Summary: It is important to discuss the discussion of clones. As far as "do not clon people", the academic community in the domestic and foreign countries have the dispute between factions and opposition. This article made its own analysis and comment on the problems of this debate, current situation and future prospects. Keywords: cloning technology clone
At the beginning of 1997, a sensational world technology - cloning technology, accompanied by a scottish sheep - Dolly birth, especially in human science and technology, ethics and sociology, a "bio-atomic bomb ". There is no shortage of singing songs for "Dolly", but more people show concerns and fear, and believe that cloning technology is used to produce "clone", the world will face the top of the disaster. To this end, US President Clinton issued an order, prohibiting the use of government funds for cloning technology to the human body, and calls on all the United States, the Foundation, the University and other private institutions to resist such research, China, Germany, Japan, France, etc. The state has also published similar statements, prohibiting cloning technology for human beings themselves. Many scholars wrote to discuss the development direction of cloning technology, refuse and stop cloning technology for human research, and eliminate the negative effects of cloning technology as much as possible. And call upon human beings to work together to prevent cloning technology to prevent cloning technologies under the control of human science and ethics. However, there is sufficient power to stop the birth of "clone"? This technology with "biological revolution" will open how a "Pandora's Cape Box"? At present, there are different attitudes in the two cloning technologies, scientific community and ethics communities in the treatment cloning and reproductive cloning: for cloning the body organ, for medical research and solving organ transplantation donor is the main purpose of therapeutic cloning technology, Who also refused the treatment of tremendous temptation in the production of transplant organs and overcome diseases, and people generally understand and support. But for reproductive clones, it is "clone", because worrying about the impact of existing human ethics, scientists, ethics and governments and relevant international organizations clearly expressed their opposition. my country's governments have also clearly expressed their experiments from cloning people in many national governments in the world. It is understood that the four major problems faced by clones: 1 Cloning people are contrary to the existing ethical system; 2 clone is not conducive to human evolution; 3 clone skills may become a tool of terrorists; 4 cloning success rate It is very low, there may be a lot of abnormal people.
For the main problems faced by the cloning people, the author has some individual views. 1 Is there a technological advancement truly beneficial to humans, the key is how human beings treat and apply it, but can't waste it because it is temporarily unreasonable. Historical blood transfusion technology, organ transplantation, etc. have brought great ethical arguments. When the first test tube baby was born in 1978, he set off an uproar, but now there is a 300,000 trial baby in the world. The ethical law should be developed with the development of scientific and technological, and should not be the embarrassment of science and technology development. Judging whether a legal or ethics is reasonable, it is to see if there is any benefit of human beings. In a historical period, a national nation has different ethics. For example, in an ancient Roman period, people think that their children are their own private items, which have absolute dominance, and the Romans can throw their own limbs or intellectual disabilities into the urban garbage pile. Let it die. This kind of behavior is in today's people seem to have a cruel, there is a violation of Rice, is a violation of human rights, and in many countries, this behavior is illegal. For another example, when Spanish aggressors saw Maya's living sacred sacred sacred sacred sacred nation, almost all historical documents were torched. Therefore, we can't move someone else's ethics. The rapid development of science and technology has changed people's lifestyle, raising everyone's quality of life, which will change human ethics. Cloning will have a certain impact on existing social relationships and home structures, but don't be afraid of human asexual relationships to mess with traditional people. Cloning has no parents in the biological sense, but there can be a sociological sense (raise) parents, or there can be "gene ancestors" or "agent mother" in biological sense. At the same time, there is still a certain physiological link between the clone and the mother: the implication of oocytes is the procedure of its cytoplasm in re-introducing nucleus and the intracellular orcharper - mainly mitochondria - supply to future organisms effect. Of course, one thing we must recognize that the correct development of science is inseparable from the value evaluation of ethics. From the surface, science is more concerned about the transformation of realistic applications, providing more convenient tools and means for humans, more reflecting the characteristics of tool rationality, is a factual judgment; ethics is to evaluate people's actions The framework, the result of behavioral evaluation can be considered that a action should be taken or should not be taken, more reflected in value rational, is a value judgment. Science and ethics Due to the local nature, evaluation criteria, the speed of change, often produce mutual contradictory phenomenon. This is uncommon in history and reality. The problem discussed herein is one of the sides. After the "Dolly" of Cloning Sheep, some people disclosed that any power also stopped science victory, they believed: "Ethics may might set some obstacles on the road of science, but ethics is not scientific opponents." It is also optimistic that "no matter how difficult ethical issues are put forward, ethics will always adapt, as long as they support scientific development, they don't have to take care of ethics." " "If there is also a miraculous declaration, it is more obvious that the negative effects in science and technology are more obvious, but they completely ignore this fact: the correct development of science is inseparable from ethics, If the value of human life, dignity is not opened, and ethics can be corrected for scientific development. The development of science and ethics must maintain moderate tension. We emphasize ethics to scientific and guidance of science and technology, which is never said that ethics can not change, do not develop this technology. However, it is indispensable that science and ethics keep the necessary tension. For example, this consensus now has reached such consensus. The human genome must take out three% to 7% of funds, ethics, etc., and the ethical sensitive topics must be ethically pre-trial. The results must be ethical review to ensure not Harm human. For cloning problems, we cannot conclusions simply from scientific perspectives, and must also explore whether cloning should be ethical. 2 At present, some people believe that the use of cloning technology breeders is a superior intervention in human development as one of natural species, which affects human nature and natural development of humans. In fact, it is a human society that is hindering about the natural evolution of human beings.
