Hi! Let's take a look at a very critical computer software called "operating system" (名 名 解: P). GNU / Linux is an operating system, if you don't know how it is a system, you can refer to
http://www.kernel.org/.
Content change
I have written a lot of this regard because many people don't understand Linux. But now it looks a little more, and people around me use Linux, everyone is doing their own business. If you talk to people, Linux is how good, it is a bit like talking about cycling than walking with people, then teach you how to ride a bicycle. Is it a little roso and a shallow? Ha ha.
If you already feel that Linux is very good, these emphasizes the content of Linux benefits. You can directly browse the following application introduction, maybe help you.
If you still live in a society full of free software, you want to firmly use Linux's determination, then look at the history content. This page does make many people experience Linux benefits. Good things only give it an introduction. I hope you have come to the modern society. Hoho!
Introduction to Linux Application
Now I tell you how to handle a lot with Linux.
I used to have a bi-system because Chinese always configured, it has always been a dual system. From time to time you need to restart Win2K to process Chinese characters. Later I found MINICHINPUT, XSIM, FCITX and SCIM input method. I can deal with Chinese characters this, I like FCITX. And Vim and Emacs support Chinese characters better and better. Most of my text is edited by Vim, including programs, letters, web, latex paper, metapost graphics.
I don't have to write the paper like this, but use LaTex because it is the best, most convenient papers in the world, is the format of most academic magazines. The slides are made with context, which is very simple, and the effect is very beautiful. You can look at my tex introduction.
As for the drawing, you can use a lot of visual tools such as Xfig, DIA. But for me, any visualized tool cannot complete some tasks, I need a language that can accurately describe graphics. I found Metapost. It is simple and easy, and the effect is first-class, and the generated EPS can be randomly zoom. My illustration, if not an image, is Metapost painted. Of course, if I need a flowchart in the future, I will use the sides of DIA.
I once complained that Mozilla-Mail often suddenly disappeared, damaging the letters that I have to complete. Later I found that Mozilla's mail handler is indeed unstable, the function is weak, and the experienced UNIX users do not have such a program. MUTT is a very stable and reliable UNIX mail handler and is very powerful.
I worked for GNOME and KDE instability. Now I found very powerful FVWM and Sawfish. KDE, GNOME can also work with FVWM, Sawfish. Although GNOME and KDE are not very stable now, some part programs are not bad, such as gnome-panel I have used. Many gtk, QT procedures are also very good, many of them can run independently of these desktop environment.
I used to use the pirated Mathematica, and later I found free Maxima. After a period of familiarity, I found that Maxima is more striking, more convenient, more natural, which is more suitable for processing mathematical problems than Mathematica. And Maxima itself can be expanded in Lisp language, which is very good.
Processing a Linux program for daily transactions and their configurations listed some of the Linux programs I often use. There may be a lot in a list, that is to make you choose, I list more trusted. But in fact, there are many only one that I am really useful, because I don't like a trial program.
I suggest some simple usage, usually in a word.
Shell: bash. It combines the advantages of CSH and KSH, and has a Readline feature, you can bind your keyboard at will, using Emacs or VI's way to help you enter the command line. Info Bash can get a very detailed Bash manual, for efficient use of Bash, you'd better look at this. You can write a .bashrc in this note, you can also write a .INPUTRC to configure the Readline library, so that other programs that use Readline can also use the same method to enter, very good.
You can see a Readline introduction I wrote.
Editor: Emacs, Vim.
Emacs is a very powerful editor, which is the strongest in the world. It has the ability to make it forever. So I will of course recommend that people with the ability to use Emacs.
Vim is the improvement of VI, it is recommended to be familiar with Vim because many other programs such as Tin, MUTT, Firebird BBS use similar VIM key binding, Vim's key to help regular expressions, such as "^" and "$" ". On the UNIX machine, sometimes you are forced to use vi, and vi is modal. If you are familiar with the editor of Windows, it is difficult to accept Vim's working mode, so you need to adapt.
Program development: GCC, Make, LD, Scheme48, GCl, J2SDK, Perl, Python, TCL / TK ... This configuration is nothing to say, let's take a look at the documentation.
Documentation Tools: LaTex, Context, Texmacs. Latex can be used to write a paper or simple slide, and Context can make a very beautiful screen document.
Texmacs can be very comfortable, the edited documentation of WySIWYG, it is better than Word, WordPro, WPS, LYX, is Wysiwyg, it is true Wysiwyg, very beautiful. And it can be configured with Guile / Scheme.
Drawing Tools: MetaPost. This language is too strong, so I only use it. If you are not familiar, you can use Xfig, Dia to draw pictures and other pictures. XGRAPH can draw simple data graphs. Grace, and GNUPLOT, you can draw complex diverse data graphics, fitted curve, histogram, and pie charts. Here is a grab map of grace.
Image Processing: Import programs in ImageMagicks can screen, the Convert program can convert the image format, Display can display pictures and simple editing (zoom, changing quality, transfer format, simple drawing, simplified). Usually I need this. If you want more powerful image tools, you can use GIMP, it's almost almost similar to Photoshop. I'm trying to use it, CONVERT knows how to use it, and Display shows the picture and click the mouse on the picture. It is very simple, not to say.
Image Display Browse: gthumb, compUpic. Where gthumb is a complete free software, browsing pictures very stable and convenient. CompuPIC performance is very good, the speed is 3 times faster than ACDSee! Automatic management tool: make. I can use Make to block compiler, automatic compilation document, automatically update the illustration ... Fully automatic, and will not let the machine repeat labor. Look at Info Make, it is a very detailed manager to write Makefile documents, which is better than any other book.
Numerical calculation program: Octave. This program can basically implement all of the numerical calculation functions of MATLAB, and the syntax is the same as MATLAB.
Algebra Calculation Program: Maxima. This program is based on one of the oldest computer algebra systems in the world: MACSYMA system. It is implemented with Common Lisp. Many current symbol computing programs such as MAPLE learn a lot from Maxima.
