This year (1988) is the forty-second anniversary of the first electronic computer ENIAC. Computers have become part of our daily lives, and there are already more than ten or twenty years of history. But today, there are still many people - including a lot of computer practitioners - seeing the computer is just a more advanced abacus, in addition to the fast operation and the instructions to perform some specific programs, and the other of the human There is no difference between the tools. In these people, the so-called "machine thinking" is at all, because the machine is always just a machine, it will never make a real thinking.
In the 1970s, the above view is very popular in the 1970s. So someone mentioned that "Machine Intelligence" or "Mechanic" is coming, there will be so many scientific fiction. However, in the 1980s, the industrial machinery developed rapidly, and Japan reveals its artificial intelligence research programs. Today, the world is entering the fifth-generation computer. So, the noun of machinery began to respected. However, in some "stubborn" people, the fifth-generation computer program has no success. Of course, they will also make the road, pointing out that even if the plan is successful, it does not represent the computer really has the ability to think.
The problem is of course the definition of each person's "thinking". However, I will not talk about this, the author faces the above-mentioned argument, can't help but think of Clark's "The Future Sight" book "The Failure of Nerve" this humanity: people will only accept The reality seen in front of you, as far or not, although all facts and evidence will show will occur, we will still refuse to accept. That is to say, we lack courage to bring things to the development of things to its logic.
This kind of courage is not necessarily on people who are insufficient. On the contrary, the more people who have been proficient in one learn, often can't jump out of the box block of the true facts. As at the beginning of this century, laughing in space flying as a nonsense person, there is no shortage of physicists; today's repeated machine intelligence and machinery is the most powerful, it is often the authority of the computer.
In fact, the initial stage of computer technology, the possibility of machine thinking from the perspective of computer technology is one of the foundations of the ground. Among them, Booleanalgebra, the information of the Claude W. Shannon, the control of Alan M.TURING, Fengnuo, Fengnuo John Von Neumann's theory of and automation machine theory.
However, the problem is that since computer technology has truly started in the fifth year, people's sputum will continue to improve hardware and software, which has been able to expand their power and applications. So, computer technology and artificial intelligence have divided into home. The computer becomes a professional, and artificial intelligence is still just a drillaself in the ivory tower. - The computer practitioner of the whole year has heard of the name of Von Norman at the end of the end, and it is even more in mind to the innol.
Of course, we can't erase a huge contribution to this computer practitioner. Their efforts have opened "our computer era. But as social needs continuously improve, people have been relying on traditional computer technology that they have not been applied. We must give it to it, we must give it to listen, Speak, can read, can read, can act, and make more judgments. In other words, the computer man's private product begins to teach the "school" drilling of the "school style" that is previously used by them. Computer technology and artificial intelligence technology have been recredit of several decades.
For sci-fi, artificial intelligence is emphasized. Of course, it is a great good news. The smart computers and machinery in the scientific fiction have been laughed in the computer for decades. Today, I finally got to breathe, and the ease of teach people know who is not.
Of course, there is still no stop in this regard, because science fiction has not described the computer that will think, and boldly assume that humans can do "know what they have existed" one day. Controversy about this is obviously more intense than the computers. A secondary robot can really produce self-awareness, becoming "ignorant" to "有 有", is it "Nothing"? " In numerous science fiction, the answer to the above problem is affirmative. Moreover, it is a big topic, and there is a variety of fascinating plots. But if we want to deep, it is not easy to know this problem, so it should not be slightly tape. In the philosophical search, there is a major controversy that is only a material or ideal. Ontology and Epistemoloegy. What we have to ask is: Is the essence of this world is material or mental? Is the material derived from the spirit or a spiritual derivative? After the two, the two were the matter.
Under this hanging, we further related to the "Heart" or "Heart and Heart". The Mind-Body Problem. What is a perceived? What is awareness? How can we know what you exist? And how can we know "We know yourself existed?" ... How can chemical reactions and current pulses produce intangible ignorant emotions and thinking? How can I have an active activity? Surrounded by these sunset, the philosophers put forward a lot of reflection, parallelism, interaction theory, phenomenon, deputy magic ... etc. Although it debiled in the multi-value century, there is still no consistent opinion.
Since the concept of "machine thinking" is proposed and gradually achieved (depending on our definition of thinking), these seemingly pure academic debates have new content. What we have to ask is: No matter where the school is correct, whether the machine manufactured by the human beings, whether there is one day (this day can be ten years later, after a hundred years or even thousands of years) can generate self-awareness 2 to have real thoughts and feelings ?
For many people, the machine can have perceived and feelings such a great embarrassment. In their opinion, there is an insurmountable gap between the soul and substances, regardless of how the future technology is developed, and will never connect two sides of the gap.
On the other hand, some people are convinced that both the surface seems to be different, and the material and the soul are different, the latter is the product of the former. Undoubtedly, this product has experienced billions of years of long organisms appearing on the earth. However, the process of evolution is only the mechanical organization in the natural law, and there is no need for any supernatural strength to intervention in the role of natural law.
Another point to consider, the evolution of nature is very slow due to lack of purposes. Evolution of the machine is very different. As long as we review the history of ENIAC to date, we will be amazed in this evolution. As computer technology continues to progress, tomorrow's machine must be more powerful than today's power, and weaphas. We don't want to imagine: With the increase in the complexity of the computer, the end will reach a "critical point in the critical point, will lead the" quality change "from" quantity ", which makes the computer produces the most prototype, just like The ancient monks initially realized that they all exist.
