First, how to build multiple users
Remind everyone, don't use root users, because root users have supreme powers in the system, and they can destroy the system. For example, we want to delete the file in the / temp directory, but the command is not carefully integrated "RM / TEMP (one space after '/')", then it is extremely likely to delete all the files under the root directory. Furthermore, "Linux is a multi-task, multi-user system", I don't experience Linux's characteristics. In order to facilitate yourself and others, you will build a few users under the Linux system.
Enter "Adduser Newuser", enter, the screen does not respond to the command, wrong? No, in fact, the system has accepted the new user. You should then enter the command "passwd newuser", the screen will prompt the password, enter the confirmation again, a new user is successful, it is simple. I will try it now.
Linux provides six virtual console, switching with Alt F1 to F6 (switched with CRTL ALT F1 ~ F6 in X-WINDOW), each console can be logged in with different users, run different programs. Buy a user for your family and friends.
Second, how to use a floppy disk, CD, and DOS under Linux
This is the most questionable problem with Linux beginners. Because everyone has become accustomed to Microsoft's access methods, we always want to find a floppy disk and disc. However, under Linux, the method of processing the device as a file along with UNIX. So to access the floppy disk and disc, you must first load them into the / mnt directory of the Linux system.
The loaded command is Mount, the format is as follows: mount -t file system type device name load directory
The file system type is partition format, and there are many file system types supported by Linux:
MSDOS DOS partition file system type VFAT supports long file name DOS partition file (can be understood as a Windows file) System type ISO9660 disc file system type EXT2 Linux file system type ...
The device name refers to the name of the device you want to load. The floppy disk is generally / dev / fd0 fd1; the disc is determined according to your location of the drive, usually the light-driven main wheel position is / dev / hdc; if access is DOS partition, it lists its device. Name, such as / dev / hda1 refers to the first partition of the first hard disk. The load directory is the load point of your specified device.
Load floppy disk
First, use mkdir / mnt / flopp to create an empty floppy directory in / mnt directory, then enter mount -t msdos / dev / fd0 / mnt / flopp load a floppy disk in the DOS file format into in, and you can be available in / mNT All contents of this floppy disk in / FLOPPY directory.
2. Mount the C drive in Windows
MKDIR / MNT / C creates an empty C directory in / mnt directory; mNT -T VFAT / DEV / HDA1 / MNT / C puts the Windows C disk in the long file name format in / mnt / c directory, later You can read and write the contents of the C-drive root directory in this directory.
3. Load CD
MKDIR / MNT / CDROM Create an empty CDROM directory in / mnt directory; mount -t ISO9660 / dev / hdc / mnt / cdrom loads the disc in the file system, will find CD content in / mnt / cdrom directory . Some Linux versions allow the disc to be loaded with the mNT / dev / cdrom or mount / mnt / cdrom command. It should be noted that the mount command is loaded with a floppy disk, the disc, not a floppy drive, and the optical drive. Some beginners are easy to make a problem, think that after using the above command, the floppy drive will become / mnt / floppy, the optical drive will become / mnt / cdrom, in fact, when you want to change a CD or floppy disk, you must first uninstall , Reloading the new disk. 4. Uninstall the unloaded command format is: UMONUT directory name, for example to uninstall the floppy disk, enter the command umonut / mnt / floppy. It is to be noted that the pop-up button directly on the light-drive panel is not active before uninstalling the disc.
Third, how to install Linux application software
For ordinary users, installation or upgrade software can be installed and managed with the management tool RPM with Red Hat. You can easily install software, upgrade software, and uninstall software and query software information.
If you installed Red Hat Linux, you can use rpm, if not, you can install RPM first. The method is as follows: 1. Download the RPM package: ftp://ftp.redhat.com/pub/code/rpm/rpm-2.3.11.tar.gz 2. Run in turn in the Linux command line: CD / TAR XZVF RMP -2.3.11.Tar.gz CD rpm-2.3.11 ./configure make make install mkdir / var / local / var / local / lib / var / local / lib / rpm / var / lib / rpm
In this way, you have completed the installation of RPM, and you can find the software RPM installation version on the Internet or on the CD. Then use rpm to install, the method of use of RPM is simple: 1. Install the package with RPM: RPM -IVH software file name, such as rpm -ivh fvwm95-2.0.43a.chinese-1.i386.rpm, it will output The name and installation of the package: fvwm95 ######## When the progress bar walks, Chinese FVWM95 (an X-Window interface) is installed, then run X -Window, ah, full Chinese FVWM95 is in front of me.
2. Install the package with RPM: RPM -e software name, for example: rpm -e fvwm95
3. Upgrade the package with RPM: RPM -UVH software upgrade version file name, for example: rpm -uvh fvwm95-2.1.0a.chinese-1.i386.rpm, RPM automatically reverse the original version, will upgrade the software installation Enter the system. How, it's not difficult!
Fourth, how to view Linux files in a Windows system
By using the load command Mount, we can easily check and use the Windows files in Linux. As the saying goes, we have time, we certainly want to see Linux files in Windows. But Windows is not as friendly as Linux, does not have tools with Linux communication, what should I do? Don't worry, there is a small tool on the Internet, called Linuxdos, less than 500K, running under Windows, dedicated to view Linux files. After running, you can select the drive, then it lists the Linux file system like the resource manager. V. How to Chinese Linux
Linux's native language is English, so the full screen is "British mouse", which is easy to use, and if you want to enter Chinese. However, the current Chinese software personnel can be described as talents, and it has provided a comprehensive solution for Linux's Chinese.
1. Chinese simulation terminal CHDRV first, always let Linux can display Chinese! ChDRV is Chinese analog terminal in the command line, that is, as long as you put it, you can display and enter Chinese characters in the command line of Linux. After CHDRV starts, establish a virtual terminal in TTY7 (with Ctrl Alt F7), and the user can use the Chinese support available after logging in TTY7. TTY1 to TTY6 will not be affected. If you can find the installation package in the RPM format, you can easily install it using the RPM installer. Otherwise, you can get the compiled chDRVBIN-0.23.Gb.tar.gz and font file chDrvfont.tar.gz, which get ChDRV, CHDRV, to ftp://ftp.ihep.ac.cn/pub/chinese/system, respectively. Then use root to log in, perform the following command sequentially: tar xvzf chDrvbin-0.23.gb.tar.gz extracts compiled CHDRV to chDRV-0.23.GB directory mv chDrvfont.tar.gz chDRV-0.23.GB/ Transfer font file Go to CHDRV-0.23.GB directory CD chDRV-0.23.GB enters this directory ./installbin runs the installation file
2. Chinese Enter Server Xcin If you often use Linux in X-WINDOW, try to use XCIN to solve the problem of Chinese input. XCIN is an abbreviation for XWindow Chinese Input. It is a Chinese input system running in X-WINDOW mode. After installing it, all terminals of X-WINDOW will provide Chinese services. You can get the XCIN file package from ftp://ftp.ihep.ac.cn/pub/chinese/system/xcingb-2.2.tar.gz. Then use root to log in and perform the following command: TAR XzVF XcingB-2.2.tar.g q Decompression CD XCINGB-2.2 Enter the directory ./configure modified installation option Make Compile Make Install installation, if you can find the software's RPM installation version You can install it with RPM. To this end, we have already introduced the method of using Chinese in the command line and the X-Window. However, in the text editing software, only Chinese can only be displayed, but the Chinese characters cannot be entered. To solve this problem, you must modify the two places yourself:
1) Set the following SHELL settings for different shells: STTY CS8-ISTRIP Stty Pass8 Export Lang = C Export LC_CTYPE = ISO-8859-1 Use TCSH shell: in / etc / csh. Login or /etc/csh.cshrc Added as follows: stty cs8 -istrip stty pass8 setEnv lang c setENV LC_CTYPE ISO-8859-12) Add below in your home directory: SET Convert-Meta Off Set Output-meta on
3. Chinese window manager C-FVWM95 FVWM95 is like Linux English Win95, China's Linux users have always expected to use Linux under the Chinese window. This wish is now finally a reality. Mr. Fvwm95 is Chinese, and we can finally change the English in FVWM95 to Chinese characters in FVWM95! Everyone can go to ftp.ihep.ac.cn/pub/chinese/packages/ The source code of the FVWM95 downloaded in ftp.ihep.ac.cn/pub/chinese/packages/. The font used can also be obtained in ftp.ihep.ac.cn/pub/chinese/fonts/pcf/. The installation instructions are included in the download file. Because its configuration is still more troublesome, it is best to find the corresponding RPM package.
