Clear food situation
The first is "Kunming Indicators", Xie and Quan (1982) are only the people who use this wording. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, China added a double territory in the ancient 18 province (Fisheng Qing, 1978; Fei Zhengqing and Liu Guangjing, 1980; Morris Roseby, 1975; Shi Siwang and Sitting Han 1979) . The Qing Dynasty is very lucky in the climate. Soon after the beginning of the dynasty, the small Ice Age has begun to recession, and a warm and humid period comes [Wang Shaowu and Zhao Zongci, 1981; Wang Shawu, Zhao Zongci and Chen Zhenhua (transliteration), 1981; Zhang Jiacheng, 1982], this It is the main reason for the expansion of economic and population during the Emperor Qianlong. However, more humid climates have added long-term flood problems, even more serious than the cutting forest, in addition, highland reclamation expansion, repairing the embankment, the river bed caused by the river bed, river buffer naked (easy to suffer Erosion), Zhuze, which was once a natural reservoir, has been frached and entertaining, and it has also aggravated this issue. Grino (1982) pointed out that China is far ahead of India in terms of organizing floods, and India is smaller in this regard. India did not destroy its forest, river beach and swamp; it was "progress" on the British. Chinese people have no choice; their population is more than India, and congestion is smaller than in India, the more unfavorable land (even more than Bangladesh is more than China). The Chinese can't let the natural river are launched, listen to life. In addition, the total population is still expanding quickly (He Bingzhen, 1953). In the Ming Dynasty, China was slightly more than the population of Europe and India. The destruction of the Ming Dynasty has made the population sharply, but it began to recover in 1662, reaching 100 million. In the 18th century, population growth really started. In 1750, there were approximately 144 million people in Europe - almost completely consistent with the statistics of China's 1741 census, and with the same number at the time of India (Eberhad, 1977, page 284-285) . But by 1800, only about 1.93 billion in Europe; China has 360 million in 1812, approaching 375 million people in 1814. The European "Change of Population Status" has begun; it is coming to China until the 1850s. By 1850, China has exceeded the famous title "400 million" in Carl Claus (1937), but since then, the decline of the rebellion and the imperial decimal is amazing. The total population of India is stably maintained at about 150 million. Chinese people are very familiar with baby, abortion, and many other ways to limit population, know how to control their birth rate. If someone has any doubts about this type of approach in the former industrialization society, he 'just verifying that China's nearby Japan record will be asked. At the same time in the Qing Dynasty, the population of Japan in the Qing Dynasty, Japan's population has maintained stable, although Japan even has a longer long-term peace, prosperity and stability. Its direct reasons is to limit the population, in addition to using all the ordinary methods of controlling, add up to 50% of the boom rate. Its ultimate reasons are frozen in the feudal system in Japan. In such a society, a person can achieve success reliably, but can't expect to rely on the extraordinary family labor to seek more (Smith, 1977). In contrast, in China, maintaining the reward returns of the population benchmark and increasing more people's rewards. New population or immigrants that have been launched, always have room for accommodating their, or even better. Japan's eldest son inheritance system (even if it is not passing, it is very common) makes extra son a cumbersome, and China's son inherits, plus high infant mortality, and urges families as a son.