I wrote a simple introduction to Maxima. Through this introduction, you will find Maxima's glorious history, experience the importance of free software. Maxima is now issued with GPL, which is always a free software.
The Linux version of Mathematica or MAPLE is also very good, although your point.
Encrypted program: gnupg. My PGP key is it. But tell the truth, I have never used it where it is.
Pack, compress the program. Everything: tar, gzip, bzip2, zip, rar, ... For TAR usually you only need to know 3 parameters: zxf (unpacking), ZCF (package), ZTF (what is the file in the package). There are not many other words.
Virtual optical drive program. Linux does not require a virtual optical drive program, you have to look at the content of an ISO file, and you will go directly. For example, mount -o loop mycd.iso / mnt / cdrom. To make a disc, you can use DD, such as if your CD-ROM is / dev / hdb, then: DD if = / dev / hdb of = mycd.iso can make a disc image file called Mycd.iso .
FTP server: Proftpd, VSFTPD. Proftpd is very strong, but I only use the simplest setting.
WWW server: apache. I have set up Apache, but I found that it is useless to me, because my machine will not have been driving waiting for others to visit. So although it is set, it is idle.
If you don't have special needs in this area, such as setting up a web server for the laboratory, Apache, PHP, CGI ... These things are still not touching, they will spend a lot of time.
FTP client: LFTP, NCFTP. They are all working, but they are more convenient than the graphical interface. For example, LFTP almost all of the convenient features of Bash, Tab complements, Bookmark, Queue, background download, mirror ... Linux also has a graphical interface FTP client, but most of the unstable, there are many problems. This is a small reason for many people complaining that Linux is not as good as Windows. There are still many people to simulate Windows LeAPFTP in Wine, in fact, LFTP is much better than LeaPFTP, and you need it. It works very much like Bash, so I suggest you get familiar with BASH.
LFTP default does not display the welcome information and error message of the FTP server, which is not convenient for many times, because you may want to know that this server is because it is not booted, or the number of connections is full. If so, you can write a line of debug 3 in ~ / .lftprc
You can see the error message.
Automatic download tool: wget. It is very stable, once I downloaded a program, using the files downloaded with IE and Mozilla to download back, and finally WGET reliably transmits data. With it, it can even mirror the entire website, compared to Webzip's Windows program, and will not insert an advertisement in the downloaded webpage because you don't pay. Info Wget can get a complete instructions.
Here is a command to download my entire page with WGET:
wget -r -p -np -k
Http://learn.tsinghua.edu.cn/homepage/015450/index.html
Virtual terminal: RXVT Screen. I launched a Screen in RXVT, which can use a terminal as a few to use, and can connect to the virtual terminals on console and x, remote and local machines! C-a? Can be helpful. Pay attention to its Detach function, it's too useful!
X Server: Xfree86. If you don't understand XWindow, you can look at this understanding XWindow.
Window Manager: FVWM, Sawfish. FVWM compilation is best to join libstroke. See my FVWM page for details. I have recently changed Sawfish, please see here.
Chinese input: fcitx. It supports pinyin, double spell, five and two inputs. It is extremely convenient to install, not relying on any special library. Also recommend that you can also use XSIM, Scim.
Email Process: MUTT Sendmail (Postfix) Fetchmail. See my MUTT web page. You can also use GNUS to send and receive emails.
Look at PDF, PS, DJVU file: Acrobat Reader, XPDF, GHOSTScript, GV, DJVU Toolkit, and Netscape plugins. They are all available for free.
Look at Caj, Surround Document. Cajviewer seems to have no Linux version, don't know why. If you can't find PDF, PS or DJVU, go directly to the library to read the eyes and hurt your eyes.
See page: Phoenix, Mozilla, Lynx. Mozilla and Phoenix's XFT display effect is much better than IE. I can see my screen graphic. Phoenix is much easier than IE and Mozilla. Take a look at my phoenix graphic.
English-Chinese Dictionary: DICTD, WordNet, IBM Smart Dictionary, Star Translation King. Dictd is a dictionary server, you can download a server and a lot of speakers to Dict.org. Including Webster 1913, WordNet, Cide, Foldoc, ... I also installed the British and France, French Dictionary, and even devil Dictionary: P
My Emacs can use a extension connection dictionary server called Dictionary, I can use the mouse button to query the word, see this graphic. I can also use the screen to touch the word function to see this graphic.
WordNet is a strange dictionary. You can take a look at this introduction.
Edit the page: I write HTML directly with Emacs or Vim. This is very convenient. You can see it from the graphical figure. If you want a graphical way, you can use other things such as WebSphere, Screem, Bluefish, which can construct more complex web pages. Log in to other UNIX, Linux machines: OpenSSH, Telnet. I like to use OpenSSH to transfer other machine X programs through the SSH encrypted tunnel to my machine.
DISPLAY service: rdesktop, logged in to Windows2000 Server, ... I have tried it a day, not bad. I have never used it later.
Synchronization program: rsync. I use RSYNC to synchronize data with some machines through SSH, or make synchronization between different directories on their own machines.
BBS: RXVT (or any terminal) Telnet Chatbot (Helloooo robot program)
QQ, ICQ, MSN Messenger: I don't have QQ, ICQ or MSN. However, you can use Gaim, it supports QQ, ICQ, MSN, AIM, and many other instant communication methods. ICQ users can also use LICQ. Emacs also have ICQ, MSN and AIM plugins, don't know if there is no QQ now.
Live: MPlayer, RealPlayer. MPLAYER is too good, you can put VCD, DVD, Divx, WMA, WMV ... RM is best placed with realplayer, it is also free.
Music: XMMS (MP3, OGG), MPG321 (placed MP3), OGG123 (placed OGG). MPG321 is not as convenient as XMMS management music files, but sometimes I still use MPG321 to put MP3 as a background music, because it is too lazy to open an XMMS window.
Game: I haven't played a video game for a long time. But I think Ksokoban (push box) of KDE is very fun. Large games such as Quake also have Linux versions.
See Word documents or PPT. Simply use wvware to turn it into html.
