Ericsson also betrayed the classic psychological analysis theory to a considerably. On the one hand, he is also the same as Freud, and believes that the personality structure is this, self and super me 3 parts, which I am a personality of the personality. On the other hand, he emphasizes the importance of self, and it is believed that self is the source of personal identity. It is a guarantee for personal adaptation to the social environment. Ericsson especially pays attention to the interaction of individuals and social environments on personality, and believes that individual personality is developing, growing, and established in the constant interaction with the environment.
One of the highlighted contributions of Erixon is that he has constructed a huge and even the whole psychological development model, named "Psychosocial Development model. This model uses his new psychological analysis to explain the development and expand this development process to the entire lifetime. He divided this development process into 8 stages. For every stage, he identified a core opposition process, pointed out the psychological social crisis in which this crisis was normal (enhanced self, Leading the healthy development of personality) and solving different consequences of failure (hindering personality development), and gives a method of guiding each stage to get out of the crisis and successful development.
Eight phases of Ericsson's psychological society
Psychological society's crisis age range positive results 1 trust in the mortality, comfortable and safe, 2 autonomous, shame and doubtful infant complimentary and autonomous ability 3? Active sense of guilt in the early stage of guilt The task 4 is hard to self-defense, master a variety of skills 5, the same sense of the same sense of confusion, a young person, a self-intelligence, the ability of loneliness, the ability of the longevity, the ability of the adult, the ability of the adult Caring for the next generation 8 self-integration feelings of the end of the person who completed the people in the late year
Ericson believes that the development of youth is the establishment of self-identity. He took the lead in proposing the theory of "eight-stage stage", and discussed the specific psychological and social development topics per stage, called "psychological social crisis". Ai thinks that every stage is completed, the completion of the social development topics, the resolution of the crisis will produce positive quality, but in turn, it will produce negative quality.
1. Baby period: Trust - Do not trust (0 ~ 1 year old) This is a trust in the untrust in the stage. The so-called trust is the need for the need to meet the satisfaction he needs with the outside world. This stage of infants expressed trust in mothers or other raising people, and the environment where the baby feels is a safe place. The surrounding people can trust, thereby expanding the trust of the average person. If the baby does not have the concern and care of people around, he will fear of the outside world, especially those around, so that the next phase of the next stage will be affected.
2, baby later: autonomous - shame, doubt (2 ~ 3 years old). This is a self-motivation to avoid skeptical and shame. The individual is taken care of by adult in the first phase of a strong dependence. In the second phase, children have begun to have independent requirements. If they want to dress, eat, walk, take toys, etc., they began to explore the surrounding world. At this time, if parents and other adults take care of their adults, they allow them to do some things that can be used independently, and they can raise their willpower, so that they have a kind of autonomous and can control themselves. . On the contrary, if adults are too much to protect them, they will be replaced everywhere, and they don't need them to do, or they are too strict. This is not allowed to be, it is ruthless, and even with corporal punishment will make children have self-doubting. Sense of shame.
3, childhood: first - guilt (4 ~ 5 years old). This is the active feeling to overcome the sense of guilt. Individuals in this stage of muscle movement and speech ability are quickly developed, they can participate in running, jumping, riding a truck, etc., can say some coherent words, can extend their activities to the scope of the family, in addition to imitation behavior, individual The surrounding environment is full of curiosity, knowing their gender, and knowing that animals are male, often ask this, move it. At this time, if the adult is curiosity and exploring the child, let them have more opportunities to freely participate in various activities, patiently answer their various issues, rather than accusing, then the child's initiative Further development will show great enthusiasm and enterprising. Conversely, if parents adopt a denial and suppression attitude towards children, they will make them a bad game, and their questions are awkward. They are hated in front of their parents, causing children to create guilt and failure. This kind of guilt and failure will also affect the development of the next stage. 4, children's period: diligence - inferiority (6 ~ 11 years old) This is a diligent feeling to avoid inferiority. Children's intelligence is constantly developing, especially the development of logical thinking is rapid, and they have a wide range of issues, and their ability is growing, their ability is growing, and participating activities have expanded to society outside the school. At this time, the biggest impact on them is not parents, but the companions or neighbors, especially the teachers in the school. They are very concerned about the construction, use and nature of the item, and is also very interested in tool technology. If you can get adult support, help and praise, you can further strengthen their diligence, so that it is interested in these aspects.
5, youth: the same - confusion (12 ~ 18 years old). At this stage, the core problem is the establishment of self-awareness and the formation of self-character. Teenagers have new observations and new thinking methods around the world. They often consider how they are, they gradually recognize themselves from other people's attitudes, from all kinds of social roles they play. At this time, they gradually alienated their parents, from the reliance of their parents, and established intimate friendship with their companions, further understanding themselves, in the past, now, now an inner continuous continuous Sense, I also know that I have the same and different from others in appearance. Recognizing your own relationship with the future in social life, this is the feeling of psychological society.
6. Adults in the early stage: close - Lonely (18 to 25 years old). This is the stage of building a family life, which is a close sense and avoids the loneliness stage. The intimate feeling is the intimacy relationship between people, including friendship and love. The intimate social significance is that individuals can share with others and care. The intimate feeling often develops into a relationship with each other in critical situations, which is established in the process of jointly completing the task. If a person can't share happiness and pain with others, you can't communicate with others, you will be in a lonely and lonely distressed situation.
7. Mid-adult: Create - Stagnation (25 ~ 60 years old). This is a sense of creativity and avoiding self-focused stages. There are two possibilities of two development in this stage, one may develop, in addition to care for family members, will expand to other people in society, and care about the next generation to the children and grandchildren. They are brave in work, pursue the success of the cause, not only to meet individual needs. Another possibility is to develop to negative, that is, the so-called self-focus is only to take care of yourself and your family's happiness, regardless of the difficulties and pain of others, even if there is creation, its purpose is entirely for your own interests. 8, adult late: self-improvement - pessimism disappointment (over 60 years old). This is a sense of perfection and avoids the stage of disappointment. If a positive component of the previous seven stages is more than negative ingredients, it will be a perfect sense in the elderly period, and it is very valuable to review this life. On the contrary, if the negative component is more than a positive ingredient, it will produce a disappointment. I feel that my life has lost a lot of opportunities. I walked wrong, I want to start again, it is too late, hurts. So a desperate feeling, the spirit is weak, and the horse tiger is mixed.
Table 2-2 Airixon's life stage
Different age psychological crisis (development key) Development smooth development barrier baby period 0 ~ 1 year old to people trust ← → Trust vs. mistrust to people trust, security and human interaction, anxious infant post 2 ~ 3 years old live ← → ashamed suspicion (autonomy vs. shame and doub) can self-control, action is confident, self-doubting, action is afraid of the fear of the end of the child, 4 ~ 5 years old, self-confidence ← → retreat guilty (Initiative vs. Guilt) is a purpose direction, Can independently enter the fear and retreat, no self-worth childhood 6 ~ 11 years old, self-imported ← → self-contravement, things, things, and people's basic ability lack the basic ability, full of failure youth period 12 ~ 18-year-old self-integration ← → character chaos (Identity vs. confusion) is clear, the pursuit of the direction is definitely a lack of goals, and sometimes the adult 18 ~ 25 years old friend love intimate ← → Lonely vs. isolation Successful feelings Life, laying the business base lonely, lonely, unable to get together in the middle of the adult 26 ~ 60 years old energetic ← → decadence hysteresis (generativity vs. stagnation) love family, cultivation, self-cultivation, suffering from the future 60 years old, no regret ← → Integrity vs. despair wants to do what you want, enjoy the old things, or negative
