Modern Some Scientific Frontiers Calculationist Philosophy
Li Jianhui Wang De Sheng (Department of Philosophy, Beijing 100875, China)
Summary: Modern life science (the measurement of human genome sequence and its further work and research of DNA Computer, etc.), the new progress of artificial intelligence between the discipline of life science and computer, cognitive science and computer intelligence, etc. It shows that we can see our world from a new perspective, ie the calculated perspective: "Nature This book is written in the algorithm language!" "The universe is a huge computing system!" Key words: algorithm, calculation, DNA computer, artificial life, artificial intelligence
I. Introduction
We have entered the 21st century! In 2000, the two achievements of the scientific community have attracted the widespread concern of the world, which is the determination of human genome sequences and the emergence of self-design and evolutionary evolutionary robots (lipson & pollack 2000). The determination of human genome sequence has produced a wide range of social repercussions, and the emergence of evolutionary robots has also caused a small vibration. Although some people pay attention to the latter due to excessive attention to the former. The human genome is a general biological content, while the emergence of evolutionary robots is an emerging computer and the cutting-edge discipline of the interior discipline. Although these two research areas are completely different, their goals are trying to understand the essence of life. The two areas actually start from the late 1980s. After more than 10 years of research, two areas have achieved great breakthroughs at the same time. What does this mean for life science? The genome is the library and library of life. The growth, development, differentiation, and immune response, etc. is a series of biochemical reactions in time and space, which is essentially the expression and execution of life information and procedures contained in the genome. which performed. All life information and procedures are described in different forms of DiNA sequences in four bases written in four bases. The purpose of the human genome program is to unlock these four words. June 26, 2000 Scientists announced the human genome "Working Framework", which marked that we have successfully measured the base sequence on the chromosome. After more than half a year, January 12, 2001, scientists announced the results of human genome map and preliminary analysis. The results show that the human genome consists of 31.647 million bases, with a total of 30,000 to 35,000 genes, 10,000 compared to the nematode, 20,000 more fruit flies, far less than the estimated 100,000 genes. In addition, scientists have also found that genes related to protein synthesis only account for 2% of the entire genome. When human beings have successfully discovered the full text of these four-character book, it is in a new confusion: the biological gene is similar to the computer's procedure, why is there so many redundant DNA in human chromosome? What is the DNA sequence or gene of determining human traits? How do they combine? How do they interact with a variety of complex life? Therefore, the new millennium, life science will enter the post genomic era of deciphering genetic information as the main content. In the post-genome era, the calculation will become an important part of life science. Sequence data of the human genome, if you edit it out in the form of a large city phone number, about a total of 1000 pages of a total of 1000 pages to accommodate it. If a person keeps reading this book 24 hours a day, it takes 26 years to finish reading it. This book is arranged in four letters of A, T, G, and C, in addition to the segments between different staining bodies, all are continuous strings without any interval or punctuation. It is very difficult to read and discover the law through the naked eye. Such huge data must be stored and analyzed by computer technology. Although the computer-based information has made great progress, it is necessary to organize such a huge human genome information to provide all human sharing, and the general information technology does not have such an capability. Bioinformatics, genomic language and computational biology are emerging disciplines produced in such a context. They use computers and new mathematical analysis methods to analyze the sequence data of the biological genome to find biological growth and developmental law. Although artificial life does not consider the actual problem of carbon-based life, it will think about the essence of life from the perspective of the calculation. Artificial life is regarded as a form of the essence of life, and this form can be manifested by a program or algorithm. Therefore, in the view of manual life, the essence of life is actually an algorithm. This algorithm is running to show life. Many studies in artificial life are to reveal the essence of life through computer programming. Genetological and artificial life research discusss the same problem from different aspects, that is, the essence of life. The concepts of two areas of research and breakthroughs, information, algorithms and calculations have become an important concept of understanding the essence of life. Second, calculate the essence of life