4. Download the BluePoint Linux Star Preview (Blue Point Preview) Blue Point Preview Based on Red Hat, Include: Chinese Nuclear (KERNEL); Console Chinese Display / Enter; Chinese XServer (CXWIN 0.6), X's Chinese Show / Input Chinese MSSAGE and corresponding library files, the NLS Message and library documents treated by Chinese culture and localization.
a. Chinese Nuclear 1. Excellent performance, odd-independent support, very small, very fast. 2. Multi-language support, the same screen display multi-code (GB / BIG5). 3. Compatibility is excellent, kernel compatibility The upper application, the most thorough solution. 4. Support high resolution, completely depends on the hardware limitations of users. 5. Support various fonts to support 14 kinds of fonts. 6. Hot key switching language environment (GB / BIG5 / EN).
b. Chinese XServer 1. Compatibility, at least 95% of pure Western applications can support Chinese processing. 2. Built-in input and display support, use is very convenient, no additional installation module. 3. TTF font library support. 4. Support GB / BIG5 internal code.
c. Chinese Message and Parked Document 1. Tips for the Chinese Culture, Power On, Shutdown, and Common Software Tips All Chinese Shows.
If you need to install Chinese XWindow and input method, you will need to download Star-cxwin.tar.gz. If you need to install a Chinese console and locale, you need to download Star-ENCON.TAR.GZ if you need to use 24 o'clock on the console. Chinese graph library, please download Star-font24.tar.gz Note: Don't forget to download install installation scripts! Please read Readme and FAQ before installation!
installation method
1) Create a directory, put all downloaded files inside. 2) Perform the installation script as root: #bash install 3) Install the script will check the system configuration, and automatically search the TTF font, next is The old configuration file is backed up, and finally starts installation. 4) Complete the installation, if the Chinese console environment is installed, you need to restart.
6. How to set the sound card
Don't tell me, this is very important! However, if you have Red Hat Linux, this work is simple! Run / usr / sbin / sndconfig with root login system. A screen that selects the sound card type appears. A general sound card can be selected as a Sound Blaster.
After selecting the sound card, set the relevant resources. After using the Tab key to combine the arrow key, press OK, if you hear the sound of Linus (Linux's founder), the sound card setting is successful. That's really vocal DOS game sound card setting ...
Seven, how to set the graphics card
To set your graphics card, first, you have to know your graphics card model, what is the company's out, what type of graphics card, a few MB, you must know what type of display chip of the graphics card is ALG2302 , Or SIS6326, or Savage3D, wait, then, under the superuser permission, you can run the interface is relatively friendly XConfigurator tool, here X Remember must be capitalized, step by step, one step, the guide is selected, should not be very Difficult, when choosing the clock of your graphics card, don't choose it, let the test program automatically check; finally, you must know the type of your monitor, is VGA, or SVGA, and horizontal and vertical resolution You can also run an unfrigerous xfree86, if you are more proficient in Linux, the X Windows effect configured with Xfree86 command is much better than Xconfigurator. The most friendly interface, is a XF86Setup tool. If you have this tool, you may wish to use this tool to set your graphics.
Eight, how to set up a network card
Nine, how to play CD music
The sound card is set, and a CD can be inserted in the optical drive. Use the load command Mount to load the disc, and then enter the CDP command to play. On the screen, you can see the tag list, the smaller keyboard 9 is play, 7 is stopped, 6 go to the next track, 4 retreat to the previous track, 0 exit the player, 2 pop-up CD, 8 is time out.
If it is in X-WINDOW, you can play the CD with XPlayCD, which is a player with a graphical interface, buttons and features at a glance, not much here.
10, how to play VCD disc
11, how to dial your Internet
12, can Linux play games?
There is a BSD-Games-2.1-3.src.rpm file package in the CD, and install it with the rpm command, then go to the installation directory to find the game. However, these games are not exquisite. If you want to play, you must enter X-Window. ACM is Air Combat Simulation game, Paradise and Xpilot are networked battle games, XDemineur is digging mines (did not expect it), xjewel is Russian square, Xboard is chess, XPAT2 is a playing card game, Xboing is a bouncing game, as well as doom - a big name Ding's first person shooting game! These games can be called directly, and some need to be installed with the RPM command. All RPM packages are going to see it under the SRPMS directory in the installation CD.
Ten. Adjust your monitor with XvidTune, you will find that after linux is installed in Windows, you can easily get rid of Xwindows in Windows, and then return to Windows desktop, after adjusting, return to Windows. Returning to start the system is very trouble every time. Here is a way to go to Linux. Good location, then the SHOW button on the point interface will get this output: "1152x864" 121.50 1152 1232 1360 1568 864 865 868 911 hsync -vsync then exit this software, modify your / etc / x11 / xf86config-4 file "AS 786T" VendorName "Unknown" ModelName "Unknown" HorizSync 30 in Section "Monitor" Identifier - 87VertRefresh 50 - 160Option "dpms" EndSection in adding just the output of the mine is: Section "Monitor" Identifier "AS 786T" VendorName "Unknown" Modelname "Unknown" HorizSync 30 - 87Vertrefresh 50 - 160Modeline "1152x864" 121.50 1152 1232 1360 1568 864 865 868 911 hsync -vsyncOption "dpms" endsection Save and then try it off again
XI. Q: My machine is Windows and Linux dual systems, how to change the GRUB default start-up system?
A: This needs to be modified /boot/grub/grub.conf. You will understand an example. Suppose your /boot/grub/grub.conf is like this:
Default = 0timeout = 10splashImage = (HD0, 7) /grub/splash.xpm.gztitle Red Hat Linux (2.4.18-14) Root (HD0, 7) kernel /Vmlinuz-2.4.18-14 Ro root = label = / Initrd /initrd-2.4.18-14.imgtitle dosrootnoverify (HD0, 0) ChainLoader 1
Then your GRUB will start the Red Hat Linux (2.4.18-14) system by default, change Default = 0 to default = 1, then GRUB will start the DOS system by default. Note that the point here is: You want to start the system referred to by default, then the default should be equal to N-1
Twelve. Q: How does my text console always have garbled?
A: This is because you have installed Chinese support. The solution is to install a multi-code platform in a fast-free Mount CJK (Chinese / Japanese / Korean), I put him in the attachment. For further news about ENCON, everyone can go to his official home page zhcon.gnuchina.org view. Please refer to this connection at this connection http://hepg.sdu.edu.cn/service/tips/zhcon_manual.html
ENCON download connection: http://zhcon.gnuchina.org/download/...on-0.2.1.tar.gz thirteen. Q: When I installed a software, I prompt me missing one .so file, installation Can't continue, what should I do?
A: .so file is like a .dll file in Windows, is a library file. A program is properly installed and runs support for a specific library file. So you need to find the package that contains this .so. Go to WWW.RPMFIND.NET with the .so file?. 枰 ? RPM package
14. When I visited the Windows partition, I found all the Chinese in the file and folder name in the Windows partition into a question mark. What should I do?
A: In the third post, we explained the FAT32 partition that enables Windows to access Windows in Linux by editing / etc / fstab. Similarly, we can implement Chinese file names by further modifying / etc / fstab. Just change the default in / dev / hda1 / mnt / c vfault 0 0 to IOCHARSET = CP936.
Fifteen. My XMMS in my RH8.0 is not good, I can't play MP3, what should I do?
