Author: Unknown Source:. ChinaUI1 design principles (1) user principle. Human-machine interface design first establishes user type. The type of division can be determined from different angles. It is necessary to predict the reaction of different interfaces for its characteristics after the type is determined. This is designed to analyze from many aspects. (2) The minimum amount of information is minimized. Man-machine interface design should try to minimize user memory burden, adopting a design plan that helps memory. (3) Help and prompt principles. To respond to the user's operational command, help users handle problems. The system is designed to have the ability to restore the event, and the internal processing of the system must be prompted to give the initiative to the user. (4) The best combination of media. The success of the multimedia interface is not only to provide users with rich media, and under the guidance of the relevant theory, pay attention to handling the relationship between various media, just being used. (See the media selection) 2. Interface analysis and specification In human-machine interface design, interface design analysis, user characteristic analysis, user task analysis, record users related to system concepts, this work can be Combine with multimedia application system analysis, including the user analysis report. 3. After the type task design of the interim interface, you should decide the interface type. There are currently a variety of human-machine interface design types, each has different quality and performance, and the following drawings are described in detail. Creatively using multimedia environments will greatly enhance the application function. To do this, you need to consider it from the following two aspects: Media selection (1) The function of the media: no media is best in all occasions, each media has its own specific range, each The media function is referred to as follows: 1 Text: Performance can be used in performance concepts and scheduling details. 2 graphics: good at expressing ideological outlines and contains trend information in large quantities of numerical data, and has a large advantage in space information. 3 Animation: It can be used to highlight the entire thing, especially suitable for action information that is unable to express static graphics. 4 VideoPhotos: Events and scenarios suitable for expressing difficult to express other media. 5 Voice: It can make the conversation information, especially in the image, and can pass a lot of information when the animation is set. 6 Attitude and Action: With a strong information reference capability when combined with other media, the time, space, and logically contacts can be established between related information. (2) The combination and complement of media selection: script design can be assigned a media according to the content, and here should pay special attention to the combination and difference between the media. Several principles are as follows: 1 The information media has different needs in different stages of the problem solving process. A medium such as voice, image, etc. capable of providing specific information can be used in the initial exploration stage, while in the final analysis phase, the text media describing the abstract concept is used. Some intuitive information (graphics, images, etc.) are between the two, suitable for integrated stages. 2 The type of media species has no significant impact on the delivery of space information, and various media have their own strengths. 3 Media combination is a new topic that needs research in multimedia design. The media can support each other and interfere with each other. A variety of media should be closely related, fasten a sense theme, and should not put the contents of irrelevant media together. 4 Currently, the media combination is technically mainly by providing a variety of media information segments (space binding) and dynamic media that vary over time (time series). 5 Media resources are not more better, how to put various media in semantic layers, combine information more efficiently, is a research topic to explore well, is also a key issue for application system human interface design . (II) User Psychology - Application Cognitive Psychology of Cognitive Principles, in a broad sense, is about the psychology of understanding.