"Computing" is an unmanned mathematical concept. However, just as Einstein said, a conceptual summary is general, and more frequently entering people's vision, we must understand their significance. Therefore, although human beings have already learned the operation of adding, minus, multiplying, and other operations, but until the 1930s, no one can truly understand the essence of the calculation. Since the 1930s, people finally have a clear understanding of the essence of Calculation due to Goths (Kurt G? Del), A. Church and Alan Turing. A special mathematical branch is formed: reciprocating theory and calculated theory, and thus leads to the birth of computer science. So what is calculation? Simply put, the calculation is the transformation of the symbol string. Starting from a known symbol string, in accordance with certain rules, change the symbol string step by step, after a limited step, finally get a predetermined symbol string, this transformation process is calculated. For example, from 1 1 to 2, it is a addition calculation; from X3 transform to 3x2 is differential calculation. According to this definition, theorem has proved that text translation, etc. is also calculated because they are all symbol string conversion processes. Mathematics has proven that all functions that can be started from some initial symbol strings in a limited step in a limited step, or that any can be calculated is a general recursive function. A concept that is tightly linked is "algorithm". The algorithm is a general rule or method that solves a certain type of problem, that is, the rules of the symbol string conversion. People often see the algorithm as a program written in some precise language. The execution and operation of the algorithm or program is calculated. From the perspective of algorithm, a problem is not calculated, and it is exactly true that it has the corresponding algorithm. The concepts such as algorithms and calculations have been in connection with human understanding activities. The maximum impact of computers brought human thinking is more than to nature (Deng Shaiping, 1996). We know that the incidents in nature are the process of natural law. Computer science gives us an enlightenment that the specific natural law is actually a specific "algorithm", and the specific natural process is actually a "calculation" to perform a particular natural "algorithm". In this way, there is a shaped "natural computer" in our surroundings, and life and soul are two of which have the most distinctive. The earliest perspective of human beings is a philosopher who cares about the nature of the understanding of people. Locke once regarded the essence of thinking is calculated; Leibniz also believes that all thinking can be regarded as the process of operational operations. However, truly understanding thinking is calculated, and put into practice is a scientist in the field of artificial intelligence. The pioneer of artificial intelligence believes that the human brain should be considered as an off-state machine. Although the brain is composed of a substance of the laminated "cold porridge", the electronic computer is composed of a stiff metal material, but their essence is the same. The behavior of the off-state machine can be written in a behavior table, so each of the characteristics related to the mind can also be written on a behavior table, so it can be imitedly impending in a computer. In the paper published in 1950, Tuling detailed the calculation of the soul, and refuted various possible opinions against the machine's thinking. Under the influence of Tuling, McCarti (J. M. Minsky), M. M. L. Minsky, Simon (H. A. Simon), and New Yal (A. Newell) have created such a new discipline in artificial intelligence. After years of hard work, physical symbol system hypothesis that the characterization of the soul is successively proposed. The common features of these students are to regard the essence of the soul is calculated, regarding thinking as an information processing process. Although the symbolic school is later subjected to the challenge of the jointism and behavioral and behavioral, the essence of the soul is calculated that this basic artificial intelligence is not abandoned.
In Tuling, the brain is an almost the same period of a depth-based computer. The other pioneer of computer science Vonnieman (J. Von Neumann) begins to think about the essence of life from the perspective of calculation. Vonnieman envisioned a huge cellular automation, which operates in a certain rule. Vonnieman proves that if self-breeding is the essential characteristics of life, then this feature can be obtained from a cellular automaton. After Vonnieman, Kazir (J. Conway) has proved that the specific configuration of cell automaton is completely equivalent to the map forever. Randon (C. Langton further pointed out that cell automaton in chaotic edges can not only complete complex calculations, but also support life and intelligence (Langton 1991). It is under the guidance of such ideas, and Randon puts forward his artificial life concept. Randon believes that the essence of life is not in specific substances, while in the form of a substance. Life is not like substances, energy, time and space, is the basic category of the universe, but only the material is organized in a specific form. This organization principle can be expressed in the form of an algorithm or program. Therefore, as long as the material can be built in the correct form, then this new system can show life. This so-called "correct form" is the algorithm or program of life. Therefore, algorithms and procedures are bridges that connect non-lived and life, is the soul of life (Deng Shaiping, 1996). In fact, scientists who are not only artificially considering the essence of life is calculated; almost in the same period, some biologists have also begun to think about life from the perspective of calculation. In November 1994, American scientists Adlerman (L. M. ADLEMAN) published on DNA computer theory on "Science" magazine, from another aspect, the calculation of life. We generally see the words "Computer", may immediately remember the keyboard, display, memory and other content. The popularity of computers has made us habits such a concept: the calculation is carried out through electronic components on the silicon. However, Adlerman asked in this way: Is it possible to calculate it? He said, "Perhaps our views are too narrow. If the calculation is not there, and can be expressed in a variety of forms, how is the situation? Is there a liquid computer that calculates by interacting molecules? The answer is affirmative (ADLEMAN 1998). "By comparing the DNA self-replication process of the map foreground and the biological cells, Adlerman concluded that the cells were the idea of computer. However, Adlerman further believes that a biological computer calculated using DNA is fully designed by an appropriate approach. Adlerman is aware of the calculation characteristics of life when reading Watson's "Molecular Biology". Watson used some of the functions of DNA polymerase in his book. From here, Adlerman learned that "DNA polymerase is the king in the enzyme, is the manufacturer of life." Under the appropriate conditions, there is a DNA, DNA polymerase produces a second complementary DNA. The polymerase enables DNA to replicate, and this has made cells to be copied, ultimately can be copied to organisms. Therefore, Adlerman believes that DNA polymerase is only a magical nano machine with only one molecule. It "jump" to a DNA chain and slides down it, "Read" out every base it passes. And the complementary base "written" to a new DNA chain. When he admires the five-body investment in the bed of DNA polymerase, this enzyme and the famous mathematician and computer scientist Tuling have similar things in 1936. At that time Tuling was studying a computable problem. For his studies, Tu La invented a "toy" computer, now called a map forever.
