the wave form is "Wave Table", which means "Waveform Table" from literal translation. In fact, it is recorded in all the sounds (including each of the sounds, tones) that can be made by various real instruments, stored as a wave form file. When playing, according to the MIDI file record, the track is issued to the wavelert, and the corresponding sound information is found from the wave library, after the synthesis, and then play back. Since it uses the sample of real musical instruments, the effect is naturally better than FM. The instrument sound information of the general wave form is recorded in the accuracy of 44.1 kHz, 16bit to achieve the most authentic playback effect. "Soft" wavefringforming technology: It is the form of software (Wave Table in the sound card is stored in the hard disk, and the CPU is called forward) instead of WAVE TABLE. DLS: Download Source Module It is a technology used by a new PCI sound card. It puts the wave form on the hard disk, and needs to be transferred to memory. But it has a certain difference from Wave Table, DLS is dedicated The PCI sound card of the chip is to achieve music synthesis, while soft wave table technology is to achieve music synthesis through the CPU. Sound Font: is the sound library technology used by Singapore's innovation company in the mid-range sound card. It is in line with characters, and a Sound Fond exhibits a set of music symbols. When you use the MIDI keyboard, you will automatically write down the MIDI parameters, and finally look up in Sound Fond. When you need it, download it to the sound card. It has a biggest advantage that it does not affect the quality of sound due to insufficient storage capacity of the sound card, which can achieve the ideal environment of full tone and tone. This way is now available on the high-grade sound card. Of course, there are two reasons. In addition to this sound library of innovation, it is Microsoft's DLS standard. In contrast, Sound Font technology is prominent, but only innovative sound card can be used, Microsoft's DLS is used in the PCI sound card. Wave table upgrade subcard: You can upgrade the FM sound card to Wave Table sound card. But the original sound card must have an upgrade interface. Since the memory supported by various sound cards and the memory supported on the sound card is different, the price difference is very large. For friends who use FM sound cards, the wave form upgrade sub-card is a very good choice. But it also has a performance / price ratio issue, whether it is worthy of payment. Sampling bits: sample value or sampling value. It is a parameter used to measure the change of sound fluctuations, that is, the resolution of the sound card. The larger the value, the higher the resolution, the stronger the ability to sound. The position of the sound card is the number of binary positions that the sound card used digital sound signals used when collecting and playing sound files. The position of the sound card objectively reflects the accuracy of the digital sound signal to the input sound signal. It is possible to use 16-bit sound card in multimedia computers because people's ear is less than 16 in the resolution of sound accuracy. Sampling frequency: The number of sampling is obtained, and the number of sound samples is obtained per second. The higher the sampling frequency, the better the sound of the sound, but it accounts for more memory. Because the resolution of the people is very limited, Too high frequency does not distinguish it. The sampling frequency is generally divided into 22.05kHz, 44.1kHz, 48kHz three grades, 22.05 can only reach the sound quality of FM broadcast, 44.1KHz is the theoretical CD sound quality boundaries, 48kHz is more accurate. For sampling frequencies higher than 48kHz, the ear has not been distinguished, so there is not much value on the computer.
DAC: The computer does not directly process this signal, first transform it into a digital signal that the computer can recognize, and use the DAC (Digital / Analog Transformation) in the sound card, which converts the sound signal into a digital signal, points Two steps, sampling and conversion. Source: It is the source of sound from the literally meaning, that is, where the sound comes from. It mainly exactly accurate sounds accurately. Divided into two forms, external, it is not subject to sound card, the quality of the sound can be stored well, but the cost requirements are high. Built-in, also known as audio card. Sound source card: Itself with a source of music itself but must be attached to a hard disk used on the sound card. With a sound card with a Wave Blaster plug on your computer, you can use the audio card. The requirements of the source card card are very low. When it is set, the interrupt is not occupied, and the address will not reselect, nor without the driver, simply set the MIDI's port to SB MIDI OUT. Polyphone: This donor is not "consonant" in English, refers to the number of sounds that can make sounds in the same time. If you put a MIDI music, it must Less than or equal to the number of revolutions of the sound card you use, you can hear the best results. So your sound card has the number of repunies, you will be able to hear a lot of wonderful music. But you will spend more money. MP3: It is compressed to a small file to be stored on the disc in a proportion of the sound file in 1 to 10. We usually listen to a VCD a plate of only 120, but a disc processed by MP3 files. It is not a problem, which is not a problem, which is better for computer music, but MIDI (Musical Indtrumend Digital Interfoce music device digital interface): It is not a music signal, the recorded sound must be played Set through the MIDI interface. It is the standard of electronic synthesizer and digital music, and is also a bridge between computers and electronic instruments. It is a good choice for computer music enthusiasts. WAV: In Windows, store the sound file to the extension of the hard disk is WAV. WAV records the sound itself, so it is very hard in the hard disk space. For example: 16-bit 44.1 kHz stereo sounds take up approximately 10MB of capacity for one minute, and it is very far from MIDI. In this way, the compression function of the sound card is equally important. WOC: It is a storage form of a sound file. As long as the extension of the file named VOC is played under the DOS system. It is simplified with WAV, and the core part has no fundamental difference. This form is to first pass the digitized signal after digital / analog conversion, sent by the amplifier to the speaker. AVI: (Audio-Video Interactive) audio video interaction, it is an audio, video signal compression standard introduced by Microsoft. Mono: mono is a comparative original sound replication form, and the early sound card is more common. When two speakers play back the single channel information, we can clearly feel that the sound is passed from the middle of the two speakers to our ear. This lack of location is very backward, but it is already very advanced when the sound card has just started.
3D stereo system: It is our usual three-dimensional. From three aspects to enhance the sound of the sound card, the first: the sound of the sound we hear, second; sound displacement; third, the impact. Whether it is in my own home, or in the cinema, no matter whether it puts VCD or DVD, two channels will appear on the screen, let you choose "Left" "right channel", we have to put it all The selection, the sound of the two channels is mixed together, it sounds a shocking feeling. But it doesn't have a 3D surrounded by a stereo system. 3D surrounded by three-dimensional system: from the 1980s, there are more than a dozen 3D systems In use. To now there are two technologies to use on multimedia computers, that is, SPACE equalizer and SRS (Sound Retrieval System) sound correction system. Let's talk about Space: It uses sound effects and masticinal principles, according to The people's auricle has different inductions, and does not increase the sound, it gives 3D effects, people feel the sound from all parties; SRS: It is completely used in the principle of the euro, the sense of sound of the human ear, Double-channel stereo signal processing, although the sound comes from front, people mistakenly think that it is from all directions. This kind of system can use two ordinary sounds, you can have the shocking effect of the concert hall, it does not cost Therefore, it is very attractive. Accident sound: The basic concept of the acoustic sound card is to use a mono when recording the sound, and the play is sometimes stereo, sometimes mono. Sound cards using this technology have also been in the market for a while, but now they have already hidden. Survey: four pronunciations are specified in the four channels: the front left, front right, the left, and the right, the audience is surrounded by this. At the same time, a low sound speaker can also be added to enhance playback processing on low frequency signals (4.1 channel speaker system). In terms of overall effects, the four-channel system can bring a sound from multiple different directions to the audience, which can get a sense of auditory feelings in various different environment, giving users a new experience. Today, the four-channel technology has been widely integrated into the design of all kinds of high-end sound cards, and become the mainstream trend of future development. 5.1 Sound: Some relatively well-known sound recording compressed formats, such as Dolby AC-3 (DOLBY DIGITAL), DTS, etc. are technique in 5.1 sound systems. In fact, 5.1 sound system comes from 4.1 surround, there is different in that it increases a central unit. This centering unit is responsible for transmitting a sound signal below 80 Hz. It is conducive to strengthening the vocals when appreciating the movie, focusing on the middle of the entire sound field to increase the overall effect. Du Bunding Logic: Dolby Pro-logic is developed by the Dolby Laboratory of the United States. It is used to restore the sound. It has a big feature, which is the four channels (around front and back) The original sound is encoded, and it forms a double-channel signal, and then the amplifier will be re-supplied to the amplifier when the sound is released, so that the surrounding stereo effect is surrounded by the intermediate link, so that the previous planar sound field is changed. DDP circuit: DDP (Double Detect and Protect: Double Detection and Protection), which allows Space to no longer processes the input signal, while detecting the frequency and direction of the sound, and automatically adjusts to obtain the best effect. DSP (Digtal Signal Processor: Digital Signal Processor): It is a dedicated digital signal processor that has "exhibits a style" on the high-end 16-bit sound card. The high-grade sound card has achieved unsounoted merits. However, with the continuous development of new technology, the contradiction between DSP is getting more and more prominent, and the sound card merchants have to "reluctantly cut love" for their own interests. Hz Hertz: The unit used to describe the sound vibration frequency, also known as a vibration cycle per second, called 1 Hz, and the audio hearing of the human ear is about 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
Encoding and decoding: In digital audio technology, use the number size instead of the sound high and low analog voltage, and the process of compressing the audio data is called encoding; when playing music, the compressed data is restored, referred to as decoding . SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio: It is an important indicator for judging the noise of sound card noise. The ratio of the power of the signal and the noise signal is SNR, and the unit decibels. The better the SNR value, the better the filter effect of the sound card, which is generally greater than 80 decibels. Frequency Response (Fr: Frequency Response): It is an evaluation criteria for the ADC and AC converter frequency response capabilities for sound cards. The received range of people's ear to the sound is 20 Hz-20kHz, so the sound card is always maintained as a linear response effect in this range. If the protrusions (in the sound card data are represented by power gain) or decline (with power attenuation) is a distortion performance. Total harmonic distortion (THD N: Total Harmonic Distortion Noise): THS N is the sound card The evaluation index of fidelity. It compares the degree of matching the signal input by the sound card and the extent of the waveform of the output signal. The lower the value, the smaller the distortion. " N" in this formula indicates that noise is considered while considering fidelity. Direct Sound 3D: Old Audio API from Microsoft DirectX. It works to help developers define the positioning and sound of the sound in 3D space, then hand it over to the DS3D compatible sound card, allowing them to implement in various algorithms. The effect of positioning sound actually depends on the algorithm used by the sound card. For sound cards that cannot support DS3D, its role is a three-dimensional sound-effective HRTF algorithm that needs to occupy the CPU, so that these early products have the ability to handle three-dimensional sound. But you can't be satisfactory from actual effects and implementation efficiency. Therefore, thereafter launched the sound card has a so-called "hardware support DS3D" capability. DS3D becomes an API interface on this type of sound card. Its actual hearing effect is to look at the strength of the HRTF algorithm adopted by the sound card. EAX: Environmental Sound Efficiency Extensions, ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIO EXTENSIONS, EX is a set of open APIs with innovation and Microsoft, as a set of open APIs extended by DirectSound3D; it is an innovation that is embedded in SB-LIVE through exclusive EMU10K1 digital signal processors to reflect Out; since EAX must rely on DirectSound3D, it is basically used in games. Under normal circumstances, the game programmer uses DirectSound 3D to communicate with the software, EAX will provide new instructions to designers, allowing special effects such as different environmental echoes in real time (such as three-sided wall room) The echo is different from the echo of the fully enclosed room), in other words, EAX is an extension set to enhance the DirectSound 3D function. A3D: is a breakthrough new interaction 3D positioning sound technology developed by Aureal Semiconductor, using this technology application (usually a game) can determine the performance of the sound according to the user's input, generate 3 dimensions around the listener Accurate positioning sound effects in space, bringing a real auditory experience, and can be implemented with two ordinary speakers or a pair of headphones, and through the four channels, it can reflect its positioning effect.