There is a saying: "A son is equal to no son. The two sons only have a half son. Three sons have a son." (However, the poor does not have to give birth. Many people are unable to marry the relative; other people Unable to make a child.) The result has caused inevitable, sad downward flow phenomenon, and filling the vacant left by the higher level (Mois, 1977). We are not difficult to imagine the psychological status caused by this. Various desperate lifts such as crime, corruption, etc., are considered to be unique to poverty. Even those who are still honest have formed some conservative or even reverse mentality. "The limited good deeds" described in Foster (1965) constitutes a number of farmers' sociaments. All good deeds in this society are considered fixed, so a person must be another A person's loss. The Qing Dynasty provides an example for this kind of insight. Europe has also experienced the impact of the corresponding downward flow (BRAL, 1982, page 473), but its economy is expanding, so the merchants not only accumulated a small amount of income of his neighbors, but also accumulated A large number of newly created wealth. The population of Europe has expanded that there is no Chinese Qing Dynasty. The pressure of the land is also intensified in China, and the property segmentation has led to the very absurd land model today. The population growth exceeded the development of land, so the per capita land of farmers decreased from 2 acres of the Qing Dynasty to 1 acre (Parkins, 1969; Eberhad, 1977, page 285), In 1900, it fell to about half acre. A family may have a 1-acre land that is divided into 10 pieces, one, two pieces more than a house. The boundaries and boundary ditch account for a lot of land, and the disputes caused by the cross-boundaries spend a lot of time and energy of farmers. At the same time, desperate farmers are increasingly open, and the public roads have suffered losses, and they can resume the passage with a special way to find the space. The Government supports the tendency of small self-cultivating aggregation (Zhao Gang, 1981). The Manchu is a group of unityful aliens conquerssers, and they are very clear. They have never forgotten that the Han people will not have long-term rule from the Mongolian conquest. Emperor Kangxi seems to be keenly realized that the correct strategy (an ancient Han people can governing the country) should be as maximum support as much as possible in civilians, while preventing power is concentrated in the elite hands with land, this It is possible to activate rebel. Moreover, farmers have their own power. In contrast, Robert Max (1984) confirmed that the poor can gather their own power. Especially in the days that have not been stable in the Qing Dynasty, a fairly fragile and kind government is trying to get support from the public, many farmers' uprons have succeeded. In most families with only one acre or less land, those who have three or four acres of land will become a great land, and he also maintains this identity, so when he splits the property, he tries to try Prevent its families from being broken, so as not to be a civilian people. Also. The most affluent (to the evening) accounts for 1% of the Chinese, reaching 4 million people, which is a crossed huge group. But small land owners are still general. Most "landlords" actually landed very little, only two or three acres. The social order of the Qing Dynasty is not obviously divided into elite and public poles; there are complex gradient changes. Wealth, changes in the title and local power are not always coordinated. China's "gentry" is not a unified whole, but a class of people who are scattered, and they may have property, or there is no property (Fei Xiaotong, 1953). There are many down flow and a significant amount of upward flow in the social class (Mois, 1977; He Bingzhen, 1962). Wu Jingli wrote in the Qing Dynasty's great novel "Confucian Foreign History" (1957) perfectly depicts this situation.
It describes the "Basi" Confucianism often relies on the low-rise but economy butcher, but also has a good discussion on this social reality; Baropell (1980) 1980) comparable to the European European European European. Three-level rental system is popular. The remote leaders often use fixed low-priced land, so his local 佃 佃 (rich land owners, reliable 佃 佃, collecting small land rent) and rent it to farmers. Another system involves the rental of "Tunda" separated from the fields; in fact, these two systems are running on the same path. Some regions in China can find various possible changes in land rental. The status of the house does not have a difference; some have permanent rights, long-term rental, especially the frontiers like Taiwan, where you can "rent" land from the unable to reclaimed indigenous leaders (Meskir, 1979). Other 佃 佃 强 强 强 能够 到 小 块 块........ ((((( Servants and slaves still still exist. The Manchu people have Han Slands in its hometown, while the Nosu Tibetan Burmeters, which are separated by Sichuan and the outside, maintains the full independent rights of the gunn; Tibet has the Shenshine rule, farmers are often the serfs of the temple. This situation is rare in 18 provinces, but not. We have a little known to the Empire's border administrative system (Marian Basti Brügier, 1980). The land tax has dropped to the lowest level in China (Xie and Dao, 1982, page 466): In the 18th century, theoretically only 3% -6% of the harvest. In fact, local bureaucrats have developed special taxes, and use more than 10 factor taxes to openly extract, even at the time, the rental tax is less than other agricultural civilization. The tax evade is widely popular. No head tax, therefore no land (in theory) does not pay taxes. This means that the people can survive, but they are only barely. Any disaster will force them to die over the edge of the survival. War and rebellion are the worst things, but there are many ecological issues that are called "natural disasters", although these issues are due to human abuse of environments. Han Shu Rui (1976) provides a number of living expenses from the late Qing Dynasty (pages 281-282). 1810 - 1820, the land price of Zhili, from the wasteland per mu 300 yuan to the Yiangtian 10,000, etc. Zhishi is the heart of North China, which is approximately equivalent to modern Hebei Province. Land-based land is less than most of China. Henan land is better but far from the big city, renting 400-1,000 (I think this is a year of rent). At this time, 1,700 copper coins exchanged 1 two silver, approximately $ 16 in the 1980s. So a good land can be bought by less than $ 100, or there is less than $ 10 rent. A labor earns 70-80 texts every day, earning 100 sheets every day in the harvest season. Another soldier either except for accommodation, it also gives 1.8 two silver sons per month, or receive 150 Chinese living expenses per day. A militie sold 50th sheet, which is certainly not sustainable; he is expected to supply some food. People can spend L, 000 text bought a boy, or spend 10,000 text to buy a woman, but only if they go through the way, they will sell their wife. The number of 70-80 texts per day clearly represents a minimum of a person who can survive; it may be the price of a worker's daily quantitative food and crude vegetables. Such diet is approximately 70 cents today. The price of land is low to very interesting. There are several times higher than that of the good rice area land, but there is still a small amount of land that can be rented. However, ordinary workers are used for livelihoods with meager salary, and it is impossible to have too high heat. Therefore, the price of Liangtian is relatively expensive than labor prices, and the savvy landlord is desperately using labor, but does not use labor-saving technologies.