One of the form of a map is constructed of two paper strips and a device called "limited control", which moves and reads data along the "input" paper strip while moving along the "output" paper strip and reads out And write other data. Adlerman discovered that the mechanism of DNA complementary DNA complementary DNA is completely similar to DNA polymerase synthesis. This similarity indicates that DNA polymerase synthesis complementary DNA chain is a computational process. However, Adlerman walked farther. Because the illustration is simple, it is universal. It can calculate any problems that can be calculated after programming. That is to say, it can be programmed to one diagram, so that mathematics operations, chess, etc., can even make it a complementary DNA chain. The DNA program in the general organism is already fixed, which is formed by a specific natural selection in history. However, if we have the ability to change it, you can reprogram it, then we can calculate any calculated issues with DNA. Therefore, Adlerman is more concerned about how to change the structure of DNA, such as the calculation of the Hamilton Path in DNA, but for us, Adlerman's DNA polymerase system is computer. More important views. Because it explains, the life system is actually a multi-level computing network based on the molecular algorithm for organizational law. Third, go to calculate
Once the world is examined from the perspective of the calculation, scientists not only discover the brain and life system is a computing system, but found that the whole world is in fact is a computing system. When Kecy proves that the cellular automaton is equivalent to the map spirit, some people began to regard the entire universe as a computer. Because of a specific configuration of cellular automaton to simulate any real process. If this is true, then we can imagine a cell automaker that can simulate the entire universe. In fact, we can use the universe as a three-dimensional cell automation. Basic particles or other hierarchical substance entities can be considered as the material state on this cell automatic grid point, and the laws that dominate their movement can be regarded as their behavior rules. Under these rules, various changes in the basic particles in the universe, resulting in evolution of the universe. Later, Randon pointed out that cell automaton in chaotic edges can not only make complex calculations, but also support life and intelligence. From here we can understand that this huge cellular automation of the universe is actually a cellular automaton in chaotic edge because it not only produces life but also intelligence. Fried Fredkin is a positive advocator of this view. He believes that there is a possibility to find a single cell automaton rule, which can simulate all microscopic physical phenomena, but also accurately simulate them (Fredkin 1990) under this rule. He called this system as "Digital Mechanics". If you can really find such rules, then the unified theory of our universe is not far away. Of course, some people oppose the view of the universe as a computing system. The first common objection is that computer and cellular automators are too simple, and anything cannot be simulated unless the face of the universe is simplified. However, Tuling has proven that it has been proved in the 1930s that the map spirit can calculate any calculated things in principle. To illustrate his conclusion, the Tuling makes his device have an infinite capacity. Also for the cellular automaton, if we envisage it has an infinite size, it can simulate any physical object. The second opposition and the reversibility of physical law are related to the irreversibility of the computers of the computer. We know that classic mechanics and quantum mechanics are reversible relative to time. That is, if the time is reversed in the formula described these regularities, the results of the formula be changed to -t, and the results of the formula will not change. Or, if we can reverse the time, our planet will rotate around the sun on the original track. There is no change in the nature of the atom. However, the computer's operation is not the case, the computer's operation is irreversible because the logic gate of the central processor constituting the computer is irreversible. No matter when, the logic door is turned off or turned off, and some energy is not saver in the form of heat. Therefore, it is inevitably proposed: If the physical law is reversible, the computer's operation is not reversible, then how can the universe be a computer? IBM workers' R. Landauer and Bennett have proven that the calculations during the change in information do not require any energy, but the elimination of information requires energy. That is to say, the minimum energy required to complete the calculation is directly related to the amount of information discarded. Therefore, if we keep all intermediate results while we are calculating, then we can reverse operations. If we ruin the intermediate results, the calculation will lose its reversibility, and its energy will also consume (Brown 1990: 38). Frieder is inspired by here, and he envisaged a solution without information loss. General logic gates, such as "with" doors, usually have an input and two outputs. Such a door is irreversible.