H3D: In fact, it has a similar effect with A3D, but because the technology of A3D is registered to Aureal Semiconductor, the manufacturer can only name H3D, Zoltrix speed, AP 6400 night, use C-Media CMI8738 / C3DX Chips, don't underestimate this chip, because it itself can support the H3D technology mentioned above, support four channels, it itself has a modem function. Sensaura / Q3D: CRL and QSound are companies mainly selling and developing HRTF algorithms, they do not introduce instructions. The HRTF algorithm developed by CRL is called Sensaura, which supports most mainstream 3D audio APIs including A3D 1.0 and Eax, DS3D. And this technique has been widely used on the sound card chip of ESS, Yamaha, and CMI, which has become a relatively large technique, which is really good from the actual audition effect. Qsound developed Q3D can provide an environmental simulation capabilities that are similar to EAX, but the effect is still relatively single, which is a little inferior to the performance indicators of Sensaura. Qsound also provides three other sound effect technologies, named QXpander, QMSS, and 2D-TO-3D Remap. Where qxpander is a stereo expansion technology; QMSS is a multi-speaker surrounding technology for 4 speaker mode, which can extend stereo to 4 channel output, but does not add a reverberation effect. 2D-TO-3D Remap is set for DirectSound3D, which can map stereo data to a variable width 3D space, which supports sound cards using Q3D technology. IAS (Interactive Around-Sound): It is characterized by various APIs and technologies discussed above, and they are compatible with each other, and some are water. For game developers, in order to make all users are satisfied, many times must be written for different systems and APIs, which is a very troublesome thing. If there is a new audio technology, the developer will come again. IAS is for this trouble. IAS is the patented audio technology developed by EXTREME AUDIO RE-Ality, Inc (EAR) in the assistance of developers and hardware vendors. This technology can test system hardware and manage all sound platform needs, allowing developers to write only once. It can run everywhere. IAS manages all sound resources for sound designers, providing DS3D support and other surround sound. In this way, developers can make more energy to create real 3D sound, without worrying about compatibility. HRTF: It is a sound positioning algorithm, its practical role is to deceive our ears. Briefly, this is a head-response transport function (Head-response Transfer function). To be specific, it can be divided into several major steps to describe its function. Step 1: Make a head model and install a microphone to the eardrum position; Step 2: From the fixed location, some sounds; third step: analysis from the microphone to get the specificity of the model Data; Step 4: Design an audio filter to imitate that effect; fifth step: When you need to imitate the sound emitted by a location, you can use the above filter to simulate it. The response of the filter is considered to be an HRTF, you need to set an HRTF for each place where there may be a sound source. In fact, we don't need unlimited multiple HRTF. The reason here is also very simple, our brain is not so accurate. It is sufficient to distribute 1000 such functions on the hemispherical surface from our head as the origin, and the other half should be symmetrical. As for the distance sensation, it should be achieved by data changes such as responses, loudness.
Sound card external interface: -JoyStick / Midi: standard 15-pin D-type interface, supports joystick and MIDI device-Line Out 1: front speaker or stereo headset (32 ohms), except for two simplified version (Value and Digital Edition) In addition, SB Live! Series are galvanized analog output interfaces. -Line Out 2: Rear speaker, does not support headphones - Microphone in: External analog microphones, no electromagnetic interference -Line in: analog line input built-in interface - TAD: TAD (TELEphone Answering Device, telephone answering device), If you have an automatic answer to MODEM, you can connect it as a more complete multimedia system. -CD Audio: CD audio interface, can play CD music by connecting the speaker on the sound card: Connect the interface of other built-in devices, such as TV / FM tuning card, MPEG decoder, MIDI Dedicated card -i2s: Zoom Video Number Enter, used for innovative PC-DVD digital mixing / surround system-S / PDIF: S / PDIF (Sony / Philips Digital Interface): Sony and Philips digital interface English abbreviation is jointly developed by Sony Company and Philips (Civil), AES / EBU (Professional) Interface Format. The general digital sound source will have the terminal of Digital Output, which is convenient for the user's external quality DAC (digital-to-analog converter) to lift the sound quality or other audio equipment. It avoids an additional signal from the analog connection, reducing noise, and can reduce the signal loss caused by analog count mode switch and voltage unstable. Since it can sample audio at 20Bit, it is possible to maintain and process audio signals under a high-precision digital modulus. S / PDIF makes the entire system high quality, so the S / PDIF's SB Live beyond the fidelity, connectivity, and innovative aspects beyond many home stereo systems. The S / PDIF can be subdivided into two forms according to the transport form of the data stream: 1. Fiber optic line Toslink; two, coaxial COAXIAL. -Microphone: Connect the internal microphone, you can enter the sound of other expansion cards. -Modem: Connect the built-in MODEM, you can use the existing microphone / speaker setting to control the MODEM's DSVD or speaker. -Digital I / O Header: AUD_EXT40 pin interface, connect digital input / output subcard with strip cable, support more additional device digital I / O card interface-Digital DIN: Connect Cambridge SoundWorks 7.1 Eight Expere Desktop Theater System -SPDIF IN: External RCA Digital Input -Spdif OUT: External RCA Digital Output - MINI-DIN MIDI IN: Additional MIDI Input - MINI-DIN MIDI OUT: Additional MIDI Output Seven, Display Card Item Description EDO DRAM (Extended Data Out DRAM: Extended data output DRAM. Some improvements to the DRAM access mode, shorten the time of memory efficient access.
Vram (Video DRAM): Video RAM. This is specifically for dual port memory optimized for graphics (data exchange with RAMDAC and CPU), which can effectively prevent conflicts that occur when accessing other types of memory. WRAM (Windows Ram): Enhanced VRRAM, performance than VRAM increases by 20%, accelerating video functions such as transmission and mode padding. SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM): Synchronous DRAM. It works synchronously with the system bus to avoid additional waiting time required for the system bus to synchronize the asynchronous DRAM to speed up the transmission speed of the data. SGRAM (Synchronous Graphics DRAM): Synchronous Graphics RAM, enhanced SDROM. It supports writing masks and blocks. Write mask can reduce or eliminate read - modifications - write operations; block written to the foreground or background fill. SGRAM greatly accelerates data exchange between the memory and the bus. (, Such as: Ritai S680, Banshee) MDRAM (Multibank DRAM): Multi-segment DRAM. MDRAM can be divided into multiple independent valid segments, reducing each process at the time loss of display refresh, video output, or graphic acceleration. RDRAM (Rambus DRAM): Mainly used for special high-speed burst operations, with accessed frequency up to 500 MHz, and traditional memory can only be accessed at 50 MHz or 75MHz. RDRAM's 16 Bit bandwidth can reach 1.6 Gbps (EDO's limit bandwidth is 533Mbps), and 32bit bandwidth is up to 4 Gbps. Second, 3D graphics card basic 3D function: 1. Alpha Blending: Alpha mix. Alpha is a special passage in the color characteristics of the 3D texture element, using it to color mixing with the texture image, producing a transparent effect. 2. Billinear Filternig: Double line filtering. A texture mapping technique can reduce block diagrams due to unevenness of color distribution during texture. 3. DITHERING: Jitter. This is the alignment of the change color pixel (Pixel) to get a new color process. 4. Flad Shading: A basic drawing technology that uses the same color inside each triangle drawn. 5. Fogging: Atomization. Mix some color with background to hide background to achieve haze effect. 6. Gouraud Shading: Use the color of the triangle vertex to get the interposition of the triangle to each point in the triangle. 7. MIPMAP: MIP mapping. It can save different resolutions and sizes of texture graphics in memory, which allows texture smooth and change when 3D objects are moved. 8. Perspective Correction: Perspective correction. Different angles and distances can be more realistic in 3D scenes in 3D scenes. 9. Point Sampled: Point sampling. A simple texture mapping technology, with the nearest texture element to determine the color of the current point. 10. TEXTURE MAPPING: Texture Mapping. A bitmap or image is attached to the 3D object, making the object. 11. Transparency: Transparent. 12. Z-Buffer: It is a memory area for storing the field of field pixels. 13. Gamma Correction: Gamma correction. In order to compensate for graphical distortion due to display deviation, the gamma correction is corrective correctively.
Third, 3D graphics card three API API (Application PROGAM Interface Application): It is a software interface for 3D applications and 3D graphics cards. 1.Direct 3D: It is the middle interface interface in Microsoft's Direct X. When some 3D functions cannot be implemented by hardware, Direct 3D can use software simulation most 3D functions, improve 3D graphic display speed, and its animation feature is quite high, which is very suitable for game development. 2.Heidi (also called Quick Draw 3D): It is a purely scheduled window, mainly suitable for application development, HEIDI flexible, can handle very complex geometric graphics, strong extension, support interactive rendering, most important It has been supported by Autodesk (Autodesk is a famous AutoCAD and 3D SUTDIO, 3DMAX Manufacturer) 3.opengl (Open 3D graphics library) is developed by SGI (SGI production non-PC graphics workstation) Companies, including its software Waterfull Alias Maya, its popularity is equivalent to Intel of the PC. OpenGL is a stand-alone platform with portability. It can quickly draw 2D and 3D objects, working together in distributed environments, is a standard application interface for large science and engineering for high complex 3D graphic design. 16-, 24- and 32-bit color: 16-bit color can display 65,536 different colors in the display, 24-bit color can display 16.7 million colors, and the 32-bit color is different, it is just technology One concept, it is true that the number of colors is just the same as 24-bit color, only 16.7 million colors. For the processor, processing 32-bit color graphic images is higher than the processing 24-bit color load, more workload, and the user needs to be more within 32-bit color mode. 2D card: There is no 3D acceleration engine ordinary display card. 3D card: show card with 3D graphic chip. Its hardware feature can complete the processing of three-dimensional images, to reduce the work burden for the CPU. Usually a 3D accelerator card also includes a 2D acceleration function, but there is a separate display card only having 3D image acceleration capabilities, such as VOODOO2. Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) High-speed Graphics Acceleration Interface: AGP is a PC bus system, and its appearance is to make up for some shortcomings of PCI. AGP has a higher operating frequency than PCI, which means it has a higher transmission speed. AGP can use the system's memory as a material cache, and in the 3D graphics card of the PCI, the material can only be stored in the display card. Alpha Blending: It is used to make the object to generate transparent sense, such as blurred transparent sights that are blurred through water, glass, and the like. Previous software transparent processing is to give all transparent objects to give the same transparent parameters, which is obviously very unreal; today's hardware transparent mixing treatment adds a value to the pixel in red green blue, which has added a value to specifically store the transparency of the object. Advanced 3D chips should support at least 256 transparency, all objects (whether water or metal) are all values of transparency, only high and low. Anisotropic Filtering: (Please refer to the second-line filtration and tri-linear filtration) Anisotropic filtration is the latest filtering method, it needs to sample 8 or more pixels around the map point, obtain The average is mapped to the pixel point.