A: This is because RH is afraid that others will tell him to infringe, so I have lost XMMS to MP3 in RH8.0, and 8.0 previous versions are so good. It is also very simple to solve in 8.0, and you can load a plugin. I am placed in the attachment of this post, RPM format, WinRAR compression
Attachment: http://www.chinalin ket.com/vbbfor...s=&postid=86299
XVI. Q: How can I use Windows partition in Linux?
A: Let's talk about a background knowledge. Linux supports many file systems, including FAT32 and NTFS for Windows. Support for FAT32 is very good, you can use it directly, and support for NTFS is not too good, you can only read, and write is extremely dangerous, and the support of NTFS is not the default, that is, you want to use NTFS. If you need to recompile the kernel. In view of the complexity of the kernel for novice, only two solutions to the above problems are given below using the method of using the FAT32 partition: 1. When the installation system (Linux), you can build Several mount points, such as / MNT / C, / MNT / D, then select your Windows FAT32 partition, mount them to the previously established mount points. (Note, as mentioned earlier, here you can't mount a NTFS partition to a mount point, should not be default for NTFS.) This allows you to use your Windows FAT32 partition after you have installed your system. For example, you mount Windows's C drive (Linux / dev / hda1) to / mnt / c, then you can find all the data in your C directory in / mnt / c directory. 2. If you don't have the form of FAT32 partitions on the installation system, it is still easy to solve this problem. First, use a text editor (such as VI) to open / etc / fstab, in the final addition of the file Similar to the following lines / dev / hda1 / mnt / c vfault 0 0 What you want to do is, the changes you have to do, put / dev / HDA1 changes into the device number you want to mount in Linux, change / mnt / c to the corresponding mount point. Note that the mount point is a directory, this directory is established in advance. For example, I have three FAT32 partitions, which are C, D, E disk in Windows, and the device number in Linux is / dev / hda1, / dev / hda5, / dev / hda6. Then I will build 3 mount points, such as / mnt / c, / mnt / d, / mnt / e, then plus such a few lines in / etc / fstab: / dev / hda1 / mnt / c vfat DEFAULT 0 0 / DEV / HDA5 / MNT / D VFAT DEFAULT 0 0 / DEV / HDA6 / MNT / E VFAT DEFAULT 0 0 Save the exit editor. Thus later, you can use C, D, E these three FAT32 formats of the Windows partitions directly after you restart the machine. Q: After my machine reloads Windows, the boot started directly into Windows, the original Linux does not Go, what should I do?
A: This is because of the overbearing of Windows. After reloading Windows, Windows rewrites your MBR and overrides GRUB. The solution is simple: use your Linux first installation disk to enter the Linx Rescue mode (how to enter? You pay attention to the system's prompt information will be known), do the following two commands can be changed to CHROOT / MNT / SYSIMAGE # Your root directory grub-install / dev / hda #Seate GRUB to MBR
Eighteen. Q: My Linux turns directly into the text interface, how can I get it to enter the graphical interface by default?
A: Modify the / etc / initTab file, there is a line ID: 3: INitDefault, meaning that the boot default enters the run level 3 (multi-user text interface), change it to ID: 5: initDefault, boot the default entry run Level 5 (multi-user graphical interface). This should be okay. XII. How to start multiple X at the same time
Previous post, it is estimated that many people have never seen it. It is launched that the X-Windows in Linux has attracted many people who are not interested in Linux, especially KDE and GNOME, which is very KDE and GNOME. Say, and with a lot of great software, the interface is very friendly and is very suitable for beginners. Let's tell you a tip that starts 6 X:
Add the following lines in ~ / .bashrc:
Alias x = startx - -bpp 32 -quiet &
Alias x1 = startx -: 1 -bpp 32 -quiet &
Alias x2 = startX -: 2 -BPP 32 -quiet &
Alias X3 = StartX -: 3-BPP 32 -quiet &
Alias X4 = StartX -: 4 -bpp 32 -quiet &
Alias X5 = StartX -: 5 -BPP 32 -quiet &
Where 32 is the color depth of the display, you should set it according to your own actual situation.
Follow up
# bash
To take effect, you can start 6 X-Windows as soon as you run x, x1, x2, x3, x4, X5.
Twenty. After installing the RPM PostgreSQL, start /etc/init.d/postgreSQL Start is the TCP / IP connection support that cannot start PostgreSQL, so open /etc/init.d/postgreSQL this file
Su -l postgres -s / bin / sh -c "/ usr / bin / pg_ctl -d $ pGData -p / usr / bin / postmaster start> / dev / null2> & 1"
Change to:
Su -l postgres -s / bin / sh -c "/ usr / bin / pg_ctl -o -o -f -i -w-d $ pgdata -p / usr / bin / postmaster start> / dev / null2> & 1
This will start the TCP / IP link of the database.
Twenty-one. How to save MAN into a text file
Take the Man LS | col -b> ls.txt into the text into text, as an example of Make as an example of INFO MAKE -O Make.txt -s
Twenty-two. How to send 2 credit in text mode
First check the system if uuencode and uudecode are not from the CD RPM -IVH SharUtils-x.xx.xx.rpm assume that the file to send is VPopMail-5.2.1.tar.gz executes uuencode -m vpopmail-5.2.1. TAR.GZ vpopmail.tar.gz> Encodefile Description: UUENode is the encoding command, -m is using MIME64 encoding, vpopmail-5.2.1.tar.gz is the file to be encoded, vpopmail.tar.gz is obtained after decoding File name, Encodefile is the encoded file name. After executing the above command, you can send the encoded file by mail command mail chenlf@chinalinuxuxpub.com
begin-base64 644 vpopmai.tar.gzH4sIABr15TwAA w9a2PbNpL7NfwVqNPbWIlFPSzbiR2n9SuxE7 / OcuLNtdmUEiGLMUWqfFhWt7u // eYBgKRE2U7iTa 3VndjiQQGg5nBYDAYDC6H4XDgeH51yW7ajdpf / h2fer1VX1lagr / 1 spyq / BXff5SX2mtNBZXmovN5l / qjWZrqfEXsfRvwWbik8aJEwnxl7ifDofXlLvp / Z / 0c1nk / 8uN / 777NuqNen251ZrB / XFpcUG8r / ZbC0vL9ZXoPwi / O8von73qEx // sP5bwHHxanT8aUIe2IrDBIZJLFl7QVJFFovpZOkkYxFL4yEFhVLCKhk1W2xG45E1wnEnohlIsJAiksvSlLHF24IJQORhKIjRdKXYhh5Ayca6xcAD8DQm4HT7XuB / EGcSXgbPErEyAkSrNp3LqVwgrGoyaRbGzpxPHJFGssotq0Gtw6l9gTgJbixode9EOlQDMaTmEjE / AerydVcrAY4jJzIFY7vC3wL2DgJvJIxIjFwkm6fWkfw1KoAIti / EgkWc3A6YRp05ReBaeXAQH34GoXOwAvOVUnoEnwRYRqJeJAMgczRpYzEyEv6YQoUH8oACltLtjjDRr1YOCJ2BkPgJop1IuJu5A0TYh9xIdQwfrCWTdt9pMKvaZg4j5jT3PgojC5 sFZswM0LAJzvSyhGXQSCOmLoO9DtEOAicBCD2qUT1agAg44BSd 1niIEzVPs ............................................ ....... & s 2 Encodefile "Encode" [New File] & Q then decoded uudecode encodefilelsencodefile vpopmai.tar.gztar zxvf vpopmail.tar.gzok twenty-three. Transfer man page into html format
With the Man2html instruction, you can transfer Man Page to HTML format. Usage is:
Man2html filename> HTMLFILE.HTML
Twenty-four. How to switch between GNOME and KDE. If you log in to Linux in a graphic login, click Session on the login interface to select GNOME and KDE. If you are logged in with a text, then execute SwitchDesk Gnome or SwitchDesk KDE, then startX to enter GNOME or KDE.