Books and Encyclopedia's books have reached a new height during the late Qing Dynasty: "Qi people must think" the successors of "Qi people", which is a huge system, which takes a lot of space on the bookshelf. Government officials abide by their position, improve farming, introduce new works, promotion of various varieties, dissemination technology, organizing water and protection resources. The national cereal outlets and storage systems are reasonable and have achieved moderate success [HTTP, 1956; Torbert, 1977; Zhuang Hansheng (transliteration) and Claus, 1975]. Government monopoly has expanded to ginseng, its purchases and sales are strictly controlled (Simmons, 1981). The saving is rapid, and the organization is complete; of course, it is impossible to completely solve the problem - such a task should say that more than the capacity of the government in the pre-industrialization of the society - but has achieved amazing good results (Wei Yu Xin, 1980). In terms of agricultural modernization, China Qing Dynasty is slow and backward than the Nordic and Western Europe, but it seems to be successful than other people in the world, or compared to Europe's European. Xie and Quan (1982) Ask, the 18th century Chinese rural public is more affluent in the same time, and more education is more in education, but the contrast is larger than the farmers in other parts of Europe, because France is far away Most countries in the European continent (page 481). Therefore, the success of the Qing Dynasty enabled the expansion of the agricultural economy to catch up with the population. The changes in agriculture in the Qing Dynasty were consistent with the late mating model: the spread of the new mainland crops, sorghum and the second maturation, the transmission of seeds, excellent varieties; the diversification of crops, further commercialization of agriculture. There was no significant major mechanization before the beginning of the Western technology in the late Qing Dynasty. Agriculture is highly commercially in the Qing Dynasty. Market prosperity - from a very small "fresh product market" (farmers there is no easy) to the regional market of operating cereals and special crops, the regional market is connected to all parts of China, supplying the city, from all over the empire Food and other agricultural products are unable to win. Each local market is both huge and well-organized. Businessman is getting rich. The Qing dynasty literary works vividly depicts the mass production of the merchant, and (maybe even more significant is that the businessman is almost generally tending to buy fields and official positions, the landlord and officials enter trade. China's greatest novel "Stone Ke" [also known as "Dream of Red Man"; the best translation is written by Hoxick and Ming Fudi (Cao Xueqin, 1973-1986), described in the Qing Dynasty The big family; its correct power comes from officials, but has a large number of fields, in addition to maintaining family-lived, there is also a commodity crop, and there is another pawn, cloth transaction, and invested in various industries. The country has sold the palace, which is elective and controlling businessmen, and raising money. Some people even cultivate forest trees as commodity crops, which is definitely the ultimate performance of agriculturalization (Rose, 1972). On the occasion of the death, there is only half an acre (3 acres), it is definitely not enough to feed the population. Hunger and malnutrition are the most common causes of death, indirect factors are or because of their weakness, easy to suffer from disease, or to keep the road, infants, robbery and various violences due to farmers to maintain family rations. According to Parkins (1969), a person takes 400 kg (533 pounds) food every year, which provides approximately 2400 calories every day, considering the fact that China's age structure and many children can't eat adult quota, this is a Reasonable numbers (pages 16-19). It is even a quantity that is very pleased; the modern American population is high, and the per capita consumption is only about 2,800 calories.