Wvware can be
Http://www.wvware.com/ is free.
wvhtml - Charset = GB2312 Your.doc Your.html
You can turn your DOC to HTML. After testing, it can properly handle Chinese characters and pictures.
You can let Mutt call WVHTML directly display the converted DOC documentation directly in its own window. Join only in ~ / .mailcap file:
Application / MSWORD; wvhtml - Charset = GB2312% s - | lynx --dump -stdin;
NameTemplate =% s.html; Copiousoutput
Add in ~ / .muttrc:
Auto_View Text / HTML Application / Msword
word processing. If you really want to use a word handler, use OOWriter in OpenOffice.
Use Spreadsheet. I rarely use Spreadsheet, but OpenOffice's Oocalc should meet your requirements. Look at Oocalc Open an explrat of an Excel document.
Editing complex slides. You can use OpenOffice's Impress, which can correctly edit and display a lot of other slideshow formats in PPT. You can make a lot of complex animation effects, and the projection display effect is also very good. See that this graphic is OpenOffice to open a PPT document of someone else.
Other professional tools
I am a computer professional, so the procedures I introduced are close to computers and mathematics. There are a lot of people asking me about geographic information systems, statistical analysis, chemical simulations under Linux .... I really don't understand those things. But you can tell you that most of the world's scientists use Linux, or other Unix, most of the procedures for academic research have Linux versions, and most of them can be free. Ask your professional predecessors, you know which programs you can use.
Understand GNU / Linux
"Unix is simple, you don't need to become a genius, you can understand this simple."
Because the word GNU / Linux is too long, if there is no particular indication, "Linux" refers to "GNU / Linux".
In this era, I am afraid that no one needs me to introduce Linux? If you think "Linux is just something that is almost with DOS", then you are afraid that I haven't seen the day in the cave for a long time? What is the seat of Linux next to you, what is LinUX?
Then why do I have to write a such article? Because, many people don't understand Linux and UNIX, although they are also using it, but they sometimes ask: "Why can't Linux can't ...?", "How to redhat Linux can't Mount NTFS partition!" "What is the hard drive in Linux?", "When OpenOffice can be fully compatible with the Word file?", "Now there is any Windows to do things Linux can't do it?" ... they have 40G hard drive, but only for Linux allocated 2G space, sometimes complained "How much this thing is so much
hard disk! "It seems that Windows should take advantage of most of the hard drives. They put important data in Windows partitions, seem to be linux. They always look for novel, good-looking GUI programs, all of them. They are disdainful to Drag & Drop. , Menu configuration, automatic upgrade is very interested. If they find a Linux program that is very like a Windows program, they will be very happy to say: "Haha! Linux can also ...! "If Linux is better than Windows in some test, they will be happy to jump. They have no way to use Linux to solve the problem, even use Wine to run the Windows program. Sometimes there is no way, but you have to focus on Windows, or simply Save trouble, put a VMware virtual a Linux play in Windows.
You support Linux, you like Linux, you can feel happiness from it, this is very good. You only need to understand now: Linux has never been a toy, it is the descendant of genius UNIX. UNIX is the greatest invention since the inventions of the transistors. It starts from the birth of the weather than Windows. Linux does not need to catch up with WIND
OWS, there is no need to smash Microsoft, and its ultimate goal is to change the entire computer world, and people will also be free, giving people fun and convenience. Many of the other Unix have been lost under Linux feet, let alone Windows!
If you have the above situation, your thoughts have been influenced and misleading of some subtlety of Windows. You have not been able to understand UNIX thinking from this inherently. Unix designer Dennis Ritchie said: "Unix is Simple. It Just Takes A Genius to Understand ITS SIMPLICITY." But I don't think so, because I am not a genius, but I am bravely delete Windows, after half a year, I I realized the ideological and benefits of UNIX. Because I believe this belief: "Windows can do Linux can do it, and it is better." The short of this section should be modified: "Unix is simple, but in this revolution of Windows error concept The world, you need faith and courage to understand its simple! "I will tell you something I understand.
Microsoft's status
Microsoft's reputation in Europe and the United States, especially in the computer system, everyone may have earned. I know MIT, STANFORD professors, experts from Bell Labs, and even high school computer teachers in European small countries do not mention Microsoft's name. In their eyes, Microsoft is just a unusual technology, which is dedicated to behind the country.
Small companies promoting and monopolizing business. This "small" is not to say that it is less, and there is less money, but it is less advanced technology.
I wrote an algorithm demonstration program for the last and Wang Yi, the algorithm is a natural invention of a scientist Steven Fortune, in order to be used by most people around us, and we chose VC MFC as a platform. I also got a very enthusiastic encouragement of Fortune when I analyze the algorithm, send me a copy, I have repeatedly reply patience.
I explained a lot of details. But after the program was completed, I sent the sample to Fortune. He reply said: "Sorry. I don't have MFC on the machine." Said that it is very polite, but I have felt that he disdain for Windows. Then I sent it to him in the MFC static compile process, and he didn't reply again. He is obviously not looking down on me, but there is really difficult.
Can you feel this scientist is what attitude towards Microsoft and Windows? Not a dislike, but his heart has no Windows at all! Microsoft has no development in high-tech fields, then how do it survive? Going to developing countries to develop, their people have not known to the computer, I can even get into the computer system
What about it. I sent them software, I donated money to cover the building, I found the Tuling Award winner to speech!
Ok, now the national university includes Tsinghua, almost everyone's machine must install the pirated win2000, office XP, school selection system is not correct to browse, the paper uses Word editing, demonstration with PPT, even 863 projects use VC Write programs . I have seen a newspaper for a long time, "Why did Microsoft not severely fight piracy?"
The article says that Microsoft does not fight China's piracy, and there is a trend of letting go. Put the long line to hang the big fish, "I will pay more than you!" It's so, it's a purpose.
China Computer Education under Windows
If you say the words, Bill Gates has been my idols a long time ... // blush
In China, Bill Gates was made as sacred, "juvenile computer genius", and even some people mentioned his name to make "boxing to the sky" posture. Many people talk about Microsoft's "new technology", "high-tech" is eyebrow dance.