For many 3D acceleration cards, it is almost impossible to filter an anisotropy filtration using more than 8 pixels because it requires more pixel filling rates than tri-linear filtration. But for 3D games, anisotropic filtering is a very important feature because it can make the screen more realistic, naturally processed more slower than tri-lineary filtration. Anti-aliasing (edge softening or anti-aliasing): Since the object edge of the object in the 3D image exhibits a triangular sawtooth, the anti-aliasing is smooth and natural, improve the image quality to make it soft. method. The latest full-screen anti-aliasing can effectively eliminate the displacement phenomenon of polygon binding (especially smaller polygons), and reduce the distortion of the image. When the panoramic anti-aliasing is treated, the pixels near the image shall be sampled 2-4 times to achieve different levels of anti-aliasing effects. 3DFX adds the choice of 2x2 or 4x4 anti-aliasing effect in the drive. According to the series chip, the two-chip VOODOO5 will provide 2x2 anti-aliasing effect, and the card of the four-chip can provide a higher 4x4 anti-aliasing level. In short, it is to mix the image edge and the pixel colors on both sides, and then replace the point in the original position with the newly generated point to achieve the shape of the softened object, eliminate the effect of the zigzag. API (Application Programming Interface) application interface: API is an interface exists between 3D programs and 3D display cards, which makes the software over hardware. To use a 3D acceleration function, you must use the API supported by the display card to write programs, such as Glide, Direct3D, or OpenGL. Bi-linear filtering: It is the most basic 3D technology, now almost all 3D acceleration cards and games support this filtering effect. When a texture is made small, it will inevitably appear "mosaic" phenomenon, and filter can effectively solve this problem, which is a smooth image of flexible processing using the difference algorithm between different pixels in the raw material. of. Its work is the center of the target texture, and the four pixel color values near this point are averaged, and then this average color value is passed to the position of the target image. By using double linear filtration, although the transition between different pixels is more sleek, the image after bilinear processing will appear blurred. Environment Mapped Bump Mapping: The surface of the object in the real world is not smooth, so it is necessary to reflect the uneven and pleats of the real object by concave convection simulation techniques. The traditional 3D graphics card is used to be embossed (EMBOS) effect approximately a convex and concave mapping. This relief effect is limited, it is difficult to show the reflective effect at a subtle angular angle and the effect in a complex multi-aerative light source, and it is more unable to show water waves. Effect of special fluids such as airflow. The environment mapping convex and concave map is to map a layer of texture on the standard surface texture, the texture is the same but the location is changed, and the displacement depth is determined by the depth information and the light source position, and then the lower texture is further processed as an upper layer according to the performance object. The textured shadow or bottom surface, which realizes the convex pleat effect of the surface of the real object. Gouraud Shading: This is currently a more popular coloring method, which provides continuous color discs for each point on the polygon, which is rendered, and each polygon can use unlimited colors. It renders have extremely rich colors and smooth discoloration effects.
MIP-MAPPING: MIP-mapping core feature is based on changes in the direction of the object's depth of field, and the MIP mapping is based on different sizes of material map according to different far, such as the large material of 512x512, and A smaller map is attached to the distal object. This can not only produce better visual effects, but also saves system resources. Phong Shading: This is the best, most complicated coloring method, and the effect is better than Gouraud Shading. Its advantage is to process the "mirror reflective", which gives each point on the model to the total strength value of the projected light, so the extremely high surface brightness can achieve the effect of "mirror reflectance". S3TL ("Transform and Lighting): This technology is similar to NVIDIA's latest T & L technology, which greatly reduces the geometric operation process of the CPU's 3D pipeline. The "Deformation and Light Source" engine can be used in future OpenGL and DirectX 7 graphics interfaces to increase the polygonal generation rate in the game to 4 to 10 times. This greatly alleviates the complexity of the software, and also maximizes the CPU's calculation, so for systems with slower CPU floating point, there can be high speed graphics Treatment ability. S3TC (S3 TEXTURE COMPRESSION) / DXTC / FXT1: S3TC is a texture compressed format proposed by S3 companies, with the aim of achieving a system bandwidth and improving efficacy. The S3TC is compressed, and the limited texture cache space is used to store more textures because it supports the 6: 1 compression ratio, so the 6m texture can be compressed to 1M in the material cache, so that the cache is saved. It also improves the display performance. DXTC and FXT1 are similar to S3TC, which are Microsoft and 3DFX development texture compression standards, although supported in Direct 6, but has not yet been supported by games, and FXT1 can provide more than S3TC High compression ratio, reaching 8: 1, and it will also be supported in the 3DFX version of Glide. T & L and Light Processing: This is a new type of technique studied by NVIDIA to improve the image quality. In the past graphics technology, in order to make the object image true, it has to increase the polygonal design, so It will result in a decrease in speed, and less polygons are used, and the picture is very rough. This T & L technology used in GeForce256 is characterized by further improving the degree of edge smoothness of the surface of the object without increasing the object polygon, making the image more realistic and accurate. In addition, the role of the light source has also been paid to: the traditional light source processing is more single, free, and the geforce 256 has powerful light source processing power, which supports 8 independent light sources on the hardware, plus GPU support, instant processing The light source will make the picture more vividly, which can generate a light source effect with reflective properties. Trilinear Filtering: Three-line filtration is a combined overlap in mitigating or eliminating different combined grade texture transitions. It must be used in conjunction with double linear filtration and combined processing mapping. Three-linear filtration is obtained from two most similar LOD grade textures to obtain new pixel values by sampling in two most similar LOD grade textures, making the two different depth grades can be more smoothing.
Because of this, triplet filtering must use two double linear filtration, which must calculate the value of 2x4 = 8 pixels. For many 3D acceleration, this requires the calculation time of their two clock cycles. W-Buffer: The role of W-buffer is similar to Z-buffer, but its range is smaller, and the accuracy is higher. It can process more detailed processing between different objects and the location of the same object part. Z-Buffer: This is a technique for processing 3D object depth information. It records the current Z coordinates of different objects and the same object. When coloring, the structure behind other objects is blamed, so that They are not displayed. The higher the number of digits used in z Bufer, the more accurate the depth value it can provide. Now the graphic chip supports 24bit Z-Buffer and adds 8Bit template buffer, called 32bit Z-Buffer. Display memory: Like the memory function on the motherboard, the memory is also used to store data, but it is stored in the display chip processing. 3D Display Card Save Differences in General Display Card Different in: 3D Display Card There is also a memory of texture data or z-buffer data, such as a 6M memory VOODOO I display card, where 2M memory is Used in the above use. Since the 3D application is increasing, and the requirements of high-resolution, high-colored deep graphics treatment, the requirements for memory is getting faster, from early DRAM, transition to EDO-DRAM, until now often see SDRAM and SGRAM, speed is getting faster and higher in performance. The memory of Figure 4 is SGRAM, pay attention to its four sides, very good difference; Figure 5 The memory is EDO-DRAM, and two-side leads are used as SDRAM. Distinguishment of EDO-DRAM and SDRAM to see the number above the memory, generally marked with "08", "10", "12" and other words are SDRAM, labeled "80", "70", "60", " Most of the words such as -6 "," - 7 "is EDO-DRAM. In addition to the above three common memory, there are more professional memory such as VRAM (Dual Port Video Memory), WRAM (Window Memory), RDRAM, Cacheram, etc., mostly used on graphics processing workstations. The size of the memory is not fixed, from a single 256k, 512K, 1M to a single strip 2m, so you don't only look at the number of memory chips to guess how much memory capacity on the display card. There are also some empty sockets on the old display card to expand the memory (such as the right map, there are already inserted in the outlet), we should pay attention to the memory speed set with the display card when expanding, such as the original memory is 80ns, newly expanded memory is also 80ns, so that you can fail after expansion. BIOS: Also known as "VGA BIOS", mainly used to store control programs between chip and drivers, and store information such as display card model, specification, manufacturer, factory delivery time. When you open your computer, you feed back these information onto the screen by displays a control program within the BIOS. Figure 6 is showing BIOS on 3 different display cards, which can be seen that the shape is not the same. Early display BIOS is cured in the ROM, and cannot be modified, and the current most display card uses a large capacity EPROM, which is called "flash -bios", which can be rewritten through a dedicated program. Don't underestimate this feature, a lot of display cards are to modify the errors in the original program by continuously introducing the upgrade driver, adapt to new specifications, and enhance the performance of the display card.
For users, the practice of software improvement performance is deep. Bus interface: The display card is inserted on the motherboard to exchange data with the motherboard. Main ISA, EISA, VESA, PCI, AGP, etc. connected to the motherboard. The ISA and EISA bus are wide and narrow, slow speed, and VESA bus extension ability, these three bus have been eliminated by the market. It is now common to PCI and AGP interfaces. The PCI interface is a bus interface, operating in a 1/2 or 1/3 system bus frequency (usually 33MHz), and if other data is to be processed while processing image data, all data flowing through the PCI bus must be respectively During the treatment, it is necessary to exist in data retention. When the amount of data is large, the PCI bus is very nervous. The AGP interface is designed to solve this problem. It is a dedicated display interface (that is, can insert a sound card, display card, video capture card, etc. in the motherboard, but not on the motherboard Insert any board in addition to the AGP display card in the AGP slot), with the characteristics of exclusive bus, only image data can pass through the AGP port. In addition, AGP uses a higher bus frequency (66MHz), which greatly increases the data transfer rate. The current development trend of the current display card interface is the AGP interface. It should be noted that the AGP technology is divided by AGP1 × and AGP2 ×, the maximum theoretical data transmission rate of the latter is twice the former, and the AGP4 × display card (such as Savage4) will appear this year, its maximum theoretical data transmission rate Will reach 1056MB / s. Distinguishing the AGP interface and the PCI interface, the front width width of the former is very popular, commonly known as "gold fingers", the latter leads up and down. VGA outlet: It is a socket with 15 jacks, a bit like a larger written "D" (prevent interpretation). Different from the MIDI connector on the sound card, the jack of the VGA socket is set in 3 rows, 5 holes per row, the MIDI connector has 9 holes, 2 rows set, a little longer than the former, flat. The VGA socket is the output interface of the display card, which is connected to the D-shaped plug of the display for the output of the analog signal. Feature connector: It is a channel that displays the data exchange data in the video device, usually a 34-pin, and 26-pin. It doesn't matter, and early use to connect MPEG hard solution card as a channel transfer. Other parts: crystal oscillator: stainless steel housing, more conspicuous. Its action is to generate a fixed oscillation frequency that has a reference based on the operation of the display card. S terminal: Partial Display Card The function of 5 jacks is a semi-circular distribution through it to the TV (or monitor), which is identical to the S terminal on the TV. Patch resistance: Medium, high-grade display card is high in operating frequencies, using uncommon patch resistors to reduce interference. They are part of the display card electrical line. Eight, the main board term interpretation chipset: The chipset is the soul of the motherboard, which determines the functions that the motherboard can support. At present, the common chipches in the market have products such as Intel, VIA, SIS, ALI, AMD and other companies. Among them, Intel's mainstream products are 440bx, i820, i815 / 815e, etc. Via mainly has a chipset from VIA Apollo Pro 133 / 133A, KT 133. SIS is mainly SIS 630 chipset. Ali mainly has an Ali ALADDIN TNT2 chipset, and AMD has AMD 750 chipset.