However, Chinese usually work hard (increasing the needs of their calories), and a large number of foods inevitably damaged in transportation and storage - such as referring to the modern third world countries, about 1/4 to 1/2 between. Vegetables and roots are high per acre yield, and the situation of the shortage of food is slightly changed. In the Qing Dynasty, if it is planted, it is expected to produce two or three thousand pounds of cereals in one acre. Only use the cluster production method and carefully store the grain, and the farmers may have enough. High rents (25% -70% of the harvested, but typically less than 50%), and special tax also accounts for its share. Victor Lipit (1974, 1978) confirmed that during the late Qing Dynasty and the 20th century, China's approximately 1/3 wealth in this sense is the rest, that is, the national production exceeds the peasant family life and labor needs 1 / Top 3. This is very energetic with the number of population and yield. In the 18th century, the rest will definitely be higher, unless a large amount of land is extremely improperly cultivated. This is like this, because the Ambassador of Masoli is shocked by the desolate of many places in the country (Sourton, 1797), and even in the mid-19th century, Robert Fuqion (1847) It is also emphasized that people outside the major market are not interested in farming, and the land has a mess. Rosski (1972) further confirmed this feature, although in the Qing Dynasty, the wording she used was milder than Fu Qiong. In the 18th century, the ministers and 珅 珅 珅 珅 珅 不, this makes us imagine how the actual remaining is huge, and very few people have noticed their loss. However, when the people in 1800 are hungry, the court is enjoying delicacies. "The remaining" in the sense of wealth is better than the "remaining" in the sense of wealth required to survive. The root works become very important in Chinese history. Sweet potato has developed from one of the local relief crops to the east and millions of people elsewhere. Sweet potato is still not known in the Ming Dynasty. At this time, it has existed a lot, and its dissemination is mainly due to the activities of the French missionaries of 18 and 19th century. Corn grows in the western and southern vast fields and begins to enter all over the world. I have never had a high yield of crops in the warm and humid mountains in China. At this point, these regions suddenly opposed to other regions on crop yield. The invested corn increases the population of southern and southwestern parts, which has become the cause of rebellion. Fortunately, China eliminates the completely relying on the maize erythema and other malnutrition symptoms; more than just soy and vegetables continue to provide vitamins, other crops from the new continents that have been spread together, but also improved the nutritional status of the countryside. . Chili and peanuts are the most valuable crops, while tomatoes to the end of the 19th century gradually know (it is difficult to imagine that there is no tomato in China's food, and its spread is basically in the past 100 years, although it has been I have known each place). There are two important impacts in commercialization of agriculture. First, people can cultivate and taste more varieties. Even the small towns can call the resources of the entire empire, or at least the resources in the big market area (Rhodesman, 1982; Shi Nian, 1964-1965; Scenic, 1977). Farmers have achieved more kinds of seeds and original breeds, and they can grow under greater pressure. The microscopic environment of plant growth is identified, and the seeding accordingly: In the early 20th century, farmers in North China Plains may cultivate, or cotton, or cotton and cereals, or set of various cereals. This type of species, as well as the selected grain varieties, depending on the conditions of the territory, which seems to be a microscopic phenomenon for modern soilologists (Huang Zongzhi, 1985). The diversification of Chinese land in the micro-environment of plant growth is incredible, and the agriculture is developed in a greater diversification direction.