25 ... tar, .tar.gz, .bz2, .tar.bz2, .bz, .gz What files, how to solve them? They are all documents (compressed) packages. .tar: Pack the file, do not compress: TAR CVF * .tar Dirname unope: tar xvf * .tar .tar.gz: Pack the file and compressed: TAR CZVF * .tar.gz DirName Unope: TAR Xzvf *. Tar.gz .bz2: Unope: bzip2 -d * .bz2 .bz: Unope: bzip -d * .bz .gz: Unope: gzip -d * .gz
How to unwield .zip, .rar compressed file under 26.Linux? There is a graphical interface in RH8. File-Roller can do this. Outside the unzip * .zip, unrar * .rar unsaled the RAR file, but UnRar is generally not coming, to download online. 27. How to browse the .iso CD mirror file underlinux? a. Building a directory, such as: MKDIR a b. Mount the ISO file to this directory: Mount -o loop xxxx.iso A Now the content in the directory A is the content in the ISO file.
How to configure the network under 28.Linux? Use NetConfig. "IP address:" is the IP address to be configured, "Netmask:" Subnet Mask, "Default Gateway (IP):" Gateway, "Primary Nameserver:" DNS server IP.
29. How to make the mouse support roller? When configuring the mouse, select Microsoft's mouse and correctly select port such as PS2, USB, etc.
30. How to make the console support Chinese display? Install ENCON. ENCON needs libimm_server.so and two libraries supported by libpth.so.13. The general Chinese input method should have libImm_server.so. Libpth.so.13 is from PTH-1.3.x. Put these two files under / usr / lib. 31. How to configure grub? Modify /boot/grub/grub.conf file. Where "DEFAULT = N" (N is a number) is an item selected by the GRUB boot menu, and N starts from 0, 0 represents the first item, 1 represents the second term, and so on. "Timeout = X" (x is a number) is timeout, the unit is wonderful. That is, after the boot menu is displayed, if the user does not choose in X seconds, the grub will start the default item. "SplashImage = xxxxxx", this is the background diagram of the boot menu, I ignore him first. Other common items I use the following example: Title Red Hat 8.0 Root (HD1, 6) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.18-14 Ro root = / dev / hdb7 initrd /boot/initrd-2.4.18-14 The "Red Hat 8.0" is the name root (hdx, y) displayed in the list of launched menu, which is used to specify your Boot partition, if you don't divide the boot partition (this example is no Boot partition), then Point to the root partition, HDX is the hard disk where Linux is located, and HD0 is the first hard disk, and HD1 is the second block, and so on. Y is a partition location, starting from 0, that is, equal to the partition number, such as the partition you want to point to is HDX7, then Y is 6, if it is HDX1, then Y is 0. Note that there is a space behind the root. Kernel /Boot/Vmlinuz-2.4.18-14, where "/boot/vmlinuz-2.4.18-14" is the kernel path you want to use, if you compile the endocker, change it into your new kernel path Ok. RO is not used, it will not be wrong. Root = / dev / hdxx Specifies the root partition, this example is HDB7, so root = / dev / hdb7 initrd xxxxxxxxxxxx doesn't matter, I am not clear that it is useful. The above is Linux, below is Windows Title Windows 98 rootnover $, and it is not explained without interpretation, which is explained above. Rootnoverify (HDX, Y) is used to specify the partitions in Windows, X, Y, which is the top, pay attention to the space after rootnoverify. CHAINLOADER 1 photo, pay attention to space. 32. How to configure LILO? Modify the /etc/lilo.conf file and run the lilo command.
33. How do I automatically mount the development partition after LINUX? Edit the / etc / fstab file, add the corresponding row inside, if you are not familiar with the configuration of / etc / fstab, you can use PTM, an automatic configuration of FSTAB software, should have downloads in the commune.
34. How to customize the service that is started when Linux started? Run NTSYSV under the console or terminal, then select the service you want to start, if you want to boot, you don't start someone, remove his choice.
35. How do you fix the GRUB / LILO boot menu without a floppy? a. Copy the DOSUTILS directory in the first Linux installation disk to the Windows disk. If ISO can be extracted with WinRAR3. b. Enter pure DOS, enter the dosutils directory, execute loadlin autoboot / vmlinuz root = / dev / hdxx () HDXX is your Linux root partition. This will enter Linux. c. Execute GRUB-INSTALL / DEV / HDX (x = A, B, C, D) or LILO to rewrite the boot. Also available for reference: http://www.linuxfans.org/nuke/modul...iewtopic&t=510136. How to configure a mouse? Open a terminal or enter the console, run the mouseconfig command to configure the mouse!
37. How to enter Linux from DOS? First of all, you need loadlin.exe this program, there is a dosutils directory in Linux in the first installation disc, and you need it is the Linux kernel, / boot / vmlinuz-2.4.xx-xx is to get him to the Windows disk, And rename him as VMLinuz (mainly VMLinuz-2.4.xx-xx display a bit problem under DOS), there is also a VMLinuz in the autoboot in the Dosutils directory, and the Linux kernel, can be used, but many devices do not support, If the Linux bootstrap or Linux starts configuration, there is a problem, can't enter Linux, you can use this kernel to fix Linux. Then use loadlin vmlinuz root = / dev / hdxx (HDXX is your Linux root partition), and single-user mode can also be implemented with loadlin vmlinuz root = / dev / hdxx Single.
38.Root Password Loss Solving GRUB: On the Bootboard Menu, type [E] to enter the edit mode. You will face a list of boot projects. Find a sentence similar to the following output: kernel /Vmlinuz-2.4.18-0.4 Ro root = / dev / hda2 Press the arrow button until this line is highlighted, then press [E]. You can now tap the end of the text and add Single to tell the GRUB boot user Linux mode. Press the [ENTER] button to make the editor take effect. You will be treated by editing the mode screen, from here, press, and grub will boot the single user Linux mode. After the end is loaded, you will face a similar shell prompt: SH-2.05 # Now you can change the root command, type: BASH # passwd root You will be required to retriterate the mouth order to verify. After the end, the password will be changed, you can use the reboot to reboot under prompts; then log in to root users as usual. LILO: When the system starts to the LILO boot screen, press the Tab key to enter the text, and then enter Linux Single to enter the Linux Single in LILO, enter the password console, enter the password of the root using the passwd command. I.e.
0001 Modify Host Name VI / ETC / SYSCONFIG / Network, modify HostName first behavior hostname = hostname, then take effect 0002 RET HAT Linux to start to text interface (do not start xwindow) Wide / etc / inittab id: 5: initDefault : 5 Changes in a row to 3 0003 Redhat's automatic upgrade update problem (hutueworm) is at www.redhat.com/corp/support/errata / ... ⑼ 沧 沧? / A> Upgrade In addition to Kernel RPM: Up2date -u Upgrade RPM: Up2date -u -f 0004 Windows under Kernel Paragon.ext2fs.Anywhere.2.5.rar and Explore2FS 1.00-PRE4.ZIP 0005 MOUNT Usage Fat32 partition MOUNT -o codePage = 936, IoCharset = CP936 / DEV / HDA7 / MNT / CDROM ISO file mount -o loop /abc.iso / mnt / cdrom floppy mount / dev / fd0 / mnt / floppy USB flash Mount / DEV / SDA1 / MNT / CDROM All / etc / fstab content Mount -a can specify the file format "-t format", the format can be VFAT, EXT2, EXT3, etc. 0006 Share local FAT partitions using local hard drives in VMware's Linux. Then use the SMBFS hang in VMware. You can put the following line to / etc / fstab: _IP / D $ / MNT / D SMBFS Defaults, Auto, UserName = Win_Name, Password = Win_Pass, CodePage = 936, IoCharest = GB2312 0 0 where Win_IP is your Windows IP address; D $ is the shared name of the D disk shared in your Windows; / mnt / d is to put the partition mount to Linux directory; Win_Name and Win_Pass are users in your Windows to read the partition, such as Your administrator name and password. If you run /etc/rc.d/init.d/netfs, you will automatically mount this partition when starting. 0007.A Delete the file RM named -A-A-A-A-A -A--A tells RM This is the last option. See getopt ls -i listing inum, then use Find. -INUM inum_of_thisfile -exec rm {} / ; 0007.B Delete file RM / / A 0007.c Remove the name of the name belt / and '/ 0 files These characters are not allowed by the normal file system, but may be generated in the file name, such as UNIX The next NFS file system uses the solution on the Mac system to delete the NFS file system to delete files with special file names under the system where the NFS file system is not filtered.
