The post-advantages and disadvantages of economic development
Yang Xiaokai
Today's Chinese economists often talk about the future advantage of economic development. But they rarely pay attention to the adequate disadvantages of Western economists. The latter disadvantage in the economic development is also called the curse of the next person '. It refers to the following phenomenon: the subsequent people in economic development often have more space to imitate the techniques of developed countries, using technology imitation instead of institutional imitation. Because the institutional reform is more painful, more painful, more imitation, and more imitation technology is delayed. This technology imitates the strategy of institutional imitation, the short-term effect is not bad, but the long-term cost is extremely high. We use several examples to illustrate this latter disadvantage. The first national United States in the world, the United Kingdom of the United Kingdom, relying on constitutional order, protecting the legal system of private property, while the French economy is behind the national system and the government's violations of property before the 19th century. We can infer that before the 20th century, we must rely on state-owned enterprises, autocratic systems, and central programs to achieve successful industrialization. However, the Soviet Union has used autocratic systems, state-owned enterprises and central plans, and achieve industrialization through mimic industrialization models and technologies that mimic capitalism success. This short-term success, so that Russia's constitutional infrastructure, the system infrastructure, has not been established so far. The Russian people pay high for this. Not only is the long-term economic development is damaged, many people are therefore persecuted to death. This is an example of a post-disadvantage. The Qing Dynasty is another example. The Japanese government is holding the attitude of a good student imitates the capitalist system. In addition to early people, the Japanese government did not know what the company did not know what the company did a few 'model factories', basically not engage in state-owned enterprises. It quickly sold the 'model factory', basically no state-owned enterprise. The political system also learns the West, engage in political party freedom and parliamentary politics, just refuse to give up the truth of the emperor. However, China after entering the exquisite movement, but we want to use the state-owned system (official office), joint venture (official business office), contract system (official business office), contract system (official business office), contract system (official business office), to achieve industrialization. This is the Chinese economy before the time that is good before However, this has made state opportunistic to institutionalize, the government and the people have resolved, which is both a set of game rules, and a referee plus player, so private economy cannot grow. The most interesting thing is that during the foreign service, due to the government's leading position, monopolizing resources, many private companies are really not competitive as state-owned enterprises. Today, we all know that this system that adheres to official business companies is not enough to fail. However, China in the 1980s and 1990s, using national ownership (official office), joint venture (official business co-organized), contracting system (official supervisor office), through imitation of Hong Kong and Taiwan's labor-intensive products export-oriented new industrialization model and a lot Imitation Western technology to achieve industrialization, but quite successful. Many township enterprises are also equivalent to official business cooperation and official government office in the foreign service. This extremely backward system has been said to be a 'institutional innovation today today. From Russia's lessons, we can see that this short-term success may be the curse of the next person '. It may use technology to replace the system reform and produce a high long-term price. The development of China's home appliance industry in the 1980s is basically a state-owned enterprise dominant. This development process is a typical process for imitation of institutional reform. The import of a complete set of equipment is a technical imitation. It does not engage in privatization is the use of technical imitation instead of system reform. The government monopolizes the banking industry, the insurance industry, the automotive manufacturing, the telecommunications industry, and uses the management method of simulating new technologies and capitalism to replace the system reform, and is also a disadvantage in China. The most important ills of this latter disadvantage is not the low efficiency of state-owned enterprises, but to institutionalize the national opportunism, the government is just a referee and is a player. Under this system, the higher the efficiency of state-owned enterprises, the more disadvantageous long-term economic development. An example of several China's latter disadvantages is e-commerce, stock markets and futures markets. Everyone has seen the state-owned company monopoly, the futures market is impossible to succeed. But it is believed that e-commerce China has the same advantage.
I believe that China has also disadvantages in China. Just look at most network companies are all state-owned companies or officials, we are not difficult to understand this. China has also been self-developed in the electronics industry in the 1950s, and the result of superb and beautiful words became historical jokes. In that year, in the electronics industry, it is almost Japan, but rely on the old and instigated capitalist system into industrial major. After World War II, the US military occupation authorities drafted a constitutional constitutional constitutionalism (rather than the Soviet "of the Government's unlimited power to the Soviet, the Congress through fair competition, and disbanded the monopoly private The financial valve (under the pressures of US), forming the economic warfare disputes. The principles and patented systems of the sacred inviolability in the Constitution have become the driving force for Japan's success. Today, China wants to obtain e-commerce in the case of government monopoly banking and credit industries. China cannot be popular because the government monopoly banking, credit cards and private checks are universal, and these both are the main way of e-commerce payment. How can they develop e-commerce? The stock market is an example of another post-disadvantage. The hardware of the Chinese stock market has reached the international level, but it is strictly restricting private companies to list, nor does the private company to issue a license for private companies, so the stock market has become a tool for sucking the stockholders to subsidize the low-efficiency state-owned company. In the words of ordinary people, 'I ate fiscal, eat banks, and finish the bank to eat shareholders'. This is said to be a 'institutional innovation'. Japan and China's comparison, to get the adventure, be sure to do a good student in learning success system, and a bad student is not qualified to tell 'institutional innovation. When I visited Pudong, I feel deeply of China's post-affairs. Pudong's processing export area, 85% of companies are 'official business co-organities' (China State Corporation accounts for more than 50% of shares), basically the identity of the government, using its monopoly on land and other resources, and foreign countries Directly fight against China's private enterprises. Most free economic governments are only renting a land in processing export districts, providing services, usually without business. In the free economy, private companies will have a number of voluntarily voluntarily with government, and the Pudong Government has used the export area and use 'official commercial co-organisms', imitation technology and capitalist management methods to delay the system reform. It is quite effective on the surface, in fact, leaving a system hidden danger. I went to South Korea in June, I learned that an important reason for the South Korean financial crisis is the government's privilege of the controlling and assignment of private banks. The reform after the financial crisis is also mainly for this backward system, that is, abolished the privilege of government holding and distributing the chairman of private companies. However, I have heard of many Chinese people, but they appreciate the large company system of South Korea, saying that China's state-owned enterprises should also engage in company group. But the fact that I know in South Korea is that the vast majority of South Korea's large company is a private company, and most of the bank is also a private bank similar to China's Minsheng Bank. Before reform, these banks are also designated by the Government as the Minsheng Bank. The privilege of this government is one of the reasons for the financial crisis. I also heard the government's high-tech venture capital company in Pudong, even more shocked, even risk investment, the most uncomfortable government does the government to do, and to implement the government's industrial policy (British success) The feature of economic development is that there is no industrial policy), how serious is it visible to China's postpartum disadvantages. Now that everyone is going to WTO, how the national industry will be hit. As Zhang Wei is saying, if there is a state-owned enterprise, it is likely to be good news for the Chinese economy. Many people think that China's automotive industry is not competitive, but they are not clear, no competitiveness is China's state-owned automotive industry, rather than China's private auto industry. I believe that if the regulations for private business banks and automotive industries are abolished, China will have the world's largest private car manufacturer in 10 years. Look at the experience of private companies 'far', many people will agree with me.