A variety of books such as "VC Programming Bible", "In-depth understanding of Visual C ", will have a very meat word in the beginning, "in the chaotic of the group, a open place, Windows 1.0, born ... "Microsoft's software is used by so many people, then how people use these pirated procedures? First look at the computer training class, you have some DOS commands, typing, windows basic operation, Word document processing, PowerPoint, advanced class may have Excel, Access ... Participate in a variety of Microsoft certification exams, McSe, MSDE people are not Absolutely, the examination counseling class has been posted on the words "280 yuan." The test information is more expensive. Some computer bookstores are all "Microsoft Press". I have a classmate to participate in the certification exam, and each exam is more than 200 yuan, and you have a test, but also pay it again. He later said to me, see me, spend XXXX (a four-digit) yuan to test Microsoft certification, get a certificate of Bill Gates and a certificate of 6,000 yuan in Windows XP internal release. "The computer is working from the doll", let's take a look at what the dolls are learning. After most parents bought a computer, they first installed a pirated Windows, and then bought the pirated game to start playing. If a child will use the Delphi program, it is not. According to the newspaper reporter, the TV station is reported to report, saying that the beginning of a certain school
Memourien, I have written programs in the "primary phase" in other people who are still playing computer games. The lens also aims at the Bill Gates avatar in his display box!
I just entered the University of the University, I don't know what is an operating system because I used to use "China Learning Machine". It is "Windows 95", "VC", "VC", seeing the new enrollment, "VC" ... I simply fell behind for decades, the whole of the past, I can't answer them at all. It's hard to find a more familiarity.
I have learned: "What is the suffer 95 that is talking about every day?" A: "Win95 is an operating system, it is a class with DOS." "What is the death?" "You don't even know what it is. Mixed in the computer. "The school is of course not talking about the VC programming, but the teacher at Pascal has said:" Hey, our school is really backward. Now others use C, C , even VC, we Still talking about pascal. I don't know when I can have a VC class. You go out and use VC, I have to learn. "Some students have a very heavy" Windows Programming Daquan ". I didn't listen to the class at all. When I was eating, I said that I have a word. "The optimization of the code is endless", "Hungarian naming method is a great invention" ... this is the computer system of many Chinese colleges.
Feeling ignorance? This is not accidental, but a wishful abacus for a long time. It is necessary to let the ignorant of ignorance as sacred, it is necessary to support Unix, Xwindow, once said Unix is good, Xwindow is good, it is said to be surrounded by a group of people: "This windows can do", " You have a prejudice for Windows "," Microsoft is the mainstream "," Do you dare to look down from Win2K? "," Net is the world's trend "," Microsoft is a new technology "," there is money is a technology "... It is still necessary to say that there is still a matter of compensation, "Windows is almost in performance, but it is easy to use," Windows is used by ordinary people, "I don't want to be so high", "Microsoft is so rich, I want to exceed UNIX. It is not easy. ? "... Computer Education in developed countries
I met a Dane person when I met a question about Scheme language. He solved all my questions and I suggested that I read some "De Olympics" syntax, literary book, and he told me that many websites can learn Lisp, Scheme, artificial intelligence, algorithm. He told me to see Jonathan Rees
Paper. He also packaged me to send a MIT's "How to Design Programs". He said that he is loading Linux in his own PC, he uses Emacs to edit and run the Scheme program. His understanding and hobbies for Emacs are surprised. Graduation design made by his University undergraduate is a Scheme interpreter. This is a lint of dust for me.
He is so tired, and every question, every question, he has answered in detail. I sometimes feel too detailed, how can I be so patient? I think he seems to be my high school teacher. What kind of people are he? I curiously inquired his situation. It turned out that she is a computer teacher in a normal high school in Denmark! Note that I changed the pronoun!
She said that she took the process and algorithm in high school, and analyzed the computer language and literacy. She said that she uses Scheme, her students do not have to worry about the problems of pointer, memory leaks, etc., but focus on issues and algorithms themselves. It is conducive to cultivating students' ability to solve problems, especially the ability to solve mathematics issues with a computer.
God! Why do you have so many mostthologists, geometrists? Do you see what others pay attention to! If our computer education continues this, will only walk along the bend!
Microsoft and its friends' wishful abacus
Let's take a look at how Microsoft's income is coming. First, the Windows 98 series operating system, one is more than 100 dollars, each upgrade is almost the same price. Windows NT is more expensive, and there is a number of users limit, 5 users, 10 users ... If you want to increase the user's number, you should pay it. This strange phenomenon is metaphor for General Motors' president: "The Microsoft Cars you bought is only one seat. Every time you add a seat, you have to pay for the car company. Every 100 miles will be repaired once, every year To change the engine. "
Can I use a lot of money? It actually even provides the compressed program! The first thing you are installed after Windows is going to download a WinZip, "as long as $ 29". Windows will be a virus, and it will take $ 70 to buy a Norton Antivirus. Is there a hacker? Buy another Norto
N Internet Security is ok, $ 100. The system needs to be optimized, the disk needs to be organized, buy a Norton System Works is your best solution, $ 100. But you still can't do it now! Do you want a word, PowerPoint? Then buy a set of office XP, buy cheap together, $ 459.90.
Those programs will not be used! How do those menus set, what is the function? Look at "Help" and learn will not. Buy this book to see it, I recommend "Special Edition USING Microsoft Office XP", not expensive, $ 27.99. Most of this book is the screen graphic, or buy an old comparison, $ 17.85.
If you are just a secretary, it's almost the same. But you have a higher pursuit, you want to be a Windows programmer. Buy a Visual Studio.net, or how to compile the program. $ 494.95.
In order to keep up with Microsoft, the world's trend, can you not register a msdn what? This is worth a little, but worth a value, $ 2,799.
Well, you are now the upper class, white-collar workers. You can now live like this "freedom", "safe" life:
What is Windows to do and Linux can't do?
"Windows can do things that Linux can't do, that is, there is no need to do it."