2. Also, remove the other file of the error file name, LS -ID displays the inum, umount file system, CLRI containing the file directory, clear the directory of Inum, Fsck, Mount, Check Your Lost Found, Rename THE File in it. It is best to remove any file names with the Windows FTP! 0007.D Delete the file name with invisible characters to list the file name and dump the file: ls -l> aaa then edit the file The content joins the RM command to make its content into the format of the above file: VI AAA [RM -R ******] Plus the file plus the execution permission CHMOD X AAA to perform $ AAA 0007.e Delete file size is zero File RM -I `Find ./-size 0` Find ./-size 0 -EXEC RM {} /; find ./-size | xargs RM -F & Very Valid for File in * # ourselves define files that need to be deleted Type Do if [! -S $ {file}] THEN RM $ {file} echo "RM $ File Success!" Fi Done 0008 redhat Set the roller mouse (MC1011) After entering X, select the mouse configuration, select Wheel Mouse (PS / 2) Can you play? If the mouse is abnormal, restart your computer.
0009 Pack XWindow Starts with Linux CD, select Upgrade, then select the package separately, and install 00010 Delete the Linux partition to make a PARTITION MAGIC boot floppy disk, start it, or use the Win2000 start-up CD, then delete. 0011 Exiting the MAN Q 0012 does not compile the kernel, the Mount NTFS partition original RH8, not upgraded or compiled kernel 1. Google.com search and download kernel-ntfs-2.4.18-14.i686.rpm 2. rpm -ivh kernel-ntfs- 2.4.18-14.i686.rpm 3. MKDIR / MNT / C 4. Mount -T NTFS / DEV / HDA1 / MNT / C 0013 Redhat 8.0 Using XMMS to listen to MP3 download www.gurulabs.com/files/xmms-mp3 -1.2.7-13.p.I386.RPM rpm -UVH XMMS-MP3-1.2.7-13.p.i386.rpm 0014 Retrieves three ways of forgetting root password (LILO / GRUB): 1. The system enters the single user status, directly with passwd root to change 2. Use the installation CD boot system to perform the Linux Rescue status, the original / partition mount, the procedure is as follows: CD / MNT MKDIR HD Mount -t Auto / dev / hdax The partition number of the original / partition) HD CD HD chroot ./ Passwd root can get it 3. Take the hard disk of this unit, hung up to other Linux systems, use the method with the second same RH8. LILO 1. In the appearance of LILO: Type Linux Single screen to display Lilo: Linux Single 2. Enter the bus from entering the Linux command line 3. #vi / etc / shadow will first line, that is, ROOT: after ROOT: And the next: The first line will be similar to root :: ... Save 4. #Reboot restart, the root password is empty. GRUB 1. When the GRUB screen appears, use the top button to select You usually start Linux's one (choose DOS 哟), then press E-key 2. Use the up and down button to select the one you usually start Linux (similar to kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.18-14 ROOT = Label = /), Then press the E key 3. Modify the command line you are here, join SINGLE, the result is as follows: kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.18-14 Single Ro root = label = / 4. Enter back, then press B to start You can directly enter the Linux command line 5. #vi / etc / shadow will first line, that is, ROOT: and next: The first line will be similar to root ::. ..... Save 6. #Reboot restart, root password is empty 0015 Make Ctrl Alt Del Failure Vi / etc / inittab Ca :: ctrlaltdel: / sbin / shutdown -t3 -r now This line is coming out, How to see how the redhat is 7 or 8 (hutueworm) cat / proc / version or cat / etc / reduction 0017 file in which RPM (unparalleled) www.rpmfind.net Search, or the RPM -QF file name get 0018 to save the information of Man or INFO to text files as a case:
Man TCSH | col -b> tcsh.txt info tcsh -o tcsh.txt -s 0019 utilizes two files to generate a new file 1. Remove the two files (repeated row only) 2 Take out the intersection of two files (only files existing in two files) 3. Delete intersections, leave other rows 1. Cat file1 file2 | sort | uniq 2. Cat file1 file2 | sort | UNIQ - D 3. CAT file1 file2 | Sort | UNIQ -u 0020 Sets the COM1 port, let the super terminal login via the COM1 port confirmed that there is / sbin / agharge, edit / etc / inittab, add 7: 2345: Respawn: / sbin / agletty / DEV / TTYS0 9600 9600BPS is because the default of the linkage is generally this rate, or it can be set to 19200, 38400, 57600, 115200 Modify / etc / securetty, add a line: TTYS0, make sure the root user can log in to restart the machine, you can Unplug the mouse keyboard display (it is best to look at the output information when starting) 0021 Delete Directory All files include subdirectory RM -RF directory name 0022 View system information CAT / Proc / CPUInfo - CPU (IE vendor, MHz, Flags Like MMX) CAT / Proc / Interrupts - Interrupt CAT / Proc / Ioports - Device IO Port CAT / Proc / Meminfo - Memory Information (IE Mem Used, Free, Swap Size Cat / Proc / Partitions - All partitions CAT / Proc / PCI - PCI device information CAT / proc / swaps - All SWAP partition information CAT / proc / version - Linux version number is equivalent to uname -r uname -a - see the system kernel and other information 0023 Remove extra carriage return SED S / ^ m // test.sh> back.sh, pay attention to ^ m is a knocking Ctrl_v Ctrl-M or Dos2Unix FileName 0024 switching X desktop (LNX3000) SwitchDesk KDE or SwitchDesk GNOME 0025 Universal Sound Card Driver (LNX3000) OS WWW.OPENSOUND.COM/ ALSA www.alsa-project.org/ 0026 Change the system language / character set of Redhat (BEMING / MC1011) Modify / etc / sysconfig / i18n file, such as LANG = "en_us", XWindow displays the English interface, lang = "zh_cn.gb18030", XWindow displays the Chinese interface. There is also a method CP / etc / sysconfig / i18n $ home / .i18n modifies $ home / .i18n file, such as lang = "en_us", XWindow will display the English interface, lang = "zh_cn.gb18030", XWindow displays the Chinese interface .
This will change the individual's interface language, without affecting other user 0027 Setting the screen to 90 columns STTY COLS 90 0028 Using MD5SUM files MD5SUM ISOFILE> Hashfile, the MD5SUM file with the Hashfile file content comparison, verify that the whisker value is consistent MD5Sum -C Hashfile 0029 decompresses multiple ZIP file unzip "*", pay attention to quotation marks less 0030 to see the PDF file Using XPDF or Install the Acrobat Reader for Linux 0031 Find the file Find. -Type f / (-Perm -04000 -O -PERM-02000 /) -EXEC ls -lg {} /; 0032 The Chinese input method is used as an example, XWindow and the terminal do not have to say it, the default is installed, and call out with Ctrl-Space. Now discuss pure console, please download zhcon.gnuchina.org/download/src/zhcon-0.2.1.tar.gz, in either directory, TAR XVFZ ENCON-0.2.1.tar.gz, CD ENCON-0.2. 1, ./configure, make, make install. End of installation, want to use, run zhcon, want to exit, run the exit. 0033 Receive the pop-up CD (beike) #Eject -t 0034 CD CD Made ISO file (mentally wisdom) CP / dev / cdrom xxxx.iso 0035 Quick Watch the power-on hardware detection (mentally wisdom) DMESG | More 0036 View hard disk use Situation DF -K Displays DF -H in K, which can be displayed in humanized units, which can be B, K, M, G, T.. 0037 View the size of the directory DU -SH DIRNAME -S only shows the total-h in K, M, G is unit, improve information readability. KB, MB, GB is a converter unit at 1024, and -H is converted at 1000. 0038 Find or delete the process (WWWZC) FUSER FILENAME FUSER-K FileName 0039 installation software RPM -IVH AAA.RPM TAR XVFZ AAA.TAR.GZ; CD AAA ;./configure; make; make install 0040 characters Set / Delete Environment Variable Bash Set: Export Variable Name = Variable Variable Variable Delete: Unset Variable Name CSH Set: STenv Variable Name Variable Value Delete: Unsetenv Variable Name 0041 LS How to see. File LS -A 0042 RPM The file is installed where to go RPM -QPL AAA.RPM 0043 Display color or does not display color vi ~ / .vimrc in Src.rpm rpmbuild --rebuild * .src.rpm 0044 VIM; if there is Syntax ON, display color Syntax off, does not display color 0045 Linux is a real-time or time-time operating system minute 0046 make bzimage -j's J is meaning in what is mainly used when your system hardware resources are relatively large, compare When we are rich, use this can speed up the speed of compilation, such as the -J 3 0047 source package, how can you not install a source code, you can see the rpm -i * kernel * source * .rpm on your CD, you can see it Your source code.