Human knows objective things, mainly through feelings, perception, paying, memory, thinking imagination, etc.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, In fact, our cognitive psychology refers to the psychology that is purely adopted by information processing, which is the knowledge of information theory and computers, simulation, verification, etc. How to get, how to store, how to exchange, how to use it. Therefore, the essence of modern cognitive psychology referred to here is information processing psychology. In general, people use information processing psychology, also known as a narrow cognitive psychology. 1. The process of cognitive processes and listening processes constitutes consciousness, images and sounds as stimulating features are received and encoded in an abstract manner, compare the information in the input and memory to the excitement, this process is Awareness. The human body information processor includes sensory, short-term memory, long-term memory, and actions associated with it therein. Each perception has a corresponding short-term memory and processor, and the overall block diagram of the human information model is shown in Figure 4.3.1. Among them, the cognitive processor's work is what we usually say. The results of thinking or stored or sent to the action processor control action. 2. Cognitive Psychology (1) The core of modern cognitive psychology: the theoretical essence of modern cognitive psychology is to study people's psychological activities with computer information processing, regarding human brain as a kind Computer information processing system. (2) Two key important concepts of modern cognition psychology: modern cognitive psychology's school is concentrated in two key important concepts. An important central concept of modern cognitive psychology is "information". To a certain extent, the concept of "information" is drawn, and the theory of cognitive psychology will be disbanded, it is difficult to exist. Another important central concept of modern cognition psychology is "Information Processing System." The theory of information processing systems is the main body of modern cognitive psychology theory. (3) Research Methods of Modern Cognitive Psychology: Modern Cognitive Psychology Research Methods have experimental methods, observation methods (including self-observation) and computer simulation law. 3. The cognitive principles followed by human machine interaction, based on user psychology and cognitive science, the following basic principles guidelines interface interaction design. (1) Consistency principle. That is, the user understands the familiarity familiarity as possible from the task, information expression, interface control operation, etc. to be consistent as much as possible. (2) Compatibility. It is compatible between users expect and interface design, and based on user experience. (3) Adaptability. The user should be in the control status, so the interface should be adapted to the user in many ways. (4) Guiding. Interface design should guide users through task tips and feedback information, and do "centered on users". (5) Structural. Interface design should be structured to reduce complexity. (6) Economic. Interface design requires steps necessary to use the least support user. Under the guidance of the above basic principles, the following points are proposed for the reference for interface design and screen design: (1) by specific to abstraction. That is, the user will provide a specific object via the multimedia interface. Then, from the specific object, the learner summarizes the concept or principle of abstraction, or uses analog system to guide the abstraction. (2) Display invisible content is displayed by visual content. Use a clear-cooked object such as numbers, illustration, animation, color, etc., formula or abstract concept. (3) By the simulation guidance innovation. Highlight people's interaction, try to inspire users 'positive thinking and participation, and arouse users' learning and create desires. (4) Reasonable application and re-recall, reduce the burden of short-term memory of users. The so-called re-recognition is that users choose a correct or best in several possible answers from the system. Recall the user to enter the correct answer or keyword. (5) Consider individual differences in users, use user language.
The above 5 points have reflected "It is easy to easily and gradually strengthen." This originated from the principle of cognitive psychology. (3) The first step in interface structure and implementation interface is to design the results of the task design as an input, and then add the access mechanism to organize these modules to interface structures. Access mechanisms can be hierarchical, network or direct, and the type of mechanism is mainly determined by the task structure, but also depends on the design style. For example, a menu provides a hierarchical structure, and the icon is directly accessed, or it can be hierarchical, and the command language can also provide direct access mechanism. The second step is to divide each module into a number of steps, and each step is assembled into a dialogue design, which is the interface detail design (refined design flow as shown below). Interface design includes the following: Interface Dialogue Design 2. Data Input Interface Design 3. Screen Display Design 4. Control Interface Design 1. Interface Dialogue Design In Interface Design To use dialogue selection, and add user access And control mechanism. The dialog is based on the task order, but to follow the principle: (1) Feedback: Inform the user at any time, especially if the response time is very long. (2) Status: Tell the user what is in the system, avoiding the user's correct command in the error environment. (3) Detachment: Allows the user to abort one operation and can be separated from this choice to avoid user deadlocks. (4) Default: As long as the answer can be predicted, set the default value as much as possible, save the user's work. (5) Simplifying the dialogue as possible: Use an oligo or code to reduce the number of user keystrokes. (6) Help: Use online online help as much as possible. (7) Restoration: When the user operates an error, return and restart. In the dialogue design, the above guidelines should be considered as much as possible, and the Media Design dialog box has many standard formats. In addition, conflict factors in interface design should be compromised. 2. Data input interface design data input interface often accounts for most of the use time of end users, and is one of the most vulnerable parts of the computer system. Total Objective: Simplify the user's work, and minimize the input error rate, and tolerate the user error. These requirements can be used in design implementation: (1) minimize user memory, using the list selection. Set the default value for the common input content; use code and abbreviation, etc .; the system automatically fills the content that the user has entered. (2) The interface is predictive and consistency. The user should control the data input order and make the operation clearly, and use the data input interface that is consistent with the system environment (such as a Windows operating system). (3) Prevent users from errors. Confirmation can be taken in the design (only the user presses the keys, confirming), clear movement (using the Tab key or mouse in the table), clear cancellation, the input data is not deleted. The delete must be confirmed again, for a fatal error, to warn and exit. For non-credible data inputs, give suggestions, processing does not have to stop. (4) Provide feedback. To enable users to view their entered content and prompt valid input answers or numerical ranges. (5) Input and automatically format it by user speed.