Among them, in addition to Intel's I820, I815 / 815E chipset, all chipsets are composed of two chips: the piece of the CPU is called North Bridge chip, mainly responsible for controlling CPU, memory and display; close to PCI slot The piece called South Bridge, mainly responsible for controlling input and output (such as support for hard disk UDMA / 66/200 mode), soft and sound, etc. And Intel's I820, I815 / 815E chipset uses a new structure, consisting of three chips. They are MCH (Memory Controller Hub, which is similar to the North Bridge), ICH (I / O Controller Hub, function is similar to South Bridge), FWH (FireWare Hub, function is similar to the BIOS chip). Since the new chipset uses a special bus (generally referred to as accelerator hub structure AHA, Acplerated Hub Architecture) to connect to the main board, rather than using the PCI bus using the PCI bus, so there is a relatively larger Efficiency improvement. CPU interface: Due to most CPUs in the market are Intel and AMD products, only Socket 370 (support Intel new Celeri and Coppermine "copper" processor), Slot 1 (support Intel) Celeron and old PIII processor can also add a connection card to support the Socket 370 processor), Slot A (support AMD Athlon processor), Socket A (supporting AMD New Athlon and Duron processor), etc. Several interfaces. Uncount between different interfaces (only the SLOT 1 interface can be accepted to support the Socket 370 processor). Everyone should recognize it when you purchase. New practical technique: a. Soft jumper technology: The so-called jumper is a set of open-off switches, through the different combinations of communication, break, to achieve the purpose of adjusting the CPU frequency or implement some other functions (such as adjusting the voltage). The previous jumpers are generally consisting of a set of metal pins or dialed switches. Since the classic soft jumper technology of the promotion company SoftMenu, many manufacturers have also added this feature to set the CPU frequency and voltage directly in the BIOS. However, due to the more serious viruses such as CiH, some companies have retained functions such as hard jumpers such as DIP switches. B. New BIOS upgrade technology: Previous BIOS upgrade is considered a "master" patent. Therefore, it has certain risks, so ordinary users don't dare to get involved easily. But some vendors have developed some special BIOS upgrade features, making the BIOS upgrade will never be as dangerous and mysterious as before. For example, MSI new 815 motherboard can be upgraded directly on the Internet, as long as you connect to the network, the system will automatically detect your BIOS version. If you find that the product you use has a new BIOS file, you will download and update it automatically. Reduce the user's operation. Make the BIOS simpler. C. Energy saving function: The current energy-saving function mainly has two types of STD and STR. STD (SUSPEND TO DISK), hangs to the hard disk, refers to the system saved on the hard disk when the system is in depth. When it is turned on again, it can save the restart time. At present, the STD technology has been eliminated, updated Is STR technology. STR (SUSPEND TO RAM), hangs to memory, ie, save the data in memory when the system depth sleeps, and then restart to the original state takes about 3 seconds. This technique is supported by the current newer motherboards (such as 815 motherboards). D. Asynchronous memory adjustment technology: In VIA's chipset VIA Apollo Pro 133 / 133A and KT 133, there is a function of memory and outer frequency asynchronous.
That is, under the standard outer frequency (such as 66 MHz or 100MHz, etc.), the frequency can be operated by 33 MHz or higher than the outer frequency. This technology greatly facilitates some old users, so you can use reasonable matching that will compare new memory and comparison CPUs (or more old memory and comparison new CPUs) to give full play to their functions. However, it should be noted that if the frequency of memory operation will not be increased in accordance with this rule, the frequency of memory operation will not be increased in accordance with this rule. E. Extended slot frequency: Each type of bus has its own rated running frequency, if it exceeds too much, it may cause the device to run abnormal. For example, the rated frequency of the PCI device is 33MHz, and the rated frequency of the AGP device is 66MHz. When the outer frequency is running at 100MHz, the PCI device needs to work in terms of three-thirds to ensure the normal operation of the equipment (such as sound card and other devices), which is usually the three divided division; if the outer frequency is in 1333MHz, PCI equipment requires quadrupler. If the outer frequency rises, even quadre frequency, it is much higher than the standard frequency, and the AGP device usually only supports quadrature, so in high extraction (such as 150MHz), if the PCI device (sound card) Or the AGP device (graphics card) is not good, will strictly affect the overclocking performance of the entire system. At present, the PCI bus only supports quadrestriction, and the AGP bus only supports quadrature. Safety technology: Some safety protection technologies are essential because the current virus is very harmful. For example, in the protection of BIOS, there have been a variety of forms. The simplest is to write a write protection jumper by BIOS to avoid viruses; there is also a double BIOS, even if there is a destroyed, there is another work, such as Gigabyte, this technology; even The manufacturers have developed by the manufacturers, such as Lenovo's "invincible lock", "Zeus", etc., the principle is also to avoid viral infringement BIOS. Motherboard diagnostic technology is also a relatively practical technology. Such as MSI D-LED technology is to repay the fault with four lights. If the graphics card fault is represented by two red lights, the memory fault is indicated by three red lights. This helps some beginners to judge the fault in order to treat the disease. The voice prompt technology developed by Shuettke will cure the voice chip on the motherboard, and the fault can be "said" out (using the chassis little speaker), which is more preferences for some chasing people. New interface: AGP Pro interface: With the power of graphics card processing functions, its energy consumption is getting higher and higher, and traditional AGP slots can no longer meet the needs. The AGP Pro slot is longer than the ordinary AGP slot, which increases some ground lines, so that the signal is more stable, in the interference of the large current, this can improve the accuracy of data transmission, so that the graphics card is more stable. CNR Slots: (Communication and Networking RiSer) is a new slot that appears on the new i815e chipset. It supports Ethernet cards and modems, and features a bit similar to the AMR slot, but more powerful. 440bx chipset: Intel is designed to support high-frequency Pentium II, which has two improvements on 440LX: First, Pentium II of 400MHz; Second, memory can be extended to 1GB. The 440EX chipset: It is an Intel to support the chipset developed by the "Celeron" microprocessor. It is positioned at a low price of personal computers, and the maximum memory it makes up can support 256MB. 440FX chipset: It is a chipset developed by the Pentium Pro microprocessor.
It is three-piece structure, 82441FX (system and memory controller), 82442FX (data bus accelerator), 82371SB (PCI, ISA, IDE acceleration controller). 440LX chipset: It is two-piece structure, which introduces QPA four-port acceleration design, making dynamic arbitration speed faster; pipeline diversification is more reasonable; UITRA DMA performance is improved, so that the hard disk transfer is faster. 450nx chipset: It is the super chipset developed by Intel as the high-end server. Mainly developed by DESCHUTES (enhanced Pentium II) chips. Target is positioned in the server, high-end workstation. Its Cache can be extended to 2MB. 5591 5595 Slices: It is a chipset developed by SIS company specially to support the high frequency Pentium level CPU of the Socket-7 structure. It can support the AGP graphics accelerator card. Some can also support 100MHz bus frequencies, the CPU main frequency can support 266MHz; SDRAM memory can be extended to 768MB. ACPI power interface: It is a new feature that Pentium is unique to the motherboard. The role is to save energy when managing various components within the management of the computer. SMP symmetrical multi-processing mode: It is characterized by inserting two CPUs, support alternating operations to improve the work efficiency of the CPU. But the characteristics of the two CPU must be exactly the same. AGP Slots: (Accelerated-Graphics-Port: Accelerated graphics port) It is a bus structure that is built to alleviate video bandwidth. It connects the display card directly to the chipset of the motherboard to perform point-to-point transmission. But it is not a regular bus, because it can only be connected to the AGP graphics card, there is no general purpose and scalability. The frequency of its work is 66MHz, which is doubled by the PCI bus, and can provide 528MB / s data transfer rate for video devices. Therefore, it is actually a super-collection of PCI. AMD-640 chipset: This chipset is AMD's product. Its features are: support all Pentium level CPUs, specifically optimize AMD-K6-CPU; can truly play SDRAM high-speed performance over 66MHz; also has remote wake-up function; and there is a USB interface controller, but it does not Support AGP. ASUS slot: It is a design that ASUS is doing new sink on the motherboard it produced. Its structure is a short slot after the PCI slot is used in conjunction with ASUS's own supporting sound card. ATX Plate: Its layout is "horizontal" board design, just put the Baby-AT board type, this increases the space of the motherboard to lead the port, so that the motherboard can integrate more extension. ATX Power: The ATX power is a power supply for the ATX motherboard, which adds some new roles to it; one is to increase the power supply in the shutdown state to provide a set of micro-current (5V / 100mA). The second is to increase the 3.3V low voltage output. Baby-AT board type: The "vertical" plate design, that is, the short side is located behind the chassis, so that the space of the various extraction ports on the motherboard is small, which is not conducive to plugging various leads and peripherals. BIOS: BiOS (Basic-Input - & - Output-System: Basic Input / Output System) is a special manager in a dedicated EPROM chip in advance in advance. The motherboard is the control and coordination between the various components through this manager. CMOS: CMOS is a readable write-writable RAM chip on the computer motherboard, which protects the hardware configuration of the current system and the setting of the user to certain parameters.