I have a friend to see that I have not used Windows for half a year, sometimes I will ask me: "You only use Linux, have you found some windows that Linux can't do Linux?"
I replied: "Windows can do things that Linux can't do, that is, there is no need to do it."
Windows can do good things Linux can do
Some features under Windows are indeed what we need. Then Linux developers and users also need this feature, they will implement this feature, and more than Windows. Because most scientists, engineers are all Linux or some commercial UNIX, so almost all commercial scientific engineering programs, such as Matlab, Mathematica, AutoCAD, CANDENCE, SYNOPSYS, Avant! ... all have Unix Version (including Linux), then consider porting to Windows, even simply being planted to Windows, because Windows machine generally does not have enough capacity to run such a program. Don't think that only Windows has PSPice, UNIX HSPICE is much better, and can run on a large host. Of course they are not free, but they value the price.
But there is something that is not very similar to Linux under Windows, or you have a lot of similar things, but each of them is a lot more likely to have a lot of windows, then there are two possibilities:
There is a fully similar program, but because it is not beautiful, you are ignored by you.
Although other programs seem beautiful, they are written by some beginners. Now due to the birth of GTK , QT, the development of graphical interface procedures under Linux is extremely simple. Many junior high school students can have some beautiful unintrovable procedures. If you find such a program all day, you can never find you satisfaction.
of.
I have also made such a mistake, excellent FVWM, LFTP, MUTT, WGET has been ignored! When I find them, I am so shy, they are now my friends with these programs, you can change everything, I first saw that fvwm felt that it is just a very thick and ugly Border of things. But now, my classmates have seen FVWM: "Wow! It's beautiful."
There is another completely different way to achieve the same purpose, even better.
Many people are concerned about Open Office, Star Office, AbiWord, ... they hope that one day a Linux program is fully compatible to open a complex DOC document. But you will never have this day. why? Because Microsoft is in order to occupy the market, it will not allow other system procedures to be fully compatible with its document format! It will change the internal structure of the DOC document, hide some secrets, always have some problem when you open the DOC documentation, so you must purchase Microsoft Office and Windows.
You should think about it, so many high-level universities, scientists, students, they are all Linux or other types of UNIX, they don't have word available, how to deal with documents? There is no such thing as Open Office, is there any way to write a document?
Obviously not this. Look at the high-level academic magazines, papers, those professors from the university, those beautiful PDF slides, what do they do? Original Unix users have a very convenient Troff, Latex, SGML and other things to handle documents, and they have much higher than Word. Word is obviously taken by these big
Slightly, for a long time, no one wanted to develop a similar Word under Linux unless certain companies wanted to grab the Microsoft's rice bowl.
Many people staying with Windows on the hard drive is nothing more than Word and PowerPoint. You can take a look at my Tex webpage later, you will know why I can completely leave Windows.
Things that Windows can do, Linux will never do it.
Computer Games
Some people say that all games you can get under Windows will not be able to play under Linux. Indeed, although there are also a small amount of games under Linux, such as Quake. But it doesn't have Counter Strike, no Star craft, ... is not to say that computer games should not be played, but should be suitable. The computer is used to handle the transaction, help you learn, solve
Tools for the problem, not a toy! I am addicted to the computer game all day, and I can't feel out of the world, you will become more cold, more and more lack of people. You are getting farther and farther with the real world.
You can kill people in CS, you can adventure in Tomb Raider, you can even skateboard in Tony Hawk's Pro Skaters ... but it's not real! Although you have a very high "anti-terrorism skill", when you encounter a gangster, you are so embarrassing; although you control Laura to reach your hands agility, how do you play basketball?
Always break the ball? Although you can easily make a "360 Kickflip to Hangten Grind to Fakie" in THPS, you will not be Ollie when you step on your own skateboard!
Said back, if you don't have a computer game, you can do it. But there are far more than Windows PCs than Windows PC. Sony's PlayStation2, Sega's Dreamcast, N64, Namco's Arcade ... Every one is wonderful than Windows games, each has such a high 3D performance, so that Pentium4, Itanium gforce4 can not be more than to be beautiful! Linux users are concerned about the key issues that solve the world's key issues, where do they have time to play games with their own machines? They use Linux efficiently to make their own work to enjoy naturally go to the sun. To play games, you are also playing some intelligence games like push boxes, greed to eat snakes. So, do you know why linux is almost
Have a game?
"Finishing hard drive, optimization system"
This is a very interesting topic, second only to the topic of "virus". I believe many of the Windows users have the experience of the hard disk. In many windows users, "the hard drive is for a long time, there will be fragments, the speed will slow down, need a program to finish, don't do other work when you finish the hard disk, this is like the meaning of the sky
. I have also seen Norton Defrag to display my hard disk, adjust, adjust, and report: "100% without fragmentation." I have reached the best state. I only found that I am naive.
Linux and UNIX users seem to have never "sorted hard drives"? Do you think it is strange? If you feel very strange, then your thoughts are banned to some extent by Microsoft's garbage programs. You need to understand that many large hosts of UNIX must be 24 hours a day, and the 365 days of the year will continue to operate again, if you have every week.
Solid a hard drive, almost unable to do anything when organizing, it is absolutely unreasonable!
The Linux machine does not have to organize the hard disk at all, which is why didn't I see Linux users to organize the hard drive. Linux's file system is better than Windows's FAT, FAT32, NTFS overall file system, but can not only implement full protection, but also "more and more complete", "the more fragments, the less"! You should put most of the files in Linux partitions, not the Windows partition, because it is much more reliable than the Windows partition.
There are also more funny things that there are many "Norton System Doctor", "Windows Optimization Master", "
The programs such as the Super Rabbit Register Magic are expensive. It seems that an operating system should have a lot of problems, requiring other manufacturers to "optimize" it, and you need to pay! The problem is that Linux is not, so it doesn't need to optimize. Linux core itself is highly optimized.