The user should control the data input speed and can be automatically formatted, and the space for the input can be accepted. (6) Allow editing. Ideally, you can allow editing formats that can be allowed after entering and adopting styles. The data input interface can be implemented by dialogue design, and if the conditions are automatically entered as much as possible. Especially images, sound input will develop rapidly in remote input and multimedia applications. 3. Screen display design screens mainly include layout, text term (Message) and color, etc., the following: (1) The layout screen layout is different from the side focus on the functional consideration. Each functional area must be highlighted and function is obvious. No matter which function design, its screen layout should follow the following five principles: 1 Balance principle. Note that the screen is balanced up and down. Do not stack data, excessive display of overcrowding will also produce visual fatigue and receiving errors. 2 Expected principles. All objects on the screen, such as windows, buttons, menus, etc., should be consistency, allowing the object's action to be expected. 3 Economic principles. That is to provide sufficient information, you should also pay attention to concise, clear. In particular, the media should use the principle of media selection. 4 Order principle. The order of object display should be arranged. A dialogue should usually appear first, then implement the system segmentation by dialogue. 5 regularization. Screen delegation, display commands, conversations, and prompt lines are as unified as possible in an application system. In the screen layout, you should also pay attention to some basic data settings. (2) Text and termination text and speech are displayed as a text display medium, and it is also possible to show when designing head, title, prompt information, control command, session, etc. The design format and content of text and termination should be paid to the following: 1 Pay attention to the simplicity of the language. Avoid using computer professional terms; try to use a prominence, do not use a negative sentence; use the active voice without passive language; use courtesy without excessive emphasis on a text session; for different users, implement a psychology principle; English words try to avoid abbreviations; in the button, the verb of the description operation should be used in the function key mark; use the zoom in the form of the data input dialog and the command language dialogue; when the text is longer, the compression method can be used Reduce the number of characters or use some coding methods. 2 format. In the screen display design, a picture does not have much text. If you have to have more text, try to packetize the pages, and perform the bold, change font, etc., but the word is unified as much as possible. Except for the language of the English, try to use lowercase and easy-to-recognize fonts. 3 Information content. The information content display not only uses simple and clear expression, but also the simple sentence familiar to the user, try not to scroll around. When the content is more, it should be subjected to blank or subjected to a small window to make memories and understanding. Important fields can be used in bold and flicker to attract attention and strengthening effect, and the enhancement effect is diverse, and the choice is performed. (3) Color use Color-in-color screen display is also an important design, and the color is in addition to a valid strengthening technology, and has aesthetic value. When using color, pay attention to the following: 1 Limit the number of colors displayed simultaneously. Generally, the same screen should not exceed 4 or 5, and different hierarchies and shapes can be used in conjunction with color, increase changes. 2 The color of the active object in the picture should be distinct, and the non-active object should be dim. The color of the object should be as different as possible, the foreground color is very bright, the background should be dim. 3 Try to avoid incompatible colors, such as yellow and blue, red and green, etc., unless it is compared. 4 If you use a color to indicate some information or object properties, you should use the user to understand this representation, and try to use a conventional criterion.