0048 Modify System Time Date -S "2003-04-14 CST", CST Jem District, Time Setting Date -S 18:10 0049 boot on the partition under Windows to automatically hang the Windows D disk / mnt / D, open / etc / fstab with VI, add the following line / dev / hda5 / mnt / d vfat defaults, codepage = 936, octharset = cp936 0 0 Note So more memory In order to improve system performance and non-waste memory, Linux makes Cache to improve the last two numbers in the last two numbers in IO speed 0051 fSTAB (LNX3000), used to be FS_FREQ, used Deciding which file system needs to execute dump operations, 0 is not needed; second, fs_passno, is the system restart, the FSCK program detection disk sequence number 1 is the root file system, 2 is another file system.
FSCK Detects Disk by Sequence Number, 0 Indicates that the file system is not detected by the file system of DUMP execution EXT2 FSCK detection and repair file system 0052 Linux to make the user's password must have a certain length, and comply with complexity (EAPASS) VI /etc/login.defs, change Pass_min_len 0053 Translation Software in Linux Star Translation King XDICT 0054 Do not let the display sleep setterm -blank 0 setterm -blank n (n is waiting time) 0055 query yesterday's date (gadfly) Date -date = yesterday 0056 xWindow Ksnapshot or GIMP 0057 unzipped small TAR XVFJ EXAMPLE.TAR.BZ2 TAR XVFZ EXAMPLE.TAR.GZ TAR XVFZ EXAMPLE.TGZ TAR XVF EXAMPLE.TAR UNZIP EXAMPLE.ZIP 0058 In multi-level directory Find a file (Qinghai Lake) Find / Dir -Name FileName.ext du -a | grep filename.ext locate filename.ext 0059 does not allow normal users to change password (MyXFC) [root @ xin_fc etc] # chmod 511 / usr / bin / passwd also wants ordinary users to change password [root @ xin_fc etc] # chmod 4511 / usr / bin / passwd 0060 graphics card is not unable to do (win_bigboy) Go to http: //www.redflag-linux .com /, the XFree86 4.3 installation can be installed. 0061 Super Delete Formatting Tool (Mindly) is safe than pqmagic, establishing a deleted formatted gadget: sfdisk.exe for msdos http://www.wushuang.net How to make the correct Chinese (MYXFC) in the XMMS playlist - * - * - * - * - * - ISC-SIMSUN-Medium-R-NORMAL - 12- * - * - * - * - * - GBK-0, * - R - completely copy this thing to your font: Right click on the XMMS playing tool will see a "selection" Item, then select "Function Set" to select "Fonts" and completely copy the above font to "player list" and "User x font 0063 linux Listen to MP3 (Hehhb) Redhat CD The original XMMS cannot play MP3 ( Silent), to download and install an RPM package: XMMS-MP3-1.2.7-13.p.i386.rpm installation can be installed. Open XMMS, CTL-P, play in the font column in the upper half of the small box Took, then select "Fixed (MISC) GBK-0 13" font to display the Chinese song name. Select "Open Audio System Driver 1.2.7 [LiOsS.so] in the audio output plugin to play MP3 files normally. 0064 Install Chinese Font (Hehhb) first download http://freshair.netchina.com.cn/~george /SM.SH (Reference: http://www.linuxeden.com/edu/doctext.php?docid=2679) SIMSUN18030.TTC can be downloaded in Microsoft website, http://www.microsoft.com/china/windows2000 / DownloadS / 18 030.asp It is an MSI file, install it in Mswindows, and you can find it after you are installed. You can find it in the Fonts directory under the Windows directory.
Copy SIMSUN.TTTC, SIMSUN18030.TTC, Tahoma.ttf, TahomAbd.ttf to / usr / local / temp, then download the shell file in this directory, then open the terminal CD / USR / local / Temp Chmod 755 SM .sh ./sm.sh 0065 Fat32 loaded with Windows partitions Enter KDE as root as root, click the "Starting point" icon on the desktop, establish the following folders in / mnt directory: C, D, E , f, g, usb. It is used as partitions and USB flash drives under Windows. Use the text editor to open the / etc / fstab file. Add below: / dev / hda1 / mnt / c vfat ocharset = GB2312, umask = 0, codepage = 936 0 0 / dev / hda5 / mnt / d vfat ocharset = GB2312, umask = 0, CODEPAGE = 936 0 0 / dev / hda6 / mnt / e vfat ocharset = GB2312, umask = 0, CODEPAGE = 936 0 0 / dev / hda7 / mnt / f vfat ocharset = GB2312, umask = 0, codepage = 936 0 0 / dev / hda8 / mnt / g vfat ocharset = GB2312, umask = 0, codepage = 936 0 0 / dev / cdrom / mnt / cdrom udf, ISO9660 NOAUTO, IOCHARSET = GB2312, Owner, Kudzu, RO 0 0 / DEV / SDA1 / MNT / USB VFAT IOCHARSET = GB2312, UMASK = 0, CODEPAGE = 936 0 0 store exits. After restarting, you can access the FAT32 or FAT16 format partition, solve the problem of garbled with the Windows partition and the disc Chinese file name. A total of six columns, each column is used for a Tab key. Note that this method can only mount on the FAT partition format. SDA1 is a flash drive.
0066 uses five pens and pinyin, location input method (HMKART) is installed from http://www.fcitx.org/, and how to extract the RAR file (hmkart) http: // in Linux Www.linuxeden.com/download/S.......... Download Rar for Linux 3.2.0, decompression Unveiled MAKE can then use unrar e youfilename.rar to extract RAR file 0068 hard drive How to add / delete RPM Pack (Sakulagi) RedHat-Config-Packages --Inotir =
Start installing the open terminal emulator, continue to perform the following command to install the GAIM version 0.58, namely: CD / TEMP (enter the temp directory) RPM -IVH GAIM-0.58-2.i386.rpm (installation software) When the installation is successful, you can Establish a GAIM icon on the GNOME or KDE desktop. Continue to install QQ plug-in, type command: gunzip libqq-0.0.3-ft-0.58-gcc296.so.gz (decompress file) CP libqq-0.0.3-ft-0.58-gcc296.so / usr / lib / gaim (Copy plug-in to the GAIM library directory) The Software Settings When the GAIM version 0.85 is first launched, the login interface will appear. First select "Plug-in", click "Load" in the Plugin dialog box, load libmsn.so and libqq-0.0.3-ft-0.58-gcc296.so file, and turn it off after confirmation. Then select "All Accounts", continue to click "Add" in the account editor that appears, when you appear, we can enter your QQ or MSN number, login name fill in the QQ number or MSN mailbox. The password fills in the corresponding QQ or MSN password, Alias fill in its own nickname, the protocol selects the corresponding QQ or MSN, and other settings can be default. You can log in when all settings are complete. 0006 Isors 22 port Now what program is now LSOF -I: 22 0007 View this machine's IP, Gateway, DNS IP: Log in with root, execute ifconfig. Where ETH0 is the first network card, LO is the default device Gateway: Log in to the root user, execute netstat -rn, the Gateway, which is starting with 0.0.0.0, is the default gateway, you can also view the / etc / sysconfig / network file, inside Have a specified address! DNS: more /etc/reslov.conf, the content is specified as follows: Nameserver 202.96.69.38 Nameserver 202.96.64.38 0008 RH8.0 Command Line Easily change the ping TTL value (cgWeb) #Sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_default_ttl = n ( N = 0 ~ 255), if n> 255, the TTL = 0 0009 RH8.0 command line Easily change the system configuration default value (houaq) editing /etc/sysctl.conf, for example, will be Net.IPv4.ip_forward = 0 Change to Net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 After the restart, take effect, use sysctl -a to see the directory mount -t smbfs -o usrname = guest, password = guest // machine / pathWord = guest // machine / path / mNT / CDROM 0011 Allowed | Prohibiting root to modify SSHD_CONFIGERMITROOTLOGIN No | YES 0012 Let root directly Telnet, remove Auth Required /Lib/security/pam_securetty.so 0013 In Linux ADSL device requires a normal Linux at least one network card broadband device has been applied, and there are some ADSL devices on the market, and they have some subtle differences.