The current manufacturers make CMOS programs to the BIOS chip, and can set the system when booting, and enter the CMOS setup program to set the system. So being called BIOS settings again. COM port: A motherboard typically has two COM serial ports. Usually used to connect the mouse and communication devices (such as connected external Modems), etc. Concurrent PCI: Concurrent PCI bus technology, it is actually a reinforced structure of PCI. Used to improve between CPUs and PCI, CPUs and memory, which is Intel first in use in 440FX. DIMM: (DUAL-inline-menory-modules) is a new 168-wire memory slot. It is to be longer than the SIMM slot, you can plug a single SDRAM that does not exceed 64MB. And it also supports a new 168-wire EDO-DRAM memory. EIDE: EIDE (Enhanced IDE: Enhanced IDE) is a standard interface for Pentium above the motherboard. Two EIDE interfaces are usually available on the motherboard. In the Pentium above the motherboard, EDIE is integrated into the motherboard. EISA Bus: EISA (Extended Industy Standard Architecture: Extended Industrial Standard Structure) is a bus extension criterion designed with 32-bit CPUs. It absorbs the essence of IBM microchannel bus and is compatible with ISA bus. But today has been eliminated. Flash: Flash (flash-memory: Quick modified memory) It is Pentium or more main boards to store BIOS programs. I / O chip: There are I / O control circuits on the board, on the board, on the board. It is responsible for providing a serial, parallel interface, and floppy drive control interface. IDE: IDE (Integrated Device Electronics): An interface type of a disk drive, also known as an ATA interface. Up to two IDE interface devices can be connected, allowing the maximum hard disk capacity 528 megabytes, control lines and data cables to connect with a 40-core flat cable to the hard disk interface card. The data transfer rate is 3.3 Mbps-8.33Mbps. ISA Bus: Industry Standard Architecture: Industrial Standard Architecture: The bus standard made by IBM's PC / AT computer, which is 16-bit architecture, only supporting 16-bit I / O equipment, data transmission rate is approximately 8MB / S. Also known as the AT standard. MVP3 chipset: It is the latest product launched after VIA after VP3. It supports a 100MHz bus frequency. Motherboard memory can be extended to 1GB, support ECC function, and Cache can support 2MB. PCI bus: PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect: External Device Interconnection) is a bus structure that is launched by the SIG Group. It has 132 Mb / s data transfer rate and strong belt load capacity, which can be applied to a variety of hardware platforms, compatible with ISA, EISA bus. POST: POST (POWER-ON-Self-Test) is a major part of the BIOS function. It is responsible for completing detection of CPU, motherboard, memory, soft and hard disk subsystem, display subsystem, including display cache, keyboard, CD-ROM optical drive, etc. PS / 2 mouse interface: Today's popular Pentium motherboards are multi-use PS / 2 Mouse interface, and the common serial interface is given to mouse interface. The advantage of this is that it can save a regular serial interface, but also make the mouse faster response speed.
SCSI: SCSI (Small Computer System Interface: Small Computer System Interface) It can drive at least 6 (SCSI-3 standard expansion up to 32) external devices; and its data transfer rate can reach 40Mbps, SCSI-3 is more up to up to 80Mbps. SIMM: (Single-in-line-menory-modules) is a memory slot we often use, which is a 72-wire structure. Most of the memory modules today is to integrate several memory chips on a small board. VL Local Bus: (Local Bus: Local Bus) is an open bus structure designed by VESA organization. Its width is 32 bits, the operating frequency is 33MHz, and the data transfer rate is 132Mb / s. However, its definition standard is not strict, the compatibility is not good, and the load capacity is relatively low, so it has been replaced by the PCI. VP3 chipset: It is the latest product launched in the fourth quarter of 1997 in 1997. It is a motherboard for the Socket 7 structure. Its main performance indicators are: support all Pentium level CPUs, the highest frequency of the CPU can be 300MHz, support second-generation SDRAM memory; maximum scalable to 1GB. Battery: The Pentium Level Motherboard is mostly lithium batteries, only a few fully enclosed structural batteries. It is used to keep the motherboard CMOS data. Slipboard motherboard: It refers to the frequency of the CPU, the operating voltage, and the main board bus operating frequency settings do not use the regular jumpers, but "soft" settings via Setup (System BIOS). Memory: Memory is essentially one or more sets of integrated circuits, with data input and output and data storage. Since its storage information is different, it is divided into read-only, rewritten, read-only and random memory. Chipset: (chipset) is the core of constituting the motherboard circuit. In a certain sense, it determines the level and grade of the motherboard. It is the "Nanqiao" and "North Bridge", is the chipset that maximizes previously complex circuits and components into several chips. Nine, display terms explained scanning: The display of the display is divided into "progressive scan" and "interlaced". If the scanning system is scanned only (even), only a scanning method of scanning the odd (odd), and the display is used in the horizontal retraction, and the display is used as an interlaced display, this display Although the price is low, the human eye will clearly flicker, and the user uses the eyes for a long time to be tired, and it has been eliminated. The progressive display overcomes the above disadvantages, and the progressive scan is a horizontal scan, and the vertical scan is performed, and there is no parity. The progressive scan minimizes the visual flicker, and the screen does not feel fatigue. It is also a point that the interlaced display is actually displayed under low resolution, and only the resolution is increased to a certain extent to be changed to the interlaced display. Refresh frequency: From the display principle, any characters you see on the screen, the images, etc., the images are all arranged in the vertical direction and the horizontal direction. Since the imaging tube phosphor is tapped by the hit of the electron beam, the scanning display point array must be continuously refreshed. The refresh frequency is the speed of the screen refresh. The lower the refresh frequency, the worse the image flashes and jitter, the faster your eyes are fatigue. Sometimes it will cause eye pain, dizziness, and other symptoms. Excessive refresh frequencies will produce uncomfortable stroboscopic effects. When the refresh frequency is used in 75 Hz, it can be basically eliminated. Therefore, the refresh frequency of 75 Hz should be the minimum requirement of the display stabilization.
In addition, there is a common display performance parameter is a frequency of frequency, that is, horizontal scanning frequency refers to a horizontal point of the electronic gun scanned on the screen per second, in KHz. Its value is also, the better, at least 50 kHz. Resolution: The concept of resolution is simply referring to the number of points displayed in the horizontal and directional vertical direction on the screen. For example, 1024 * 768, wherein "1024" means the number of points displayed in the horizontal direction on the screen, "768" means the number of points displayed in the vertical direction. The higher the resolution, the more clear the image, and can increase the information capacity on the screen. In practical application, the resolution is closely related to the refresh frequency, strictly, only when the refresh frequency is "no flashing frequency", the display can reach the highest resolution of the display, how much is the highest resolution of this display. Many of the manufacturer's targets are often unreportable, and there is no actual use value. This is easier to mislead consumers. Bandwidth: Bandwidth is one of the most important indicators of measuring the comprehensive performance of the display, with MHz as units, the higher the value, better. Bandwidth is a more important factor that causes display performance differences. The bandwidth determines the range of information that can be processed by a display means a frequency range that the specific electronic device can process. The operating frequency range has been defined in the circuit design. Due to the high frequency, the design of the high-frequency processing circuit is more difficult, and the cost is much higher. The enhancement of high frequency processing capability makes it clearer. Therefore, the frequency of broadband widelength processing is higher, and the image is better. Each resolution corresponds to a minimum acceptable bandwidth. Of course, you don't have to have a bandwidth to reach the resolution, but if the bandwidth is less than the acceptable value of the resolution, the displayed image will be blurred due to loss and distortion. In general, the general formula for acceptable bandwidth is: acceptable bandwidth = horizontal pixel vertical pixel brush new frequency extra overhead (typically 1.5). The larger the bandwidth, the more stabilize it at high resolution. In general, the size of the bandwidth reflects the strength of the manufacturer. It is not that each manufacturer can do a large bandwidth. The bandwidth is improved, and the cost is increased, and the technology is not easy to reach, and the careful design of the display circuit can be realized. Safety certification: The original low radiation standard has a famous MPRI and MPRII. MPRI was born in 1987, a standard, SwedishBoardFortechnicalAccreditation, which is composed of some computer companies, professionals, Swedish trade unions and doctors, is a standard proposed by electric field and magnetic field radiation on human health. In now, this standard is still It is relatively loose. In 1990, MPRI further expanded MPRII, further listing 21 displays, including flicker, beating, linearity, brightness, reflectance, and font size, etc., for ELF (ultra-low frequency) and VLF (even Low frequency) radiation puts forward the maximum limit, which has become a more stringent electromagnetic radiation standard. MPRI and MPRII have been developed, and it is outdated. Sweden Professional Employees (TCO) In 1992, on the basis of MPRII, the Swedge, raised higher environmental requirements, and the standard is more stringent, which is now the TCO'92 standard. The so-called TCO standard guarantee is launched by SwedishConfederationOfProfessional Employess. There are five main indicators in TCO92: including low radiation, automatic shutdown, and the display must provide power consumption data, in line with European fire prevention and electricity Safety standards must be provided with TCO verification proof. In 1995, they have newly launched TCO95 standards, on the basis of 92, further emphasize environmental awareness, requiring manufacturers to use materials that hinder ecological environment during manufacturing and packaging.
In fact, the TCO series standard is more than just for the display, but also requirements for keyboard, host, portable machine, etc. In general, TCO'92 is a standard for the display of the display including electromagnetic radiation, automatic power off, power consumption, fire prevention and electricity, TCO verification certificate; TCO'95 has joined environmental protection and human body Engineering requirements, covering the requirements of the display, keyboard, and host unit; TCO'99 has just been released soon, puts more strict, more comprehensive environmental protection, user comfort, etc., the design of keyboard and portable machine Details. With the TCO series certification, the vendor has to spend more than a dozen US dollars in each monitor, so that each of the TCO certified monitor is not the same as the same type of renminbi. . But now consumers pay more attention to health, I would rather spend more money to buy a healthy product. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT): This is a generality of the image tube used by the display. When the display receives the video signal from the computer (display card), the electron gun is converted into a specific intensity by the conversion circuit, and the electron gun radiates a certain amount of cathode electrons according to these high and uncertain voltages. After the electron beam is focused and accelerated, the small hole on the mask is formed under the action of the deflection coil, and is hit on the fluorescent layer to form a light spot. The color display transmits different intensity electron beams by three electron guns, and hits the corresponding red (R), green (G), blue (B) color point on the fluorescent layer, and after the three-point light is superimposed. Become a color light we have seen. About CRT technology also involves many content, here is just simple summarization. Future CRT will be more planarized (can effectively reduce the environmental reflection), and minimize (can reduce the volume of display volume, reduce the heat generation) transition. Pixel: Each pixel contains a red, green, blue phosphor. "Interlaced" and "progressive scan": This is a scanning method of the electronic gun on the screen in the imaging tube. The interlaced scan is a first sweeping number, the reacon count line, through the two scans to complete the update of the image. The progressive scan is a continuous scanning an update image, which is more stable in such scanning modes, which is less damage to the eye. Most of the more than 15 inches of displays should be able to work with progressive scanning methods at 1024768 resolution. Early displays are much more expensive than those with progressive scanning methods than the cost, with the decrease in technical progress and cost, and the interlaced display is now eliminated. Distance and grating distance: Before describing the two display terms, we need to know a noun-shadow mask with them. The shadow mask is the color mechanism of the image tube, which is equipped with more than 400,000 well steel plates installed on the inside of the fluorescent screen. Most color displays are used in a set of three electron guns to display color, and the role of the shadow mask is to ensure that three electron beams jointly pass through the same shadow mask, accurately excite color phosphor, make red, green, blue beam Stimulate red, green, blue phosphor. The shadow mask can be divided into two types of hole shadow masks and bar grid shadow masks, which will also lead to the concept of tab and gate. The so-called spacing means that the color display of the hole shadow mask is the distance between the adjacent colored pigment points on the display screen. Distance distance D refers to a diagonal distance between the same color phosphor in the fluorescent screen, and the unit is mm. Some displays are compared to the gate distance, only indicate horizontal points D1. The smaller the display, the clearer, the detach the image display, but the higher the focus performance requirements for the image tube. A few years ago is mostly 0.31mm and 0.39mm, and most of most displays are a spacing of 0.28mm. Other displays use smaller points to increase resolution and image quality. Common displays are 0.28mm (horizontal direction of 0.243 mm). Colorful display of the grid shadow mask does not exist the concept of a bit distance. This color element of this display is made of red, green, blue tri-colored vertical stripes, no pigment point, of course, there is no spaster.