In summary, the screen display design will eventually reach pleasant display, to guide users to pay attention to the most important information, but do not include too many mutual contradictory stimulation. 4. Control Interface Design Control Session Design Menu Interface Design Function Key Design Icon Design Window Design Direct Operation Interface Command Language Interface Design (4) - Interface Design and Evaluation Evaluation is an important component of human-machine interface design, should be in the initial stage of system design Dip, or during the prototype period, design defects can be found early, avoid human and material waste. The quality evaluation of interface design is usually available for four basic requirements: (1) Whether the interface design is good for user objectives? (2) Is the interface learning and use? (3) How is the efficiency of interface? (4 What are the potential problems of the design? The overall design and specific function block design of the interface can be used to comprehensively test the application objects. See example and analysis of interface evaluation details. The interface quality of the specific requirements, only the following items are proposed for reference: (1) practicality. The measurement interface can only get data from the user questionnaire when helping users complete tasks. (2) Validity. Metric index has error rate, task completion time, system allocation rate, etc. (3) Easy to learn. After starting from the system, the error rate has dropped, the case where the task time is reduced, and the condition of the device and command is correctly invoked, and the condition of the user knowledge is increased. (4) System equipment and function. If some devices or features are not used any users, it is possible to design. (5) The user satisfaction. Taking the degree of satisfaction with the user, it is found to measure the problem and use interest. The method used by the interface assessment has been carried out by the method of traditional intuition experience, gradually turning into a scientific system. Traditional experience methods have the following: (1) Experimental method. After determining the experimental target and the assumption critical assumption, the most reliable experimental method is the final analysis of the experimental results analysis of the experimental results. (2) Monitoring method. That is, user behavior is observed. There are many ways to observe, such as direct monitoring, video monitoring, system monitoring, etc. Multiple methods are generally performed at the same time. (3) Investigation method. This approach provides important data to the evaluation, which can be used at any stage of interface design. The survey method can be used in the questionnaire (questionnaire) or interview. However, it should be noted that this method obtains the reliability and effectiveness of the data, not as the experimental method and monitoring. Another difference is a formal method. This method is built on the interaction model of the user and the interface. It differs from the experience method that the advantage is that the advantage is that the evaluation can be evaluated before the interface detailed design is implemented. However, it is impossible to fully predict the situation reflected by the user, so there is currently a relatively simple and reliable empirical method. (5) - Interface evaluation example and analysis from the target expression clear and accurate. Whether the expression is appropriate, whether the amount of information is complete; its media creative design is novel, the interface structure and screen structure design layout are reasonable, and whether it is simple and reasonable. (6) - Human-machine interface developers have experienced two boundary distinct times, and the first generation is the text-based interaction, such as menus, commands, conversations, etc., it is difficult to use and not flexible. The second generation is a direct operating interface that leads out more natural visual communication interactions. The next generation is an interactive multimedia integrated method, requiring a large number of languages, natural language, and advanced graphics, or other interactive media, such as people's actions, gestures, and 3D images. The study of human machine interaction has transcendent psychology, and enters the study of sociology, interface technology and multimedia technology, communication technology, and particularly suitable for artificial intelligence technology.
The following is an overview of the development of human-machine interface; 2. User interface management program; 3. Adaptive human-machine interface; 4. Intelligent interface management system; 5. Dialogue form specification instructions; 6. Interface system design method Improvement; 7. Human-machine interface summary. Overview of human-machine interface 1. The formation of human-machine interface has been introduced from the computer. Early users are mainly based on computer professionals, but as computers have entered people's work life field, computer users have changed, non-computer majors Ordinary users become the subject of the user. This major shift makes the usability problem of the computer increasingly highlighted. What should the human-machine interface should be? How to build this interface? People have begun to pay attention to and study these issues. These issues involve both people also involve computers and some relevant disciplines such as psychology, human factors, sociology, linguistics, etc. With the development of computer technology, the application is widened, thereby brings different theoretical methods. Since the 1980s, the study of human-machine interface has had an unprecedented development, and the rapid spread of microcomputers has been an important role. 2. Conference on human-machine interfaces, publications 3. Various theories and methods of human-machine interface: (1) Analysis and evaluation technology: used to analyze, evaluate user interface effectiveness, such as task analysis, Discourse analysis, content analysis and availability evaluation, etc. (2) Design methodology: Method and technology used to produce user interface design, such as