Second, the cultivation of special crops has more significant increases. People looking for economic plants in the 19th century, from Robert Fosan (1847, 1857) to Frank Gold (1911) and Frank Meyer (1911), China is an incredible hunting place . New types and varieties (they have almost inexhaustible supply for these varieties from a known transcription), they have been carefully selected and vigorous, not only practical, strong, reliable, high yield, strong, strong, And the fertilizer is sensitive to the care. In the recent 150 years, entering the Western new food, fiber and ornamental plants, mainly from China or Japan, which seems to be disordered; Japan's plants are almost all China 's original improvement and synthesis. Oriental persimmon, alfalfa, money tits and almost all plum varieties are the pillars of California agriculture, and they are equally transferred from China. Dozens of our common garden ornamental plants; most important in these plants is the perfume months, Westerners know it has been about 200 years, but mainly in the past 150 years to show its importance During this time, it completely changed the whole world to the cultivation of roses. If the Western farmer and food buyers are deeply rooted, we can also introduce hundreds of varieties. In contrast, the Chinese (once being regarded as unfortunately deducting ignorance) introduced almost everything that can grow in its country from the West. China's composting, organic fertilizer and soil management technology - based on resource protection and recycling - the movement of organic agriculture and determining resources in the West, it has been deeply rooted. The first great advocate of Chinese agricultural technology in the West is Frank Gold. He published in China, North Korea and Taiwan, published by his wife as a "40th century farmer" (1911). This book is still a classic work in the work of resource protection. However, Robert Fosan has written in 1847: "In terms of agricultural knowledge and practice, although Chinese may be more advanced than other orientation, it is never comparable to the Western civilized nation." (Page 7 In fact, Western agriculture is better than China Agriculture is quite late, it is also Fu Qiongy writing (until the end of the 18th century, the West is still behind). Before 1847, the most important innovation in the West is the management and feeding of livestock, as well as integration of livestock and crops; livestock has not played the main role in China, which is impossible to learn anything in this regard. The other main developments of the West include the cultivation of Mediterranean crops, while Mediterranean crops should not grow in China. China has already had most crops in the West, especially under China, and the cereals exceeds the Western cereals; so, in China, it is difficult to learn the Western technology in the 18th century. On the other hand, the West is rapidly expanding and developing colonies on new land in California and Australia, and China's food plants and ornamental plants are often better than any plants that were previously known by the West. . Robert Fosan's farming in China and other large things that have been seen in China are very low. Therefore, when he admits "a few copper plates ... A Chinese can meal, fish, vegetables and tea meals; therefore I am completely believed that there is no country in the world like China's true suffering and poor "(page 121), we believe him. Subsequently, he wrote a teaman again. "The food of these people is the simplest, rice, vegetables and a small grain, such as fish or pork. But China's poorest class seems to be the same than China. The class knows food art. With the simple items I have listed, China's labor tried to make many very delicious dishes, he rely on these best to eat breakfast or ask people to eat. In the days before Scotland (And I want to be almost exactly the same now), labor in the harvest season includes porridge and milk, lunch is bread and beer, dinner is porridge and milk. Chinese men will starve for this food "(Robert · Fu Qiong, 1857, p. 42-43).
Fu Qionon was surprised to find that beef and milk were widely edible in Fuzhou (1847, p. 60). In the late Qing Dynasty, the students, students "eat at least one rice every day, so that salty radishes, cabbage or other vegetables. They make corn sides into the nest head - a cake, attached to the pan of the cabbage. Fire. Fire Grilled and baked the wall of the cooker wall, cooking cabbage steam steaming its other side "(He Demn, 1914, page 194). I taught Many Yendlan who said many years. Students (quite rich young people) also eat cakes and millet porridge. A staple food to eat in Hendlan's family is "Chen Mi in the Empire Barn. He is more likely the new rice, a few vegetables and onions, probably a small plate of beans and soy sauce (page 196). ). If you spend a few more money, you can buy a corn rod, sweet potatoes and livestock in the street stall. It can be identified that more than modern cuisine is bird's nest, shark fin, powder steam meat and fried muttle. In the Qing dynasty, the Emperor of Kangxi, the bones were still a Manchu hunter, and the wild pears, peach, apples, apricots and Uranna, who came to the simple life, lying in the cold and distant hometown. He praised the sound of wild lives, which made people think of theodordo Roosevelt: "You will breathe in the morning squid and squid - first wrapped in the fish or pickled in salt water, then use sesame oil or pig Fried, how much can also keep the flavor of Beijing meal. There is also venison, put on the bonfire on the tent of Xiangyang hills; or the liver of the harail of the slaughter, you can cook it yourself (even if it is not afraid ), Eat salt and vinegar to eat big drink. In the northeast, you can also eat the bear's paw, the chef is very high for it. "(Shi Jing, 1974, page 9.) He cited Laozi The discussion of simple life, and said "farmers to the