Now, some merchants claim that the display is a 0.25mm spacing, and can present the corresponding technical specification as a proof. In fact, this display is typically a tab-shaped shadow mask, which refers to the total width of tri-color stripes. It is not that the difference between the same grade hole shadow mask and the bar grid shadow mask, the display effect is not large. However, from theory and application, the image displayed by the hole shadow mask display is more refined and accurate, suitable for the application of CAD / CAM; the color of the grid shadow mask display is bright (the screen is slightly larger than the electronic bundle), More suitable for artistic applications. On this indicator, from the general application, the 0.28mm spacing hole shadow mask display and 0.25mm bar wide strip-shaped shadow mask display have reached the requirements, unless special needs, users do not have to find trouble Pursue a smaller displacement display. Frequency: Refers to the number of times the electronic gun scans from left to right, also known as the horizontal scan frequency of the screen, in KHz. The larger it means that the higher the resolution that the display can provide, the better the stability. Field Frequency: Refers to the number of screen refreshes per second, also known as the vertical scanning frequency of the screen, in Hz (Hz). Note that the so-called "refresh number of refresh" and we usually describe the "number of picture frames" that the game speed is often two distinct concepts. The latter refers to the dynamic image of the computer to display the scanning frequency of the developing tube electron gun per second. The high short-boring fluorescent material is applied to the screen, otherwise the remaining image of the previous image is retained on the screen, but in this way, the electron gun is required to continue repeated "light", "extingurate" fluorescent points. There is no relationship with changes in the frequency and image content, even if still images are displayed on the screen, the electron gun is also updated as usual. The scanning frequency will result in a significant flashing sense of the screen, which is poor stability, which is easy to cause eye fatigue. Early display usually supports 60 Hz scanning frequency, but the survey later, there is still 5% of people flicker in this mode, so VESA has been revised in 1997. It regulates the 85Hz progressive scan for no flash. Standard field frequency. Bandwidth: The total pixel scanned per second, equal to "The horizontal resolution vertical resolution field frequency (number of picture refreshes)", the unit adopted by the bandwidth is MHz (MHz). Bandwidth is the most basic frequency characteristic of the display, which determines the range of information that can be processed by the display means the frequency range of the circuit operation. The monitor operating frequency range has been dead when the circuit is designed, mainly determined by the characteristics of most components of high frequency, but the design of high-frequency circuitry is relatively difficult, and the cost is also high and radiation. The better the high frequency processing capacity, the higher the frequency of bandwidth energy processing, and the image is better. Each resolution corresponds to a minimum acceptable bandwidth, but if the bandwidth is less than the acceptable value of the resolution, the displayed image is blurred due to loss and distortion. Because the scanning process of the imaging tube electron beam is non-linear, it is only a portion of the scan line as seen in the human eye, so it should also be divided by a "effective scan coefficient" when calculating the bandwidth, usually 0.6 ~ About 0.7, so actual bandwidth should be greater than the theoretical value! Therefore, the general formula of acceptable bandwidth is: acceptable bandwidth = horizontal pixel (line number) vertical pixel (column number) field frequency (refresh frequency) / over-scan coefficient (typically 0.6 ~ 0.7). For example, the resolution 1024768, a picture of the frequency of 85 Hz, which requires a bandwidth = 102476885 / 0.7 of about 97 MHz. Maximum visual area: This is a better understanding of the display, meaning your display can display the maximum range of graphics. The best testing means is a person with a person with a fertile measurement, and the application of "The Characterization Theorem" is used to see the display area of the merchant.
It is usually a 17 inches, 15 inches, actually refers to the size of the image tube. The actual visual area (that is, the screen) is far from this size. The 14-inch monitor is often only 12 inches; the visible range of 15-inch monitors is around 13.8 inches; the visual area of the 17-inch display is between 15 to 16 inches. Pick the natural cost of those visible when purchasing the display. TCO Standard: With people's requirements for the radiation, power saving, environmental protection of the display, the development of various safety certification standards has been driven. These certification standards are getting more stringent and are getting more and more disappointed. The initial safety certification standard has a famous MPRII and TCO92, of which MPRII has been developed and has been out of time. The TCO series of TCOs, which are proposed by the Swedish Expert League (TCO), increasingly expanding and improving, gradually evolving into a general worldwide standard, causing extensive attention from monitor manufacturers. It includes not only a number of indicators of radiation and environmental protection, but also puts forward strict requirements for many aspects of comfort, beautiful views. They launched the "TCO92" standard in 1992. There are several main indicators in TCO92: including low radiation, automatic shutdown, and the display must provide power consumption data. Due to the strict TCO92 review, it is now not much displayed. In 1995, they launched a new TCO95 standard, based on TCO92, further emphasize environmental awareness, requiring manufacturers to use materials that hinders ecological environment during manufacturing process and packaging. When the TCO99 just released, the display puts more stringent, more comprehensive environmental protection, and has put forward specific opinions in terms of user comfort. The current display is basically able to meet the world standards of radiation, power saving, environmental protection, and the display of TCO95 / 99 standards has been upward. Dynamic focus: When the electronic gun scan screen, the difference between the electronic bundle on the screen center and the four-pool focus is automatically compensated. When the ordinary electron gun is focused, there is a lot of light, that is, the vertical direction and the horizontal direction of the horizontal direction in the horizontal direction of the horizontal direction. Aurious phenomena is most pronounced in the image. In order to reduce this phenomenon, it is necessary to make dynamic compensation, so that any scan points on the screen can be clearly consistent. Dynamic focusing technology is a focus voltage that can be controlled by a control voltage, periodically producing a special waveform, so that the electron beam is lowest in the middle point, and the voltage increases with the focus when the corner scan increases, and dynamically compensated focus. Variety, this can be obtained at a nearly perfect defocused focus screen. Display data channel DDC: DDC is an information channel established between the host and the display, which can directly lose the physical data of the display to the host. The most direct application of DDC is to provide a plug-and-play function of the display. At present, the main DDC standard has DDC1: the initial DDC standard, which specifies the data transfer format, promulgated by VESA organization; DDC2B: You can read the host read display information Bidirectional data exchange channel; DDC2B : Allows the host and display to switch between the host, the host releases the display control command; DDC2AB: Allows the host to remotely double-way data channels for the display. The communication bandwidth is larger, and even other peripherals can be connected. CRT coating: Early display does not work for the fluorescence screen, and the display is electrostatic and glare during use due to the influence of electron impact and the external light source. Static electricity will adsorb dust, affect the display effect; while glare will blur image blur even affect the user's vision. To this end, most CRT displays are surface processing of the fluorescent screen.
AGAS (anti-glare, anti-static coating) is sprayed with a silicon material on the surface of the fluorescent screen, while electrostatic particles contained in the coating can effectively reduce the electrical charge of the surface of the screen; ARAS (anti-reflection, anti-static coating) It is a transparent electrolyte having a multilayer structure that effectively suppresses the reflection of the light, and does not diffuse reflected light; the ultra-clear coating not only greatly absorbs the interference of the refractive radiation, but also reduces the deformation of the image projection light. It greatly enhances image contrast and gratia, and has a good effect on the brightness, clarity, anti-reflection and anti-flashing properties of the image, and the mechanical strength is better. The surface etch coating can directly etch the CRT surface layer to produce a small unevenness of the surface, irradiate the external light source to effectively reduce the reflection intensity of the particular region, reduce interference. USB interface: The current display, in addition to the display quality, in terms of the use of convenient use of the display, the most prominent innovation is the use of USB interface technology. This peripheral connection technology finally solved how the serial devices and parallel devices are connected to computers, greatly simplifying the connection procedures for computers and peripherals. It is specifically reflected in a standardized interface specification, convenient connection, higher bandwidth, support for multi-equipment, real plug-in (hot plug), is an ideal peripheral access mode. Most display vendors have seen the benefits of USB interface technology applications in displays and built into a USB interface on a new model of display products or retained room for upgrading to a USB interface. Some vendors also provide USBHUB, including uplink, downlink, or both of the USI, and the uplink channel can be connected to the motherboard USB interface or additional USBHUB in the chassis, and the downlink channel can connect to other USB peripherals. There are also many manufacturers to quickly produce special USBHUB products, allowing users to connect more USBHUB to expand the number of USB interfaces. Display adjustment mode: The adjustment method of the display is generally divided into two types of simulation and numbers. The typical way of simulation adjustment is that the mechanical knob is adjusted. This means is commonly used in the previous 14-inch display, less functionality, easy to damage, no memory function, and switching under different settings of the display. Digital adjustment can be divided into electronic button digital adjustment and screen menu adjustment. The electronic button adjustment method has been generally adopted. In addition to the basic adjustment method, this adjustment method also increases the screen trapezoidal distortion, pillow distortion adjustment, and can store the best state in each resolution or display mode, in switching You can automatically adjust the storage mode when display mode. Screen menu adjustment method is also known as OSD. It reaches the purpose of adjusting the parameters by displaying the function menu on the screen, not only adjusting convenience, but also adjusts more than the above two ways, adding advanced adjustment such as distortion, convergence, color temperature, and degaussing. As previously displayed, the screen window is not positive, magnetization, etc. need to send the repair manufacturer's maintenance, and now you can solve it. In addition, many display modulation methods are being launched, such as single-button shuttle. There is only one button with a single button adjustment display. With this button, adjustment and control of the brightness, contrast, resolution, etc. of the display can be realized, and the adjustment results can be displayed directly on the screen. Compared with each of the other parameters, a button is required to set a button, the single bond shuttle has undoubtedly make the operation process easier and convenient. Flat Panel Display (FPD): The flat panel display (FPD) is divided into two categories of illuminating type and light receiving. Luminous FPD can be divided into: Plasma Display (PDP), electroluminescent display (including ELD and LED), Field Transfer Display, Vacuum Fluorescent Display (VFD), and the like. Among them, PDP is undoubtedly an FPD product in recent years. The PDP is a showing technique for luminescence with a vacuum ultraviolet excitation fluorescent powder produced by a rare gas (inert gas). At present, major companies are basically the surface discharge type AC-PDP.