software psychology, environmental factor design, multi-party participation in design, tools and test methods for designing process. (3) Development tools and methods: Support user interface development toolbox, user interface management system (UIMS), fast prototype method, and program design aids. (4) Interactive mode and equipment: new input / output devices and equipment use strategies, including communication modality and multiple modal integrations such as visual, sound, tactile, and gesture. (5) Key user interface ingredients: such as user interface metaphor (metaphor), user interface style, intelligent interface technology, cancellation, hyperviso / hypermedia, and online help. (6) User model: including user behavior models, information about the user's inner model, user individual differences, etc. (7) User interface design for specific applications: Meet the user interface design for specific restrictions and requirements for a class of application issues to human-computer interaction. Such as: virtual reality, intelligent counseling system, information retrieval, Internet / WWW, CAD / CAM, expert system process control, decision support, etc. (8) Computer Assistance Collaborative Work (CSCW): Research on how to use computer systems to help people 'effective collaborative work, including site observation, theoretical model, group user interface development and design. (9) Legal and standards: The standardization of user interface is standardized about the patents and copyright issues of user interface. These research directions are currently in a very active development stage, and have strong differentiation and mutual penetration, some orientally, may develop into a considerable relative opposite research area user interface management program (User Interface Manager). UIM's extraction with the formation user interface management program is a functional software component that replaces all functions to manage user interfaces. Since most applications are used for interactive systems, and many software workload is to implement the user interface, the repeated program isted to waste time and manpower. This leads out the UIM. 2. The characteristics ofUIM can be used as a multi-faceted interface module responsible for all interface presentations and dialogue management.
3. The function ofUIM is responsible for all interface presentations and user management, which describes its model: a complete UIM program is to provide interface components and management tools, which help the application sequence quickly constructed interface and develop in prototypes Design in the cycle. 4. The simple development tool screen depictors of theUIM, screen design tools. Intelligent Interface Management System 1. Introduction: Intelligent Interface is a typical typical user interface management program [UIM]. It is a functional software component that replaces all functions of the management user interface. Just do not include the corresponding application software. 2. Design objectives for intelligent interface management systems: Multi-faceted and reusable interface modules, contacting users, contacting application software. 3. Intelligent Interface Management System Requirements: It is necessary to adapt to different types of applications, but also can be migrated between different system environments without unforgettable modifications. 4. Research on Intelligent Management System: Concentrate on how to classify from the interface and to provide interface components and management tools to help application staff quickly construct the interface and assess interface design in prototype development. 5. Dialogue form Specification Description Dialogue The Necessity of the Form Specification Description of Dialogue: I. Use the interface of the formal system design to enhance reliability. II. Software module constructors can be used to achieve reusability. Several form specification descriptions: 1. Behavior behavior description with the Z language (SUFRAN, 1986). 2. Describe the dialogue sequence with the path generation (ALTY, 1984). 3. Algebraic formal system Description System's interaction set (DIX and Runciman, 1985). The different points of formalization is their expression ability and flexibility, but the total purpose is to demonstrate to people, and the conversation behavior can be a limited description. For example: "WHAT YOU SEE IS What YOT" principle, the principle of generating engineering, GUEPS, how to fine work, how to work properly, how to work properly. Form standardization faces many problems, the key is what is the form of content, but it is still development. The development direction of form specification: It is the principle of software engineering principles and cognitive issues to interact, and the disease has introduced a series of context-independent principles for design, and realizes interface engineering design. Improved human-machine interface design of human-machine interface design is part of the system design process, so it must be combined into the modern system development method. The current system development method is not paying attention to interface design issues and users pay attention to too little or more, so that user criticism remains continuous. Interface design common topics is to let users care and intervene. Its purpose is to promote the participation and role of people in system development. User-centered design methods: 1. User participation in design - users should actively join the design process and enter the design group to jointly make decisions. 2. Use the user-centric design - the system design must be determined according to the needs of the user, but cannot be pushed by the functional process, or hardware restrictions. 3. Iterative design (prototype design) - human machine interaction literature specifically emphasizes that the concept of prototype and its refinement cycle must be paid during design. The evaluation of the human-machine interface is also an important research problem: (1) Diagnostic analysis - determine the adverse characteristics of interface design; (2) Monitoring - error rate, command usage frequency and use duration; (3) experimental analysis Collect the evaluation data.