old strong, because of its light], the patrol is here, eat more than the local vegetables feel better" (page 97). With regard to fruit, he ordered: the people need a first-class crop, not mature fruit. But he enjoys the dried cows (indeed the best melon in the world), and it can be filled with raisins due to shrinkage and evapo. His future generation has maintained a simple feelings of the Manchurists to some extent. According to records, in the years, there are several emperors withdraw from the taste of the millet (including up to 150 dishes), just eat some porridge, add simple barbecue or boil. Other emperors are as possible to indulge in food. "Stone Remeasure" describes the most rich family, often mentioning exquisite food - even though I can't figure out what is going on. Cao Xueqin realized that the long story of the meal will disrupted his compact and moving emotional story. However, he will also be described in food and beverage if necessary. The most famous example is that the young nun, the young nun, who is often mentioned, and its tea meadow; she can distinguish the snow water dissolved with natural rain and plum branches (this did not sound so mysterious: plum blossoms have a similar to musk bamboo The strong scent, obviously giving aroma on the snow above the snow). On the other place in the book, once again pointed the ultimate elegance or the versatile style, Cao Xueqin's pennant not only did not eat noodles, but also refused to eat the following lunch: "A bowl of shrimp pill soup, another bowl of wine Steamed ducks, sauce, sauce, there is another dish of four creamy rookies, and a large bowl of hot blue-green green sputum rice glutinous rice "(Cao Xueqin, 1973-1986, 3rd Volume, page 208). But the male owner of this book felt more than the taste of us, and he would have no task of girls. In general, Cao Xueqin and other writers of Qing Dynasty showed special love for fruits and sea sodes, especially the indigenous production. At that time, like now, come to guests with a few bags of native food, while tourists from afar seashore are hoped to bring back to the sea. High quality fruit is always the most popular specialty specialty.
On the other of the Qing Dynasty, the great novel "Confucian History" reflects a larger middle class society, and provides a larger amount of details of the residents of the society (Wu Jingli, 1957). Scenery (1977) The authoritative comment of the Qing Dynasty food, the sloping this rated novel was evaluated. When a large number of activities in this book occurs, it is clear that the banquet is an important transaction, agreement, and negotiations, and the ambiguity of the family. Wu Jingli pen is not a juvenile world that is crazy. The characters in his books from the mad gangster to the hermit from the group, do nothing. In his pen, the former is a meat, the latter (who he really appreciates) is clear. The various characters in the book frequently appear in the banquet, we can eat the Swings according to how many of them, see Wu Jingli is a gentleman. Wu Jingli also has a french-style insight to the small shortcomings of monks. A monk holding a "tea tray, cloud cake, red dates, and some melon seeds, tofu, chestnut, colorful sugar", these are a very good Buddhist meal, but then I will take the beef noodles (Wu Jingli, 1957, Page 50-51). Eating beef is of course considered more sinful than eating other meat, because the Indian worship of the cattle has affected China; and another place in this book, a Chinese Muslim complained that the court banned the imperial place His source of his main meat. Later, a monk was invited to eat ham: "The monk flooded in the mouth of him ... He called a hen and cut the ham, drunk out, boiled. Monk ... The fertilizer of Tianjin, "(page 80) Recipe, menu and description add a taste to this book. There is "Guao, walnut, chitose, powder", "Nutto Cloud Cake;" Goose Oil White Sugar "; and Bad Duck (Page 112, 169). When a poor show, when you visit the West Lake, see and smell this duck and the hoof, sea cucumber, fresh fish, bird's nest, but he only bought a piece and tangerine cake, cook the chestnuts. Dessert (pages 217-219). A ghost "I am afraid that the duck is not fat, pull the ear, poke", on the other hand, he still bargains the cheap food, everyone hates him (p. 270). Small trafficking (hot small cake), which is grinded with Pachyma Cocos into powder, made with flour and together (page 347). After a person in the book, I took some cakes, and I was sitting down; the church gangsheng reported the menu of the day: "Elbow, duck, yellow boring fish, drunk white fish, chowder, single chicken White cut belly, raw meat, Beijing-ray meat, meat, fried meat, boring blue fish, boiled, and plaques, "Page 347-348). In sausage, chicken legs, sea bream, trotters, ducks, goose, goose oil, soup group, all kinds of pastry, vegetables, noodles, crabs, fish, etc., this description is only highlighting proteins. Although it is said, but the most commonly mentioned food in this book is also a wine. A book in a book describes the altan wine is "20 pounds made from the bouncing glutinous rice, and there is 20 pounds of wine, and the water is not helpful." And it is buried in the underground foot for nine years. This is drunken. " This wine has been taken from the ground, proves is "and" "" "" "" "" Finally, we must mention the great poets in the 18th century, a literary person and a happyist Yuan Mei. In addition to favorite food and drink, he also likes beautiful men and women. His book "Alcohol's Food Letter" is the Chinese Correspondence of Brirate - Savanin's China (Along the Yuanmou Living), he has become his pen name; he mistakenly believes that the site is immortal. Garden). Yuan Mei prefers the other ingredients and excellent cooking, do not like to talk about the drain, and other products commented: "Yu Try the chicken, pig, fish, duck, heroes, each has its own taste, self-contained.