But Frieder envision, if people make arrangements, make it possible to pass the output values of the "" door, and can also pass its input value, that is, it has three output values, then, "and" door It turned reversible. Because the information is not lost here. In theory, this computer can calculate anything that the routine computer can calculate. However, no one can make such a machine so far (Brown 1990: 38). But Friedeak has found a way to calculate the reversible method after all. The third object of the universe is that the view is considered to be expressed by the calculation of life. However, as mentioned earlier, life is closely related to the calculation, and the essence of life is in fact. The fourth objection to the universe as a computer is related to our world's magical phenomenon: human awareness. If the universe is a computer, and all computers are functioning equivalent, then the computer must fix all the features in the universe, including our awareness. The computer has just been produced, and people can help but hopes to make the computer have intelligence. In 1950, Tuling published an article titled "Calculating Machine and Intelligence" in "Heart" (Mind) magazine. In the article, he put forward the idea of the famous "Tianting Test" to explain that machines can be intelligent as people. However, when the Tuling has just put forward his thoughts, some people put forward the objection, which leads to support and opposing the two major factions of artificial intelligence. Among the opinions against artificial intelligence, a more famous point is that American philosophers Lucas (J. Lucas) is proposed. In 1961, Lucus published a "Philosophy" magazine in 36 volumes, a "heart, machine and Gothic" articles, criticized the map of Tuling from Gotel theorem. He said in the article: "Gotel theorem must be applied to the controlled machine, because the nature of the machine should be a specific implementation of a form system. This means that any consistent, can do simple arithmetic machine, must There is a formula machine that cannot prove that it is true - that the formula cannot be proved in this system, but we can see it is true. Therefore, there is no machine can become a complete or appropriate model of your heart. The heart is inherently different from the machine (Lucas 1961: 113). "For example, we said:" This formula can't prove in this system ", if this formula is proved in this system, then we get A contradiction: If it is proven in this system, it is not proven in this system, so "this formula is not proven in this system" is wrong. Similarly, if it can be proved in this system, it is not wrong, but correct, because there is no error in any errors in this system, unless it is correct of. Therefore, the formula "This formula is not proven in this system" in this system, it will lead to contradictions in this system. Therefore, "I think," I think that Gotel theorem proves that the mechanicalism is wrong, that is, the heart can not explain into a machine. "Because," because we create a complicated machine, if it is a machine, The system will correspond to a form system, which will be hit by the Goter program because it is discovered in the system that is unconfusable within the system. The machine cannot be derived from this formula, but people can see it is true. Therefore, the machine is still not the appropriate model.