Plasma display technology has easy production of large-screen display devices and two significant features that are easy to digitize, and also have characteristics, high viewing angles, high contrast, and device structure and production process easy to mass production. These features make people expect PDPs to have a relatively important status in the large-screen monitor market. The light-receiving FPD can be divided into: LCD (LCD), Electrochromic Display (ECD) electrophoresis display (EPID), an iron-electric ceramic display (PLZT), according to the working principle. At present, LCD has become mainstream products in the light-receiving FDP. 10. Printer terminology interpretation control language: The most commonly used POST Script language is currently used. It has been designated by the International Organization as a standard page description language used by the publishing industry. On the color laser printer, it has its precise position to make the printer, such as real-purpose output, and better colors scanned on the display, and the color scanned by the scanner achieves coordination. It is now commonly used in Post Script Level 2 language. Color saturation: The package saturation refers to the degree of fullness of colors in a point (DOT), that is, the color coverage usually said. Color saturation is different for different types of printers. It is not only related to the design structure and working mode of the printer, but also has a certain relationship with the print media (paper, etc.) used. For color laser printers, since it is an extremely fine toner thermal melt (or hot press) on the printing paper, it is easy to achieve better color saturation. For color inkjet printers, only paper that satisfies quality requirements can be achieved, and the ideal color saturation can be achieved. Gray enhancement technology: This technology is a method of increasing a relatively commonly used in laser printer output quality. It is increasing the output grayscale (hierarchy) in the case where the printer is not changed. This technology is mainly implemented by an ASIC chip of the printer while an increase in memory capacity of the print controller. Since the ASIC chip selected by each manufacturer is different, the problem of solving problems is different, and thus the grayscale enhancement effect that is finally achieved is very different. The MGT (Micro Gray Technology) of Epson is a better one in the commercial product. PCL: PCL (Printing Control Language) is a page description language of HP's normative. It is printed in a Windows environment, first convert Windows's bitmap format into PCL format code, so that the printer is explained and executed by the CPU print. Although other companies have their own print control language, their applicability is not as good as PCL. Print interface: Print interface, early use is a parallel interface called SPP (Standard Parallel Port), which has been arrived at high-end 486, which has been EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port: enhanced parallel interface) Replaced. Since EPP has increased more than ten times higher than SPP, it is rapidly popular. EPP not only solves the need for high-speed transmission of printers, but also compatible with SPP. Today, another high-speed parallel-ECP (Enhanced Capabilities Port: Enhanced High Energy Interface) has also been put into use. It has good development prospects due to the support of DMA (DirectMemory Access: Direct Memory Access) mode. Color resolution enhancement technology: This technique can improve the performance of the color series printer in three aspects: one is to improve the edge effect of the image; the second is to improve the grayscale quality of the image; its third is to increase color series.
Due to the different types of printers, the color resolution enhancement technology is different from the color inkjet printer, color laser printing Kuli and thermal conversion printers. In addition, it is constrained by paper, ink, toner and other factors. Therefore, when the resolution is raised to a certain extent, then the DPI is averaged. This is especially true for color printers. Because of color output, more points on each inch are not necessarily to get better output results, then other related factors (such as color saturation, etc.) have played an important role. Resolution Enhancement Technology: After abandoning the dedicated resolution enhancement card, some professional manufacturers have launched a technology. Its core is a technology that relies on hardware and software, and improves the output quality of the output quality without increasing (or limited) hardware costs. Using this technology can make the printing effect will be improved. Early resolution enhancements mainly include: HP's RET, EPSON's RITECH, Apple's Fine Print, Destiny's EET, etc. Other use of practical use of Canon's AIR, Epson's MGT, NEC's AMB, etc. Resolution enhancement technology After abandoning the dedicated resolution enhancement card, some professional manufacturers have launched a technology. Its core is a technology that relies on hardware and software, and improves the output quality of the output quality without increasing (or limited) hardware costs. Using this technology can make the printing effect will be improved. Early resolution enhancements mainly include: HP's RET, EPSON's RITECH, Apple's Fine Print, Destiny's EET, etc. Other use of practical use of Canon's AIR, Epson's MGT, NEC's AMB, etc. Resolution: It is an important technical indicator of the printer. Since it has an important impact on the output quality, the printer is usually measured by a resolution. The calculation unit is DPI (Dot Perin). Its meaning refers to the number of points that can be printed per inch. For example, a printer resolution is 600dpi, which means that its printout is 600 points per inch. The higher the DPI value, the less the effect of printout, the more true true, the longer the output time is, the more expensive price. Color resolution enhancement technology This technique can improve the performance of the color series printer in three aspects: one is to improve the edge effect of the image; the second is to improve the grayscale quality of the image; its third is to increase color level number. Due to the different types of printers, the color resolution enhancement technology is different from the color inkjet printer, color laser printing Kuli and thermal conversion printers. In addition, it is constrained by paper, ink, toner and other factors. Therefore, when the resolution is raised to a certain extent, then the DPI is averaged. This is especially true for color printers. Because of color output, more points on each inch are not necessarily to get better output results, then other related factors (such as color saturation, etc.) have played an important role. Resolution enhancement technology After abandoning the dedicated resolution enhancement card, some professional manufacturers have launched a technology. Its core is a technology that relies on hardware and software, and improves the output quality of the output quality without increasing (or limited) hardware costs. Using this technology can make the printing effect will be improved. Early resolution enhancements mainly include: HP's RET, EPSON's RITECH, Apple's Fine Print, Destiny's EET, etc. Other use of practical use of Canon's AIR, Epson's MGT, NEC's AMB, etc. Resolution enhancement technology After abandoning the dedicated resolution enhancement card, some professional manufacturers have launched a technology.
Its core is a technology that relies on hardware and software, and improves the output quality of the output quality without increasing (or limited) hardware costs. Using this technology can make the printing effect will be improved. Early resolution enhancements mainly include: HP's RET, EPSON's RITECH, Apple's Fine Print, Destiny's EET, etc. Other use of practical use of Canon's AIR, Epson's MGT, NEC's AMB, etc. PPM (Pages Per Minute): The number of output pages per minute is a color inkjet printer, a laser printer (including color lasers), and the thermal conversion printer is used to measure an important indicator of the output speed. The PPM value refers to the average speed of continuous printing. If only one page is printed, you will need to add the home preheating time. Due to a certain type of product, due to the output object (with plain text, there is a colorful text and the true color photo, plus the coverage), plus the manufacturer's test standards are not unified, so Resulting in a large difference in PPM indicators. In view of this PPM, it can only be used as a reference value. PCL PCL (Printing Control Language) is a page description language of HP's normative. It is printed in a Windows environment, first convert Windows's bitmap format into a PCL format code, so that the printer is explained and printed by the CPU and executes printing . Although other companies have their own print control language, their applicability is not as good as PCL. Print interface print interface, early use is a parallel interface called SPP (Standard Parallel Port), which has been high-end 486, which has been used by EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port: Enhanced Parallel Interface) replace. Since EPP has increased more than ten times higher than SPP, it is rapidly popular. EPP not only solves the need for high-speed transmission of printers, but also compatible with SPP. Today, another high-speed parallel-ECP (Enhanced Capabilities Port: Enhanced High Energy Interface) has also been put into use. It has good development prospects due to the support of DMA (DirectMemory Access: Direct Memory Access) mode. Ten, scanning termination CCD (charge coupled device): CCD development time, technology and manufacturing process are quite mature, and the image quality of the CCD scanner is quite prominent, which can meet all aspects. It mainly adopts the CCD microsystem photosensitive chip as the core of the scanner. Scanning using CCDs requires a set of precise optical systems to cooperate, which makes the scanner structure complicated. Therefore, it is characterized by high scan quality and wide scanning range (sweeping material), long service life, high resolution. The traditional CCD technology works well like a copier, which illuminates the original using an external high-brightness light source, and the reflected light of the original is imaged on the CCD element after the mirror, the mirror and the spectroscope. Since the lens imaging has a certain clear range, the original may have a certain depth of field, that is, an object having a stereo surface can be scanned. The depth of the CCD scanner can generally reach a dozen centimeters, which is 3D scans that manufacturers often say. Since the optical device of the CCD is more complicated, it is difficult to narrow the volume, so the CCD scanner is generally relatively thick. The CCD device is the same as the devices used in the digital camera, and the manufacturing technology is very mature. The CCD device can achieve very high optical resolution, which has reached 1200 × 2400dpi or more.
CIS: CIS uses a contact image sensor (photoreceptive sensor) to perform photosensitive, one to two millimeters of the scan platform, a row of 300-600 tightly arranged red, blue, green three-color LED sensor The light is mixed together to generate a white light source, replacing the CCD array, lens, fluorescent tube or cold cathode ray tube in the CCD scanner, and the CCD scanner is integrated into a CIS scanner. Machine, electrical one. The working principle of the CIS product is very like a fax machine. It does not have a lens assembly, and the CIS photoreceptor across the entire scan width and minimizes the original. CIS uses the light-emitting diode as the light source and diode photosensitive element, the structure is simple and compact, so the volume can be made small, and the thickness of the CIS product is typically less than half of the CCD product. However, since there is no lens imaging portion in the CIS device, the depth of field is small, and the planar object can only be scanned. The CIS device belongs to a semiconductor device that achieves a lower cost after large-scale production. However, CIS technology is still in the development phase, and its optical resolution is generally only 300 x 600 DPI. CCD Scanning Technology is very uniform due to the adoption of optical imaging devices, and because of the high-brightness light source, very high color resolution can be achieved due to high brightness light sources. The CIS technology uses large-area photosensitive devices, and it is difficult to ensure the uniformity of the scan, and since the luminous diode light emitting device is used, the color resolution of CIS is not as good as the CCD. Second, the classification scanner of the scanner interface is divided into three kinds of EPP, USB, SCSI, and other interfaces. Their features are as follows: 1, EPP: It is convenient for its maximum feature. And now enhances the EPP port and USB, SCSI speed is very close, so it is more highlighting its convenience, and the EPP port is low, and any models of 486 can be used. So if your computer is the old motherboard, the scanner of the EPP interface is a good choice. 2, USB: Its maximum feature is faster, easy to install, can with electricity plug. But it is high for the main board quality. First, you must support USB, but also the test indicates that if the motherboard is not powered by the USB device, it may cause a scan to crash. With the increasingness of USB applications, the scanner of the USB interface is a development trend. 3, SCSI: Its advantage is that the speed is fast, the scan is stable, and there is less system resources when scanning. The disadvantage is that the cost is higher, and it is difficult to install, and now, except for high-end professional scanners, it is getting less and less. Third, the main technical parameters resolution of the scanner: The resolution of the scanner is an optical resolution. It refers to how many points divided into one inch, such as 300dpi, it is said that it scans 300 optical points in one inch. The scanner has a maximum resolution, which is mainly referred to in the software interpolation on the optical resolution, that is, through software operations. Color bit: The color bits in the technical parameters of the scanner are data in bits, and now there are 36 bits and 48-bit scanners on the world. 2 How many times is the number of times. So 36 is millions of colors and 48 are hundreds of millions of colors. It is of course color (number of color bits) in use, the better. But the general home 36 is enough ASPI: Advanced SCSI Programming Interface abbreviation. A programming language or protocol developed by Adaptec for communication between SCSI peripherals (such as scanners) and SCSI adapter cards. Automatic Paper Instructor: This is an additional accessory of the scanner, which is mainly used for scanning of auxiliary text manuscript. The ADF can make a continuous scan of up to 50 pages of text page.