Since the formation of human society, humans have gradually got rid of the natural impact, and the vulnerable groups in society have been protected, such as sexual limbs or mental illnesses or some serious congenital genetic diseases have certain status due to their own The care of relatives and friends can continue to survive, and even reproduce, such people should be eliminated under natural conditions, and the results of the human society have to be circulated by the role of human society. For example, the famous bloody disease is a typical example. Because the disease is often a member of the royal family, it is a deadly disease for ordinary people, but because the privileges have special care for the privileges in society. Continue to grow and breed. Then, with the development of science and technology, human living conditions are gradually improved, especially medical technology has been greatly improved, and in the past, he is a deadly genetic disease in the natural environment, and the survival of patients cannot constitute a threat. Therefore, human genetic composition is unable to evolve under existing social conditions. A scientist has said that humanity spends 3 million years from the importance to the present, but if the evolutionary speed of human beings, the human and presents of "if human beings can exist in such a long time) There is little difference in people. However, the emergence of cloning technology has seen the dawn on its own evolution road. In the past, screening forward variations were only achieved by natural competition. Once there was a cloning technology, it can be used to promote humanity to more favorable direction. This seems to be the only way to evolution is also a quick way. Some people say that human evolution is carried out in natural evolution, always cloning the same genome, because it is impossible to change their own genes with natural evolution, will lack the living capacity of nature. However, the facts are exactly the opposite, and cloning technology can help us save and collect more human genes compared to natural way, including those that have died of life individuals. Moreover, if the human beings have the ability to change the genes, how can there be a lack of living capacity of natural living capacity? It is also said that the clone is returned from advanced researcies to low-rapid reproduction, which is obviously contrary to the evolution of organisms, and will read people's dignity. I think that sexual breeding and invincible breeding are not the dignity of people. People are different from animals and plants in that people can grasp their destiny, understand and transform themselves, and develop cloning technology is so significant. Put humanity is committed to improving their own exploration. The dignity of a loss is not rare. The human anatomy is an example. Can anyone will condemn the body anatomy? From the technical say, clone is far more than ordinary people It's rare, it condenses more human emotions and wisdom, how can we have dignity? 3 As for some terrorists to use cloning technologies to clon a threat to the world peace (such as Hitler), this is completely unnecessary, which may only appear in science fiction. Cloners will make clones from parents to be extremely similar, but the clone is not 100% replication, and it is only a biological person or a natural person. Due to the huge differences between the times, the environment, culture, and personal experience, it is impossible to make the cloning people with the same thinking as the donor, and become a complete replica, it is impossible. 4 of course, now there is still technical problems even if it is to clon people. We know that Dolly sheep has from a somatic cell of a 6-year-old mother, from genetics, cells per split, the length of the chromosome (telomeral structure) will be shortened. After 40 ~ 50 splits, the chromosome shorten to a certain length, and the cells die. There is an enzyme in the reproductive cells, and this enzyme synthesis is in a dyeing body, so it will not be shortened and can be constantly divided. There is no activity of such enzymes in somatic cells, so it is shortened once, and the life of the general sheep is in 10 years old. Dolly sheep is a cell from the 6-year-old mother, so it is already a life. Is it 6 years old? Results The study showed that Dolly sheep had a premature disappointment (more than 2 0% from the ordinary sheep of the same age) and the resistance is more than the general sheep.