We always try to make a mechanical model of the heart - it is essentially 'dead', but actually 'live' soul, can always do more than any form, rigid, dead system Better (Lucas 1961: 115). "In 1989, the British mathematician, the physicist Roger Pengros, published a popular work:" The Emperor's New Brain: Computer, Heart and Physical Law ". In this practice, He made a further extension of the Lucus discussion. Peng Rose believes that according to the Gottler, the concept of "truth" concept is inevitable, so the concept of mathematical truth cannot be included in any formalism. Among the framework. Mathematical truth is something that transcends pure formalism. No matter which consistent form system is applied to arithmetic, there are always some propositions. We can see it is true, but the process of using formists is It cannot be sure. So, we get the psychological process of truth judgment, and cannot simply return to a special form system. Although we can't launch a Gödel proposition from axiom, you can see its effectiveness. This type involves reflecting principles "See" requires the insight of mathematics, and the insight is not the result of the pure algorithm of a mathematical form system. We have the use of insights that can actually have a true proposition, for example, the map spirit is not working. However, a given algorithm action cannot tell us these. So, people are always smart than the computer, the computer is not possible to think about people like people, Lucas and Pengros, etc., to refute the calculationist view of thinking or cognition Is it a question. Lucas's thesis of the "heart, machine and Gotel" papers published, and some people criticize his views. In the later 37 volume "philosophy" magazine, American philosophers White (Chimely) published a short but powerful refute article: "Heart, machine, Gothe: Respond to Ruscass". In this article, Whitley gives Lucas demonstration a very interesting Inspiration. Consider such a statement: "Lucas cannot be unanimously definitely definitely (askERT). "This sentence is a true statement, because if Lucas is sure this statement, he will be contradictory. This is said that Whiteli and we can see this statement is true, and Lucas himself Can't, when he is sure this statement, it is equal to his denial of this statement. From this, Whiteli asked, this does this mean Whitley and we can prove things, and Lucas can't? Does this mean Luca? Si's thinking is a machine, and Whiteli and our thinking don't? Obviously I can't say this. So Whiteli believes that Lucas's argument is defective. On the Network Forum, an author is very refuted by the Pengros's view It was persuasive. The author pointed out that Peng Rose talked to the Gothengereat when proved to win the computer, but when actual argument, he used an example of stopping problems. He demonstrated that There is no algorithm to determine whether P is stopped. He then said that human beings have "insight" that can see this truth, but the machine is not, so people win the computer. If Peng Rose (take Pengros) "Insight" is something called PP from his brain. To know the working mechanism of PP, Peng Rose needs to go deep into his brain. But if Peng Rose analyzes his brain, he It will encounter inevitable contradictions. Suppose we have a tool, using it we can check the brain details of Pengros. After a period of research, we found a neuron G, which has this property: g is usually Sleep status, but if we tell Pengrosg, G is rapidly excited after G is in sleep.
Because when we told Pleos, it will stimulate the activities of Pengros' brains. Therefore, there is such a true fact that Pengros never knows, because when he wants to know it, it is in a new state. And we know this because we are "outside the system". Of course, neurons having such a nature may not exist. But it is likely that some aspects of Pengros's brain behavior should not be known at all, because they lead to new states. Therefore, Pengros also can't escape the restrictions of Gotel theorem. This example shows that the key to the problem is that we can see the problem outside the system. The correctness of Gotel is unable to prove or be proved within the system, but in addition to the system, we have found that these statements are indeed correct. When Lucas and Pengros were arguing that people were in the system, they put them outside the system, but put the computer within the system. We let us own a higher level to determine the authenticity of the Gothen proposition, but let the computer determine inside its formal system. Lucas and Pengros are analyzing the problem, and they will definitely be a conclusion that people are beneficial to people. In summary, the idea of calculating or algorithm has penetrated into many areas such as cosmology, physics, biology and economics and social sciences. Calculation has not only become a general idea and approach to people to understand nature, life, thinking and society, but also become a new worldview. We have a reason to believe that the entire world is controlled by algorithm and evolved according to the rules specified in the algorithm. The universe is a giant computing device, and any natural event is a computational process under the natural law. The diversity of reality world things is only the different exterior performance of the algorithm. The evolution of the whole world: from the virtual no existence, from non-life to life, from feeling thinking, it is actually a process of calculating complexity, increasing process (Hao Ningxiang, 2000). Not only the essence of life and thinking is calculated, the nature of nature is also calculated. This is perhaps the biggest revelation of today's life sciences and related disciplines. More than 2000 years ago, Pione Grass proposed: the number is the original! More than 300 years ago, Galileo said, "Nature This big book is written in mathematical language!" Copile also sighed, "God must be a geometricist!" Today, we have entered the information age. What should we say about the nature of nature? "Natural world book is written in the algorithm language!" "The universe is a huge computing system!" References
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