Idea
Some people are complaining why Linux does not have a good Ide development environment. Linux has some IDEs now, but there are always many problems. Are you looking for, you can have a VC such a development environment in a certain day? Have you found that you are entering Microsoft to give you a strange circle? Why do you have to use
IDE? You said: "IDE has developed quickly, conveniently debugged, suitable for large programs ..." The description Microsoft's program has been in your mind, you need to be awake, look at me to tell you.
Gao Ming Unix programmers do not have to use IDE, IDE has never been used for primary Windows programmers. Look at large Unix programs, including Linux kernels, various web services, XWindow programs, which one is Ide? There is no one in our laboratory. I also know that the high-performance graphical interface EDA program of CANDENCE, SYNOPSYS, MENTOR is not written by IDE. Do you believe that Microsoft people don't need IDE when writing Windows itself!
One magazine interviewed some famous Linux kernel programmers, including Linus, no one used IDE, some people used Vim, some of them used Emacs, only Linus said "GNU Emacs IS Evil", but in fact he used It is a Microemacs with the same key binding function with Emacs. Everyone has edited the program with the editor.
The sequence file, then call the GCC compiler to complete the compilation work with the automated tool such as Make.
I have previously edited Windows programs: applications, drivers. But I didn't use VC's IDE. Linux education me, I will call CL in the command line, I know that the CL is the compiler of the VC. I can use CL in the Makefile of Cygwin. I also know what the parameters of CL are used. But these are not a starting from the opening
The person who uses IDE can understand it very quickly.
I believe: IDE is eviL. I have some friends who write the program with Windows, they have been very proficient to the thing. But I am surprisingly discovering, they actually divide the concept of compilers and assemblers, and even people have confused even "editor" and "compilers"! They only know that I entered the code in a window, click on a button to compile the program, but what is working in this, they don't know! They were covered on the window to block the sight, and even thought that button was the compiler!
They are familiar with the pile of the hotkey of those IDE, but I saw them in a function of a function of a function of others into a VC style. Think about how easy this thing is in VIM, you can get it in an instant.
Why do UNIX programmers do not use IDE? Understand this truth, you can experience UNIX design ideas. First, an IDE integrates an editor, compiler, assembler, debugger, tracker ... This editor function is definitely more than VIM or EMACS, the compiler is less than GCC, the assembler is not an AS, debugger If you don't get on GDB, DDD, the tracker is less than strace, LTRACE, TRUSS. You get a well-integrated low-energy program. If you are dissatisfied with the function of the debugger, you have to switch another set of IDEs, but this Ide's hotkey, menu, editor feature, buttons ... have a great difference with the original. You have to spend a lot of time to be familiar with new
The environment does not maintain some things.
And it is different under UNIX. You can use your favorite VIM editor, you can call GNU Make in VIM, Make can call GCC, LD, ... actually make Make can help you. Make's error message can be captured by Vim, Vim can help you locate in the source program. If you like an ICC, you can let Make use
ICC instead of GCC. If you feel that the GDB tracking variables are more troublesome, you can use DDD to display all numbers.
According to the relationship between the structure. You can also call GDB in Emacs, so you can synchronize the source code. And Vim and Emacs can also edit a lot of other things, such as letters, latex documents, HTML, configuration files ... You don't have to find another editor to do these mixed. Many programs such as MUTT, TIN can be used internally, which is more convenient.
Release memory
A stupid thing I have done in Windows is "release memory". One day I saw a Windows program: "This program can help you release a lot of memory to a big program." I tried it, actually put my 64M memory release 48M! I am very happy. I think about it now, how much is it?
Silly things, so many memory leave? No need to use it! An operating system actually requires the procedures written by others to release memory, what kind of operating system is it?
Use the free command in Linux, you will find that your memory is almost every moment every moment. That is because Linux uses most of the memory as a disk buffer. Linux has advanced disk buffer technology than Windows.
Have you found a hard drive to write data? That is because Linux has a lot of disk buffers in memory. You have to write the data on the hard disk first to be written in these memory, then Linux tells you "copy completion", when you want to delete some of the writes When some data, Linux just removes the data from memory, and then reports "Delete Completion". After a certain interval, Linux writes the data back to the hard disk, which is not only efficient, avoiding multiple hard disk operations, but also reduces the discrete of the file, that is, "fragment". Windows is of course disk buffering, but because of its low efficiency of memory management, it does not dare to use large amounts of memory as disk buffering, because it is not capable of receiving memory.
Linux can do the advanced things that Windows can't do it.
Of course, there are many things to be Linux / UNIX patent. Because Windows can only be installed on the PC, it seems that there is Alpha before you can use Windows NT, but you have not seen someone. The power of the PC is very low. People who have processed NP-HARD issues like our compilation, using Windows machines are not enough, and sometimes a problem is calculated for a few days or even a few weeks, the Windows machine is known as "crash" How can we rest assured?
So almost all scientific computing procedures, EDA programs, high-performance image handles are not Windows. They sometimes transplant some to Windows, but often reduce the ability of those programs. Do you have any difference between MathematicA and Linux?
The largest parallel computer manufactured by IBM has more than 8,000 processors. Windows cannot be capable of managing so many processors. What operating system is it used? The answer is Linux.
The three-dimensional animation in the "Titanic" movie is so delicate and realistic. Can the Windows machine do? Not. That is also the Linux machine. The Civil Aviation Administration used virtual reality training equipment for training local accommodation, and Windows certainly could have no power. That is all commercial IRIX machines.
UNIX is the first system that supports TCP / IP network protocol. It has a lot of network service programs that can collaborate with each other, and they have reached a relatively perfect extent through many years of use and revision. And in 1997, Microsoft's Bill Gates is still threatening: "The Internet is no future." Microsoft's "Vision" Everyone should have seen it, and it will later add the network service program IIS vulnerability, let The Ministry of Public Security has frequently issued alert. Everyone is also seen.
In fact, you know that things that Windows don't have the same thing can be better than Unix.
Linux can't do anything that Windows can't do it.
Of course, Linux is not universal. It also has something that can't do it, the computer can't do anything. But Linux can't do anything, Windows can't do it. These things are what we need to explore and need to work hard. During your exploration, Linux must be your good partner.