It is the process of completing the Internet through virtual dialing, that is, using the PPPoE device to perform virtual dial-up calls, it is an automatic dial-up work after power-on, then left to our interface is RJ45. The gateway that is generally left to our Dalian area is 10.0.0.2. This device is most likely to deal with. Finally, it is directly assigned to a fixed IP, which is relatively easy to deal with it. 1. The first need is dialing: Several devices communicate with the computer via the ETH interface, so the connection of the hardware device is first, especially the broadband cat, must confirm the correctness (otherwise, don't go anything in a while, don't just count, you don't think about me) and start the system, Confirm that the software is installed on the system (to find the user via rpm -qa | grep pppoe), if the user is not installed, in the disc or go online to Down, after installing, perform ADSL with root users Setup, this enters the setting status of ADSL data, requires input to apply for broadband usernames and other information, confirm that there is no problem, accept until the end (inside is E text, but can understand, simple, I usually don't have to use a firewall setting, I can choose 0, everyone can consider). After the configuration is complete, the ADSL-START is executed with root users, which will make ADSL's dial-up work, will be online, if there is any specific problem, look at the log (/ var / log / messages) tells you what.
Stop ADSL, execute ADSL-STOP (very simple) 2. The other two are easier to deal with: full-to-day cat: Just set your network card to an IP of a 10 network segment, then the gateway refers to the whole gateway On the IP of the cat (10.0.0.2), it is basically not too big to fix IP: like the network card to which you have a local child, you can get the IP, gateway, and DNS, you can get the 0014 Linux automatic synchronization time (shunz) Vi / etc / crontab plus a sentence: 00 0 1 * * root rdate -s time.nist.gov 0015 Linux online resources What abroad http://lwn.net/ http: // Www.tldp.org/ http://www.yolinux.com/ (FLYING-DANCE BIG BIG PIG) http://www.justlinux.com/ http://www.linuxtoday.com/ http: // www. Linuxquestions.org/ http://www.fokus.gmd.de/linux/ http://www.linux-tutorial.info/ http://public.www.planetmirror.com/ http://www.freebsdforums. ORG / forums / http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/ http://www 106.ibm.com/developerWorks/linux/ domestic http://www.fanqiang.com/ http://www.linuxsir .com / http://www.chinaunix.net/ http://www.linuxfans.org/(deadcat) http://www.linuxeden.com/ http://www.linuxforum.net/ http: // Www.linuxaid.com.cn/ http://freesoft.online.sh.cn/ http://www-900.ibm.com/developerwor...nux/index.shtml http://www.neweasier.com /software.html 0016 Beijing training point http://www.mil Kyway.com.cn/ 0017 Change Telnet port / etc / services you can modify the desired port number. Restart the daemon 0018 terminal mode has a problem (Sakulagi) EXPORT TERM = VT100 0019 imitates the super terminal, what is Linux? Program connection router and switch (alstone) minicom 0020 SSH can not automatically disconnect (wind521) That is the Timetou setting, modify the TMOUT variable 0021 to do any tool to detect Snort 0022 Linux tool CChecker or Yes EFENCE Co can be allowed to monitor all the data TCPDUMP IPTRAF 0024, why is the root performing a lot of commands, and you must be a telnet, then SU, change your su command. Format, should be Su - root 0025 Close user's POP3 permissions (tiansgx) will be closed. Find this line POP-3 110 / TCP in File / etc / services to add this line to a #, you can comment out.
0026 Linux Play Flash Animation (MYXFC) LINUX Play Flash Animation With this thing, it will not cause the browser to close (other plugin is not easy to use) first download flash play animation at Linux plugin http://www.collaborium. ORG / ONSITE / J ... SH_LINUX.TAR.GZ TAR ZXVF FLASH_LINUX.TAR.GZ After opening the package, you will see the Linux folder in the Linux file, there are two files libflashplayer.so and shockwaveflash.class, The file is copied to your browser (the browser is different, the location of the plugin may be different) /usr/lib/mozilla-10.1/plugins, you can lock the WU-FTP user directory ( WANGLA) Edit FTPAccess file restrict-uid * This sentence is important to limit FTP users in their own directory. 0028 While the server does not allow Telnet (Know Qiuyi) server to start the Telnet service && server's firewall priority should be set to low 0029 to prevent anyone from using the su command to become root (xiaohu0) 1.vi /etc/pam.d/ Su Auth Sufficient /Lib/security/pam_rootok.so Debug Auth Required /Lib/security/pam_wheel.so group = WHEEL 2. In / etc / pam. D / su configuration file defined WHEEL group. ------ ------------------------------------------------- - 0001 Linux Under debug Core file GDB
Add a simple way: add / usr / local / lib to /etc/ld.so.conf, then run LDConfig ----------------------- ----- Classic Book -------------------------- 0001 GNU / Linux Advanced Network Application Service Guide LinuxAid Website Machinery Industry Press Advantages : Also complete, all are the shortcomings of actual combat: aimed at version lower: redhat 6.2 0002 Linux Apache Web Server Administration Guide Charles AULDS Machinery Press Society Advantages: At present, I haven't found a question about Apache This book did not speak Excess Disadvantages: For 1.3.x, the latest for 2.0. * Chinese version of the 0003 Linux kernel situation analysis Zhejiang University Press, the advantages: It is too penetration, no shortcomings: still version, huh, huh, kernel update is too fast However, it is still necessary to read 0004 UNIX Environment Advanced Programming Richard Stevens Machinery Press Society Advantages: Broad Sector Disadvantages: Beginners are difficult to understand, otherwise how to call "Advanced Programming"? 0005 Programming Essence - Microsoft Writing High Quality Unlike C Document Tips Steve MAGUIRE Electronic Industry Press Advantages: Do not say, the author is the shortcomings of the Group of VC Development Group: It is difficult to find, 0006 Understanding the Linux kernel of 1994 Second Edition 0007 UNIX operating system tutorial (English version) (mentally wisdom) by Syed Mansoor Sarwar ... Machinery Industry Press Features: Light and easy to understand, focusing on UNIX basic concepts and overall understanding, BCKEA. Disadvantages: There is currently no Chinese version 0008 UNIX programming environment (mentally wisdom) by brian w.kernighan, Rob Pike Characteristics: Shallow, in-depth disclosure explains how to use UNIX and various tools, briefly introduce UNIX programming environment; contrast "Unix Environment Advanced Programming", this book is suitable for newcomers. Cons: There is no English version 0009 The Art of UNIX Programming (hutuworm) Author: Eric Steven Raymond URL: http://catb.org/~esr/writings/taoup/html/ advantages: Advantages ES Raymond classics would not have said Disadvantages: I have been updated, current version 0.73, I have given you a new version, I feel very unhappy 0010 Unix network programming - volume a "socket API and X / Open Transfer interface API" (SLG1972) Tsinghua W.Richard Stevens (Soft) Detailed explanation of UNIX networks, non-entry-level, 0011 UNIX network programming - volume two "process communication" (SLG1972) Tsinghua W.Richard Stevens (Soft) Details between UNIX The relationship between the process, the relationship between threads, as well as a variety of different standard process programming. Non-entry-level things 0012 UNIX network programming - volume three "app" (SLG1972) I have not bought it so far, it should be good. 0013 "Based on C CORBA Advanced Programming" (SLG1972) Qingda Michi Henning, Steve Vinoski is a must-have for the CORBA application. Non-door-level stuff.