This additional accessory is usually used with optical text identification software (OCR) instead of image editing programs like Adobe Photoshop. Bit (bit): This is the smallest storage unit of the computer. The value of the bit is indicated by 0 or 1. The more the number of digits can express the more complex image information. For example: Single-Bit unit images use only one bit to record each pixel - white or black. 8 grayscale (8-bit grayscale): Present 256 (2 8th = 256) order grayscale level, used to more accurately manifest the general black and white photo. The 256th order grayscale is sufficient to realize the level of grayscale levels that can be identified than the naked eye. 24-bit color (24-bit color): 24-bit color image consists of three 8-bit color channels. The red green blue channel can produce a combination of 16.77 million colors. The 24-bit color is also called full color. 36-bit color (36-bit color): 36-bit color images consisting of three 12-bit color channels. The red green blue channel can produce a combination of 68.7 billion colors, that is, more colors (this is more than 16.77 million colors generated by the 24-bit scanner). Since the 36-bit scanner can express a more detailed color level, the additional image information obtained by scanning can exhibit more vivid colors, with more realistic images. Brightness: It is a picture of a picture in a picture. The brightness is different from contrast, and the contrast metric is the difference between the brightest tones and the darkest tones in the image. The brightness is determined by the intensity of the bright and dark tones; the comparison is the number of bright and dark levels. Color Calibration: It ensures that the color of the image can be accurately reconstructed. Complete color calibration is usually divided into two steps: calibrating input devices such as scanners, and calibrating output devices such as printers or screens. After accurate calibration inputs and output devices, the scanner can accurately capture color, screen or printers can also be faithful to show color. Charge Coupling Components (CCD): Represents Charge-Coupled Device, is a long strip-shaped photosensitive assembly, which is used to convert the optical wave reflected from the image into a digital signal during the scanning process. Color Channel: refers to a red, green, and blue ingredient generated colorine. Color Image: One of the image type contains the most complex image information (compared to the unit image and grayscale image). To capture color images, the scanner uses RGB-based color model to handle color data. Contrast: Indicates the interrelationship of a dark area in an image. Comparison refers to the difference in the difference between the brightest tones and the darkest tones in an image. The greater the difference between the difference, the smaller the difference, the smaller the difference is, and the brightness refers to a picture of the image. The balance between the color is adjusted. The contrast is determined by the number of bright and dark levels; the brightness is determined by the intensity of the bright and dark tones. The contrast low image looks gray and plain.
Dynamic Color Correction (DCR): Represents Dynamic Color Rendition, which is a full-family computer (Microtek) unique color color school technology. DCR ensures that the image color of the scanned image is as close as possible to the original color. Remove the DESCREEN: ScanWizard Scan a feature in the driver to remove mesh and outlets that will be presented when scanning the print manuscript. The points (DPI) per inch: indicates DOTS Per inch (points per inch) to measure resolutions. The higher the DPI value, the higher the resolution. Dynamic Range: The ability to distinguish how much color order hierarchy can be distinguished from white to black. A scanner with a good concentration range can accurately exhibit the tone level of the original, so that the image looks clearer and can perform more detail. The usual bits determine the maximum concentration value of the scanner. For example, the concentration value of the 36-bit scanner is higher than the 24-bit scanner. Exposure (Exposure): The intensity of the light in the image. A image of an image can be changed by increasing or reducing the photosensitive time. File Format: The format of the graph file. There are many kinds of file format available, each has its own advantages. The most universal file formats include TIFF, PICT, EPS, and PCX. TIFF is the most widely used archive format. Filters: Tools that make special effects on images. Filters in scanning software include fuzzy / blurred enhancement, sharp / sharp enhancement / USM sharp chemical, relief effects, and edge emphasis results. Grayscale: One of the type of image, not only black and white, but also the true gray scale. Each pixel in the grayscale image contains multiple digits, records and displays more levels of bright and dark tones. 4 bits can generate a 16-order grayscale, and 8-bit can produce a 256th step of grayscale. Halftone (HALFTONE): One of the unit image type, which is a pattern composed of different degree-of-degree black points to generate an image of an approximate grayscale image. The picture seen on the newspaper is this halftone image. These images usually look rough. Highlights: The brightest area in the image. Hymthogram: Distribution of Ming Dynamic Pixels in Image. The specific gravity of the color order distribution is biased toward the left indicates that the image is dark, and the specific gravity is biased to the right, indicating that the image is high. Hue: A characteristic used to distinguish between different colors (ie, to distinguish between red, green or blue, etc.). The color phase is different from saturation, and the saturation is represented by the intensity (shade or greene). Image Editing Software (Image-Editing Software): Software used to make images, such as Adobe Photoshop. Image Enhancement Tools: Tools for adjusting color and image quality in scanning software. These tools include BCE (brightness, contrast, and exposure); color step adjustment tools; tone adjustment tools, curve tools and filters.
Image Type: The way you expect image scan and processing. ScanWizard can choose to process the image type with halftone image, black and white, grayscale or color image. IMAGESETER: It is used to output high-resolution images or files to output devices on photo paper or film. Interpolated Resolution: Improve resolution through software, and is therefore also referred to as software enhanced resolution. For example, if your scanner is 300 dpi, you can increase the image to 600 dpi through the software interpolation algorithm. The interpolation resolution is less than the detailed information obtained by the optical resolution, which is useful for some specific work, such as scanning black and white images, or amplifying. Black and White Art: One type of unit image, only black and white, such as a sketch of a pen or pen. Some single color images can also be considered black and white images, such as mechanical blueprints or illustrations, and the like. Each English line number (LPI): It represents LINES PER INCH (number of lines per inch), which is the resolution unit used in printing, and the LPI is different from DPI. The DPI metric is the resolution of the electronic image. Middle Tune: The image in the image is in the field and the dark portion, approximately 50% grayscale part. Netflowers: This is a pattern that is not expected during color printing, which is due to incorrect screen angles when the halftone imaging is incorrect. Usually when you scan halftone images or scan images directly from the magazine (scanned originals are not photos or negatives). Optical Text Identification (OCR): On behalf of Optical Character Recognition, this is a process of scanning images and converts it into a text format. Optical Resolution: The actual resolution of the scanner is also a key factor in determining the number of visual details in an image. Optical resolution is one of the types of resolution, the other is interpolation resolution. Pixel: The computer used by the computer when the image represents the digital format. For example, an image is very simple is to indicate in a single arrangement of millions of pixels in thousands of pixels. Print Method: The printing method you choose should be adjusted according to the image you scan. For example, the low resolution black and white printer is suitable for printing text and black and white images, but not for printing grayscale images. For grayscale images, higher resolution printers should be used, for example, can be printed to 600 DPI to 1200 DPI printers. If it is printing of a color image, you can choose a color inkjet printer, hot linked printer or press. Resolution: The details of the image are represented by a number of points (DPIs) per inch (DPI). The larger the value of the DPI, the greater the scanned resolution and the image file you get. There are two types of resolution: optical resolution and interpolation resolution. Red-green (RGB): One of the color model, in which the color model is made into a variety of colors with different intensity red, green, and blue.
Saturation: The intensity of the color, or the color intensity of a specific color phase. For example, a clear red apple image will appear "colorful" when color saturation. Scaling: Enlarge or narrow the image of the image in ScanWizard, so that the image does not have to zoom in or reduced after transferring to the image editing program. The zoom ratio is inversely relative to the resolution: In terms of the same scanner, the lower the resolution setting, the larger the image can be enlarged; the image ratio can only be reduced when the resolution is set to the highest. Scan Material: The original type used when scanning. Scanning can usually be divided into three categories: reflectance, such as photos or print; positive pieces, such as slides; negative slices, such as the negative film used in general photo. Scanner: The scanner is a digital format that captures the image to the computer to display, edit, store, and output digital formats that can be displayed, edited, stored, and output. The scanner is widely used, such as combining art graphics and photo scans into a file; input printing text scan into a text processing software, avoiding re-typing again; input fax file scanning into database software or text processing software Store; and add images in multimedia. SCSI: Small Computer System Interface, is a computer hardware interface format. SCSI Serial: Connect the serial circuit of the SCSI device in the system. A SCSI serial can include scanners, optical drives, external hard drives, and tape drives. SCSI devices on each connection should have different SCSI ID numbers. Otherwise it will cause hardware conflicts. Shadows: The most dark area in the image. Single-bit Image: Unit image is a simplest image, each pixel is only used by one bit. The image of the unit is divided into two different types: black and white video (also known as line draft; line art) and halftone image. Text Scanning: A common application of the scanner because it is eliminated in the program you rewriting. After the scanner comes in, the scanner comes in, and the text is input into the text processing software through the processing of optical text identification software. Terminator: A special resistor package or resistor block that can be used to tell where the computer SCSI serial endpoint and ensures stability of the overall circuit signal. The function of the terminal resistance image filter can eliminate electrical noise generated by many cables and devices. Shot (TMA): represents Transparent Media Adapter, which is an accessory of the scanner to scan the transmissions, slideshow or negatives. TMA has a special light source device to prevent the original due to the exposure of the sun for too long. TWAIN: The standard of a software industry allows software applications and hardware scanning devices to transfer data directly. ScanWizard for Windows is a driver that complies with the TWAIN standard, which means it can be driven by a TWAIN compatible application like Adobe Photoshop.