What is the true meaning of UNIX?
Let the smart people do anything they want to do.
One feature of UNIX is very flexibility, and XWindow also has this flexibility. Where is this flexibility?
Unix's procedures generally have a lot of parameters, no matter what you use it now, some people need certain parameters. Many of their behavior can be changed in configuration files. For example, GNU Bash, usually the default command line input method is an EMACS mode, but as long as I edit a .inputrc file, you can turn it into a VI input method.
And I can also bind the key sequence to some operations. I can use Shopt to set it a lot of features, such as whether a wildcard extension can be used as a variable as a directory, can automatically correct some obvious catalog name typing errors ... UNIX programming idea is to provide Give the user "mechanism" without limiting the user to develop "policy". This is an important respect for users.
Let's take a look at XWindow. XWindow is an excellent design that separates the display server and the client program. One display can display the programs on this machine or display the X programs on the other machines, and they all comply with the unified command of your window manager, and they can easily transfer scrapbook data, various events. ......
For example, sometimes I will appear on four different machines on different machines, and GVIM on different machines, ... they are unified by the FVWM command on this machine.
The XWindow program has many of the multi-command line parameters and resource parameters. You can settle all colors, fonts, sizes ... and if you import .xdefaults into the root window with XRDB, then there is no configuration in other machines, display you The same appearance is also complied with the same appearance when it is on the machine.
XWindow's window has Property, which is some shared data (atom) that can be defined. It is because of these Property existence, making XWindow have incomparable vitality. X 's window manager and other client programs have no unified protocol, but ICCCM (customer program communication specification), this
The specification is defined by Property. Now some people define a "extended window protocol (EWM Hints" that makes XWindow can have some Windows features, such as a tool program, can tell Window Manager: "The screen is taken by 4 pixels under this screen. Space, don't cross this when you maximize the procedure
Biretrium. "A powerful window management program, such as FVWM, when it receives this prompt, you can prompt the tool program, or you may not agree. Who is the power of all the choice? Of course it is a user! Everything is obedient, FVWM Give the user's greatest respect. You think, is there a Windows program often pop up a window to choose "Yes or no"? You don't want to click it it. Do you feel that your program is infringe with your dignity? You are a person, a wisdom of creatures, how can you be treated such a program? There is a lot of Windows programs as a fool, and it is a "smart program". For example, there is a program like to like each sentence. The first letter became uppercase, I don't say it, I will know when you encounter. If you even "start a letter, you have to write." This obvious question requires a program to help you correct. What is the human brain to do? Moreover, if you deliberately want to write, then it is more troublesome, I am not found to close this stupid option from it. Only the symbol can fully manipulate the computer. Let us say a lot of first school Linux users. Although they are using Linux, but they feel WINDOWS in their eyes, they hope that Linux can "like Windows". You said: "My mouse, I have a menu, ... you can complete my action. "But I want to tell you:" Linux has never imagined Windows, will not in the future. From the birth date of birth, it is more advanced than Windows. Linux belongs to people that can bravely face symbols. Only symbols can fully manipulate the computer. "Take a look at the excellent UNIX program, Xfree86, Fvwm, Vim, Emacs, PrOFTPD, MUTT, WGET, TIN, ... No one is not using the configuration file to set the option. Why can these programs have no convenient menu to configure? Doir designers are so low, even the graphical configuration interface does not write? Of course, not. Because the ability of the graphical interface configuration method is extremely limited, the ability of the configuration file and program language is unlimited. If you configure these programs, if you want to achieve the effect of the configuration file, you need a hundred thousand menus, checkbox, radio button, ... When you can't find the place you need to modify! And each program The syntax of the configuration file has a lot of similarities, which is generally some commands, setting some variables, parameters, ... once it will be used, others will be easily understood. If you are used to awk, sed, perl, you I will feel that it is true automation. Although the mouse is a good tool, its expression ability is limited. You can't use the mouse to let the computer fully understand what you mean, it has only 3 buttons. Look at my metapost page, you can experience this weakness of the mouse. So, although we like the mouse, but you can't rely on it. The perfect cooperation of each applet is the most important feature of UNIX, it is UNIX design Thought. Let each program only have a special ability, then let them cooperate. XWindow also inherited this kind of traditional tradition. This is probably Windows and other operating systems to show the end of the dust. Theunix program is unified, The body is perfect, really makes me unbelievable! Shell, Grep, Find, awk, sed, make, perl, emacs, vi, tin, mutt, ... they have consistency! Once you have learned the regular SED Expression, other programs
Basically can be used. Once you have learned VI and Vim, you will find that it is so regularly, and it seems that VI designers have designed Vim in today's perfect and unified way of managing! Moreover, the operation of the VI is also reflected in many programs such as MUTT, TIN. You can even set the BASH to the VI input method to enter the command line, I do this. A program can call another program to get the data, you can pay the data to it, and can "embed" another program in its own window. This cooperation is very difficult in Windows and other non-UNIX operating systems. I used Perl to make some automatic work under Windows. However, Windows file operations, the pipeline is so unstable, and the programs are basically unable to cooperate. Don't want to embed the UltraEdit editor in the Visual Studio window, don't want to use an Expect script to control Telnet to Shuimu Tsinghua BBS, which is why hellooo is born in Linux instead of Windows. I have tried to log in to the Sun machine from Windows Exceed SecureCrt SSH, and then pass the X program to the Exceed to run through the SSH tunnel (X11 tunnel), but it has not been successful for two days! Under Linux, this thing is not how to configure it. OpenSSH and XFree86 are the perfect combination, as long as the "Forward X11" option of the SSH is open.
Windows programs are large, large, all email programs need to provide editors, send and collect mail, display an accessory of the email. Each BBS program provides its own Virtual Terminal, its own communication code. Each IDE provides editor, compiler, assembler, and debugger. people
In order to use a new program, we need to adapt to all of these it provides the interface, instead of using your favorite editor key binding, menu organization ... can't DIY!