Q: When installing Linux, how much is the SWAP area? A: Generally, (non-large load servers), if there is 256MB or less, the SWAP area is preferably twice the memory; there is 256MB and above, the SWAP area is set to 128MB. Q: How do I access the Windows partition under Linux? A: If you access the hard disk partition under Linux, you must first use the mount command to load the partition to a directory of Linux to access. First use the "fdisk -l" command (some versions may require "FDISK -L Hard Disk Device Name" to view the hard disk partition, the operations are as follows: $ fdisk -l disk / dev / hda: 255 Heads, 63 Sectors, 4865 Cylindersunits = cylinders of 16065 * 512 BYTES Device Boot Start End Blocks ID System / Dev / HDA1 1 386 3100513 B Win95 Fat32 / Dev / HDA2 * 387 388 16065 83 Linux / DEV / HDA3 389 4865 35961502 F Win95 EXTD (LBA) / DEV / HDA5 389 399 88326 82 Linux SWAP / DEV / HDA6 400 1445 8401963 B WIN95 FAT32 / DEV / HDA7 1446 1963 4160803 B Win95 FAT32 / DEV / HDA8 1964 2491 4241128 83 Linux / DEV / HDA9 2492 3537 8401963 B Win95 FAT32 / DEV / HDA10 3538 4347 6506293 B WIN95 FAT32 / DEV / HDA11 4348 4865 4160803 83 Linux can be seen, there are 5 Windows partitions on the hard disk, named / dev / hda1, / dev / hda6, / dev / HDA7, / DEV / HDA9, / DEV / HDA10. The general usage of the mount command is as follows: Mount -T partition format partition location Location To access / dev / hda1 content, you can use the following code: $ mount -t vfat / dev / hda1 / mnt / c -t vfat Type is VFAT (Windows 95 FAT32) partition format; / dev / hda1 is loaded; / mnt / c represents a directory of the name C in Linux / mnt directory, if not, use the mkdir command to establish This catalog. If you are required to write a partition, use the following command: $ mount -rw -t vfat / dev / hda1 / mnt / c represents READ and WRITE. Q: How do I make the Chinese file name (directory name) in the Windows partition correctly displayed? A: After loading the Windows partition with the mount command, Chinese often appear as "?". This is because the libelted kernel derogates with ISO-8859 encoders to process the load on the Windows partition file (directory) name, only handling the single-byte English font and cannot display the double-byte Chinese font.
To properly display, you can load the Windows partition with the following: $ mount -t vfat -o iocharset = cp936 / dev / hda1 / mnt / c This command allows the kernel to handle the file (directory) name of the Windows partition with the CP936 encoding, thus Correctly displaying a Chinese file (directory) name. There is also a method of "one-life, eternal", that is, reconfigure the kernel, fill in the CP936 in "File Systems" - "Native Language Support" - "Default NLS Option". After recompilating the kernel, there is no need to add -O IoCharset = CP936 parameters to display correctly. Q: Why use the -RW parameter to load the Windows partition, only root users can read and write, ordinary users can only read, can not write? A: Directly use the Mount -RW loaded Windows partition, all files are only read permissions for ordinary users without writing permissions (but root users have write permissions). To make ordinary users can also read and write, add umask = 000 parameters in the mount command, the code is as follows: $ mount -rw -t vfat -o umask = 000, IoCharset = CP936 / DEV / HDA1 / MNT / C Questions : How to automatically enter the graphical interface when Linux starts? A: Edit / etc / inittab file, find the following line code: ID: 3: INitDefault: It defines the INIT action level after Linux enters the system, with the following 6 levels: level 0, hang, shutdown mode; Level 1 , Single user mode; level 2, multi-user mode, but no network function; level 3, full-feature single user mode; level 4, no use; level 5, x11 mode, the graphical interface mode; Level 6, Ratse mode. Obviously, to automatically enter the graphical interface, change 3 to 5. Pay attention to not set to 0 or 6, otherwise Linux will automatically shut down or automatically after booting. Q: How do you make normal users can use sound cards? A: The application uses the sound card by default by accessing / dev / dsp. In some versions, the permissions for / dev / dsp devices are set to only the root user can access (read). To allow normal users to use / dev / dsp, do the following command: $ chmod 666 / dev / dsp Q: How to make XMMS play a list of Chinese songs when playing MP3? A: XMMS default fonts are ISO-8859 encoding and cannot handle double-by-one font. Take XMMS 1.2.7 as an example, to display Chinese correctly, you can do the following: Run XMMS, click Right click in the main window; select "Options" - "Function Set" in the pop-up menu; Fontssets "and" Use x font "option; then click the" Browse "button, select a Chinese font (such as fangsong ti) in the pop-up" Halft Selection "window; click" Apply "to see the effect.
Q: How to edit and save files with VI? A: VI is the editor commonly used under the Linux terminal or under the console, the basic operation mode is: VI / path / file name, for example, Vi / etc / fstab represents the contents of the display / etc / fstab file. Using the Page Up and Page Down keys on the keyboard to top and down; press the INSERT key, you can see the word "insert" in the lower left corner of the window, indicating that the current is inserted, and the content entered from the keyboard will be inserted into the cursor. Location; Press the INSERT button again, the lower left corner will have a "replace" word, indicating that the currently replaced editing state, then the content input from the keyboard will replace the content of the cursor position. After editing the content, press the ESC button and enter ": wq", then enter the return to save. If you don't want to save and directly exit, press the ESC button, enter ": Q!", Then enter the car. "Wq" means WRITE and Quit, that is, save exit; "Q!" Means ignoring the revision forcibly exiting. Q: After reloading Windows, the LILO boot menu is gone, can't enter the Linux system when starting, how to recover? A: If you have a startup floppy disk during the installation of Linux, you can use it to start entering the Linux system, and then execute the LILO command to recover. If there is no start disk, you can use the Linux installation CD to recover by following it. 1. The root partition and / boot partition is the same partition, start the computer with the Linux distribution CD, see the installation welcome screen, press Alt 2, turn to the console ("Bash #" words); then execute the following command: $ MKDIR / MNT / ROOT # Establishing Directory $ mount / dev / hda * / mnt / root # hda * is the original Linux root partition, sometimes use -t parameter to specify partition type $ chroot / mnt / root # will / mnt / Temp Directory is converted to root directory. If this step is successful, "Bash-2.0.5 #" is displayed, then the following command is executed: $ cd / sbin $.. If you want to reset the LILO installation location, you need to modify /etc/lilo.conf first $ EXIT $ umount / mnt / root # must perform Umount, otherwise the disk is easy to go wrong. Finally, the computer can be restarted. 2. If / boot is a separate partition, some files under / boot will also be rewritten due to rewrite the boot manager, so you need to hang the / boot to the correct location. Start your computer with the Linux distribution CD, see the installation screen, press Alt 2, go to the console, execute the following command: $ mkdir / mnt / root / dev / hda * / mnt / root $ mount / dev / hdax / mnt / root / boot #HDAX is the original / boot partition, such as / dev / hda2 $ chroot / mnt / root # turn the / mnt / temp directory to root directory. If this is successful, the "Bash-2.0.5 #" word will be displayed, then do the following command: $ cd / sbin $ ./1, if you want to reset the LILO installation location, you must first modify / etc / lilo first. CONF $ EXIT $ umount / mnt / root / boot $ umount / mnt / root Last recycling computer.
2003.07.031. My system is KDE, root user, always sometimes failing when you lock the screen. When you lock the failure, there is always a kdesktop_lock process to zombie, kill it, you can lock it. The reason is that after I run VMware in full screen, ScreenSaver is activated, but I can't run, I will be touched. So, I remove the automatic running screensaver option, everything is OK.
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