Sea cucumber, bird's nest, and the merchant people are also unheattered, and the fence is sent to the fence. Taste a great sway, big bowl is like a cylinder, boiled bird's nest four or two, "Wei Li, 1957, p. 196). Medicinal diet continues to prevail. The" Materia Medica "is printed. Dietbook. Mainly watching elite patients ("Stone Remember" has some wonderful narratives), but the pharmaceutics in the city and small towns spread extensively, served as a bridge between the tradition from elites, literati. On the bridge between ordinary people. China and Hong Kong New Territories, this basic traditional system is still self-evident before generation, mainly to guide knowledge, prevent "big" tradition and "small" tradition from each other. Even women's science and pediatric science The professional field has not been forgotten. With the help of the modern practitioners in China, Fei Xia Li (1987) took this area in other cases in other cases. She wrote: Qing Dynasty is the same as the former industrial European Chinese doctors are too concerned about the weak patients of the upper class, and the strong farmers will follow the old, they are easy to give birth. Their diagnostics also follow the Chinese people's focus on the basis of health, and according to human body "The" hot "balance needs to store food. Each medical manual has its own food order for pregnant women, but all do not like excessive" thermal "diet, that is, it is difficult to digest meat, strong seasoning, oil And fat. They also disgusted wine and "coldness" food, think it is difficult to digest. Cons careful people can find carefully prepared taboo food catalog in the literature, and sympathetic witchcraft as a basis ("eat ginger, life The next child will have additional toes and fingers ... "" Eating birds, children will be more greed "). If the woman is not conservative, it will be careful to continue to eat properly. 14 pages) In Yuan-Ming During, we can find a series of such records, from concerns about a heavy taboo to broad advice, and have still been complied with it. Although these are all applicable, why didn't China have not treated modernization? Why fails In response to the way in Japan, that is, experience the prosperity of the traditional age, and finally catch up with the West through open foreign trade. The West is certainly a part of the problem. Even in the 17th century, its impact can still be felt; its marine trade damage The caravan trade in the desert, and destroyed Central Asia; it took the lead in occupying the coastline and quickly expanded to the Territory of the Qing Dynasty. But it also brought trade, with high-quality Mexican silver coins, even the cheapest and most critical Tea, drugs and silk. Some wealth in the early Qing Dynasty can be attributed to this. Until the mid-19th century, in the midst of opium, gunboats and inequalities turned into the rules of the rules, the impact of the West truly poisoned Even at the time, China can also respond like Japan and Thailand. Therefore, the Qing Dynasty rulers fully equipped with the collaborates of the collaboration in their court, but why never seriously try it. What about learning new technology? Obviously, the number of the Western entry does not explain [Mold (1977), using the West to China's devastating effects, while Litt ( 1978) was convincingly refuted this testination]. The European traditionally explained that China is born is a civilized country that is stagnant in the traditional binding. It does not care about the inventions from Taikoo. Confucian thinking system is often condemned. But this fellow agreed with all the other things we know. Even in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it is not necessary to say that the earlier era is still equivalent to strain adjustment. The Qing Dynasty is suitable for the new term "Agricultural Impathetic" in Clevrew Gergz (1963). Innovation (in different situations "," no development development ") happened to the traditional system to implement increasingly strict, more and more complex and more and more people, but there is no fundamental change. Such institutions will inevitably keep up with the growth of the population, so according to the definition, internal volume means that most people are tragic. Golz describes this syndrome in the Javanese colony under the Dutch, indicating that agricultural civicization is the result of colonial policies.