You have to know that the most advanced computer is custom-made, what you want, what CPU, what motherboard, how much memory, what hard drive, keyboard, mouse, display is selected. The highest level skateboard, what brand of layers, what brand of sand, what bridge, what is the wheel, what bearing, is also you choose. The most advanced table tennis shot
, Wood board, rubber, sponge, glue can choose itself ... and use Windows programs, you get big chowder, just like you to buy "Brand", only a few configurations, and there are many software you don't need. And services; just like you buy a small skateboard, you want a big wheel and a narrow board, but you don't have this room! The Windows program is equivalent to the cheapest, most sluggish skateboard. But it will spend more money, because once a part is broken, or you don't like it, you can't find a good to change it, you must buy a full set of accessories!
Unix and XWindow are high-grade "assembled". For example, when I use MUTT, I can use VIM to edit the email, I can use ImageMagick to display pictures in the attachment with ImageMagick, I can use Lynx to turn the HTML attachment into text embedded window, I also You can hand over the HTML attachment to Mozilla graphic display. I can let Gnupg help me digitally sign and encrypt the email, and I can also use other PGP programs. I want postfix instead of sendmail to help me send an email, I want fetchmail to help me collect mail, forward to postfix, then be handled by my own PERL filter ... I can do it! I can choose my favorite special procedure to complete special work, then combine them together, I can also get their benefits separately.
in conclusion
What is the purpose of doing so much? I want to like Linux friends, completely clear Microsoft and Windows instill in your mind, don't believe what they call "new technology", don't catch Windows, because catching Windows = reverse. Marx has a very important thing. "The new thing does not necessarily have recently appeared."
Unix, Xwindow, Tex Although it appears first than Windows, they are representatives of advanced productive forces. We must clearly understand what is true modernization, what is real automation.
Brave picking up like Bash, FVWM, Vim, Emacs, Mutt, LFTP ... This powerful program, don't complain again "why Linux can't be like Windows", don't waste time try this kind of program, don't upgrade again . You need to change instead of Linux and UNIX, Linux can now be your good friend. You need to know it, understand it, trust it, can completely rely on it to efficiently, save time to deal with things in the world more worthwhile.
Appendix: I used Linux programs that deal with daily transactions
Here is some programs that can be treated with general things. As for your professional, scientific and engineering software, such as Matlab, Mathematica, MAPLE, HSPICE, DESIGN COMPILER, ... and other physical, chemical, biological ... must have Linux and UNIX version. Of course, they are not free, don't always feel free, they are a hard-working product, which is a reliable procedure, and their things value.
Some Linux programs I have often used are listed below. There may be a lot in a list, that is to make you choose, I list more trusted. But in fact, there are many only one that I really use. I don't like trial programs.
Shell: bash. I use Bash's VI command line.
Editor: Vim, Emacs
Program development: GCC, Make, LD, Scheme48, J2SDK, Perl, Python, TCL / TK ...
Paper, slideshow tools: latex, context
Drawing Tools: MetaPost. This language is too strong, so I only use it. You can use DIA if you are not familiar with
Picture to draw some pictures such as flowcharts.
Image processing: imagemagick. The Import program can screen graphs, and the Convert program can convert the image format. Display can display pictures and simple editing (zoom, changing quality, transfer format, simple drawing, simplified). Usually I need this. If you want more powerful image tools, you can use GIMP, it's almost almost similar to Photoshop.
Automatic management tool: make. I can use Make to block compiler, automatic compilation document, automatically update illustrations ... Fully automatic, and will not repeat labor.
Encrypted program: gnupg. My PGP key is it, I used 2048-bit encryption.
Pack, compress the program. Everything is: tar, gzip, bzip2, zip, rar, ...
Virtual optical drive program. Linux does not require a virtual CD-ROM program, directly mount.
FTP server: Proftpd, VSFTPD
WWW server: apache. (I usually not open)
FTP client: LFTP
Automatic download tool: wget
Virtual Terminal: RXVT, XTERM, GNOME-TERMINAL, MLTERM, ...
X Server: Xfree86
Window Manager: FVWM. Compiled with libstroke.
Chinese input: XSIM. I have modified to adapt to FVWM needs. In addition, you can also use SCIM.
Email handling: MUTT Postfix Fetchmail
See pdf, ps, djvu file: Acrobat Reader, XPDF, GHOSTScript, GV, DJVU Toolkit and N
ETSCAPE plugin.
See the CAJ documentation. I never look at the documentation such as CAJ. If PDF or PS is found, I will go directly to the library.
See page: Mozilla, Phoenix, Lynx. The display effect of Mozilla-XFT is much better than IE.
English-Chinese Dictionary: IBM Smart Dictionary, Star Intercity King.
Edit the web: I write HTML directly with Vim. If you want a graphical way, you can use others such as Screem,
Bluefish.
Log in to other UNIX, Linux machines: OpenSSH, Telnet. OpenSSH can also put the X from other machines
The sequence is transmitted to the machine on my machine through the SSH encrypted tunnel.
BBS: RXVT (or any terminal) Telnet Chatbot (Helloooo robot program)
QQ, ICQ: I don't have QQ or ICQ. But you can use Gaim, it supports QQ, ICQ and many other
Instant communication method. ICQ users can also use LICQ.
Live: MPlayer, RealPlayer. MPLAYER is too good, you can put VCD, DVD, Divx, WM directly
A, WMV ... I am envious of me with Windows, saying that Windows is going to put this a big pile of plug-ins. RM
It is best to use RealPlayer to put it, it is also free.
Music: XMMS (MP3, OGG), MPG321 (placed MP3), OGG123 (placed OGG).
Look at the Word document. Please turn the document to PDF or PS again, there is no special grid in the document.
Use the text file, or not, I don't look at: P
Other procedures: There are still many I need to use and you don't necessarily use it. For example, doctor scheme, Scheme48,
SCSH, ... These programs have only doctor scheme has a Windows version. There are also many behind-the-scenes work but you generally don't be perceived: Xinetd, Telnetd, Sshd, Crond, ATD,