According to the current technological, the success rate of cloning people may be lower than the success rate of "Dolly" (43 4: 1), which will produce a lot of abnormal people, such as freaks, deformed people, disabled people and People with serious defects. This is not banned to make people more suspected of the feasibility of cloning people. However, we should look at the problem with the development of the eye. In the beginning of the development of cloning skills, the success rate of clone people did not high, and even cloned out of normal, but with the maturity, success rate of cloning technology. Gradually improve. Of course, it is more than 100%. If the success rate of cloning people reaches 100%, it is not reasonable, and the success rate of naturally breeding is only 40% to 50%. Should I develop clone technology? This is still a unresolved issue in the eyes. In a new technique, new things may have a bad blessing that may bring in humans, suspending the development and implementation of its development and implementation, so the Chinese government March 9, 1997, continues to the World Health Organization And after Europe and the United States, it is also understandable that the decision to "prohibit the development of clones in China" is also understandable. However, the discussion of cloning problems in theory should neither ban or suspend. Because the government's ultimate attitude or policy of cloning technology can only be based on comprehensive clear understanding and the theory of full conviction, and this understanding and theory can only be obtained through rigorous, in-depth academic discussions. Although we are unlikely to reach a consensus (even basic consensus) in the short term, if there is no academic discussion, there will never reach a consensus. It should be acknowledged that the problem of high-reality is different from pure academic issues. For the latter, there is no consensus to promote the development of learning, and there will be no obvious impact on the real society, such as "What is life?" "What is philosophic?" And other problems. The sooner belongs to the better, the better the basic consensus. In today's era, in today's "Science and Technology is the first productive", high-tech often contains huge business and profits of global market economy society. If cloning technology is a high-tech of development, then It should be done as soon as possible, so unlimited, behind others; if it is the technology that should not develop, it should also clear the truth that should not develop it as soon as possible, and no longer entanglement and energy. In fact, the US government did not block all the way to study the cloning people, it just ban the federal government funded funded human body cloning test projects, and from morally requiring scientists to actively suspend human cloning test. That is to say, if there is a business or individual who is not listening to morality, it is still willing to invest this, and the clone test can still be carried out. From the United States to the above statement, time has been more than two years, but we did not see a more severe prohibition measures. In this attitude, there is no "strategic conspiracy" that is hidden by the competition of the country, we can't think about it. 2 0 0 0 April came in April: The first clone may have been born in the United States. The UK born in Duli Sheep, for the consideration of science and technology competition and huge medical value, its House has adopted a bill that allows cloning human embryos at the end of 2000. Some of the countries and individuals have gradually recognized that cloning activities are correct and should be in some cases. At the same time, people also feel that people who advocate this activities have not fully proved that the clones they call are not only harmful and moral. For example, a working group established by the World Health Organization (WHO) pointed out in a report published in May, and most of the objections of clone problems are from the "public fear and ignorance." The resulting scientific fantasy description. "The report pointed out that this has prompted legislators and other policy makers for" moral panic "rather than well-thought-up. The debate about cloning problems involves many questions that need to be discussed in detail, but the international prohibition of cloning activities is "unbroken and anti-productive forces". The report also added that prohibition or suspension is "very hugger", because rushing prohibits may result in losing practical and potential benefits. Davidia, Executive Secretary-General, Executive Secretary of the Bigenic Committee of the British Naffield, pointed out that many major German technical disorders were overcome before they can eventually be authorized by the Safety German. He expects that any cloning requirements will be relatively small and may be strictly controlled. From the perspective of ethics, cloning technology and many of the birth form of medical support have been received by the public have nothing great.
John Roberts, Professor of the University of Texas, was held in the UNESCO in the UNESCO, indicating that the Bio Ethics International Conference was held in the UNESCO, and the people who started to confuse the emotions, which may be infertile. Couples and others will benefit. He also added that people now realize that the cloning of the previous decision is too vague and speculated, so it is not possible to prove that all possible cloning and cloning research should be prohibited. In fact, the widespread political opposition of cloning has attracted the attention of many scientists and biological ethicsists. WHO's human reproduction research plans, Guizopbina Jiano said: "Thinking well-matious discussions are becoming a feeling of feelings and political victims." He also pointed out: "The president or Prime Minister stands out to say that the clone must be banned, so everyone must Applause, he also got more votes, but their arguments were meaningless. "In view of this, my country is not indifferent, and my country's theoretical community must continue to deepen and accelerate research on cloning problems to the government's final decision-making Provide a basis. There are still many light discussions on the issue of cloning, and I don't want to determine the correct or not, I may only wait until the cloning people really fall in a world to formulate corresponding policies to solve them. Reference: [1] Han Dongping Reflection on Cloning Problem Discussion Wuhan University of Science and Technology Journal of Wuhan University of Science and Technology 2001 Volume 3 No. 4 [2] Huang Yugu Jin Ni Yan Xu Ruxiang rationally treats Cloning Medical and Society 2002 No. 15 Volume 3 [3] Dou Lichun, "Come" and "Be" ethical thinking, Southeast University, Southeast University, November 2001, Volume 3, No. 4A [4] Cheng Zhilian Li Hui Jin Xiaoxiang Peng Chengxiu Clong's ethics Reflection Wuhan University of Science and Technology During the December 3, Issue 4 [5] Zhang Huixing translation Li Yi school Clonemal Mammal ... Cloning Foreign Technology Dynamics 1997.4