It is necessary to know more about machine thinking, a good entry book is the "Mind and Machines" edited by Alan Ross Anderson. Another very interesting book is a "person-person-person-person-person-person-person-person-person-related moral individual may exist in the universe" (Persons: a study of Possible Moral Agents) In theuniverse. In this book, the authors discussed the basic definition of "people", and the "Alien Wisdom Biology" and "Intelligent Machine" as the "people". If the reader is more interested, the author has highly recommended that they read from the Douglasr.hofstadter "Douglasr.hofstadter", "Gotel, Ecnier, Baha - Average Eternal Grancy" (G6DEL Escher, Each: Aneeener Golden Braid, 1979) This curiosity and its continued article "I am" (The Mind's I, 1981). These two books are not easy to read (especially the former), but the content is very incurred to logic, thinking, self-awareness, machine intelligence. Both friends who are interested in understanding these issues are unpleasant.
It can be seen that "artificial intelligence" is behind the noun, and it includes extremely rich creation material. It is a pity that the science fiction works that really explore this issue are not much.
The Mono IS A Harsh Mistress, written in 1966, is more detailed in detail, and a small number of copies that have been ignored by ignorance. First, but only the latter half, the novel is just describe how this computer will help the people on the moon to resist the tyranny of the earth, but not further explore the growth process of this mechanical spirit.
The story of the awareness of machine consciousness and growth is the most unforgettable, and the short "sweet sleep, Mei Lisa" written in 1968, Stephen Goldin (Sweet) Dreams, melissa. The beauty in the story is a little girl's name, but this little girl does not exist in the real world, but is just a computer program in a military research experiment. The reason is that although scientists have made a polar advanced computer, scientists can produce the most awareness, but to make this consciousness gradually increase and grow, and a specific model must be provided as a specification and guidance. They then write a typical girl from the birth of a five-year-old psychological development process to the computer program, and the results have been made to Mei Lisa. Mercorsha has always believed that he was just a five-year-old little girl. Among the rest of the nightmare ... The military computer is the theme, and D.f. Jones is written in 1966 (Colossus). The story describes the two major military computer systems of the United States and the Soviet Union, the result that they have begun to join hands to take over the earth. Since Jones does not hoster to homework in science fiction, two he described is visible and not far away, so this reading makes people feel cold and chestnut.
The Blade Runner is a quite scientific fiction film in recent years. Its script has adapted to the long novel of Philip K.dick in 1968. " Is sheep electric? "(Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?). As the name suggest, this is a novel with copy people. The so-called replicant, English is Androids, which can refer to excellent mechanic who cannot distinguish between the appearance and people, can also refer to other methods - such as biological cultivation - "People" manufactured. The content of the film of "2nd 0" is a batch of intelligence and physical fitness that surpass humanity, in order to extend life and pursuit of freedom, the tragic struggle of human special assassination troops. The atmosphere in the movie creates excellent, quite in line with the original author Dick Integrity. It is just a deeper psychological description than the original actions. Among the sci-fi-theme of replicators, the "Thet Of Glass, 1970) of Steveburgh is another more excellent work. The story describes a rich enemy's business king to build a glass giant tower that is towering yourself. Thousands of workers built this tower are replicant manufactured by the factory under the jurisdiction of the company. In addition to the red skin and the descendants, these replicans cannot reproduce the descendants, they have both thoughts and feelings; but they live, but they are almost slave life. Finally, they are inadvertently resistant. The giant giant tower resolved collapsed, smashed the dream of the king of the company, and smashed the ugly slavery.
In the idea, "Glass Tower" can be said to be "r.u.r.". But in description, there is a unique achievement.
In 1984, Zhang Jun was published the "big prophecy", which can be said to be the first attempt of science fiction in Hong Kong writers with a more serious attitude. The novel is also the theme of replica, but it is called "creative people" in the story. Like in the "glass tower", the existence of the creation is just to serve human beings. In order to better control these labors, the two people will definitely remove their emotional factors. When the creation of the task is completed or damaged, it will be "encoded", which is the destruction of humanity.
The author is to pursue human rights and freedoms in creative people, and the earth is taken from the environment and the environmental pollution, and there is no clean soil, which depicts a technology, but it is still far away from the Utopia. The idea and layout of the story is not good, but later joined the alien with this unhappy plot, but weaken the original tension of the story.
The above many works are victims of replicant as the story of the story, can be said to stand in the position of the replica. On the contrary, Elison's short article "I have no mouth but I want to scream", a horror scene that humans suffered from computers is deposited: I have gathered, beautiful, A super computer in Su 3The computer, not grateful to humans after "awake", but hate human beings bring it to this world. It killed everyone, but there were five left, imprisoned in its huge body. Like a madman, it vents endless hatred in these five people, if they don't want to live, you can't die, you will have a bitter pain, you have done it ...
Similarly, the computer turned to dominate the human, and Herbert and Lansem (The JesusIndent, 1979). The entire spacecraft (Ship) in the novel is a super-level computer. Since this computer is getting more and more feeling that he is great and human, it has finally monopolized all control rights on the boat, and forced people on the boat (WOR-SHIP). Although the basic idea of the story and the computer in the "two 00 and one too empty roaming", the description of the plot is further, and the discussion is also more deeper.
A short story of replicant, a good choice is the "Almosthuman, 1965). As for the novel set of mechanical people, "The Comingof The Robots, 1963)" Metal Smile "(The Metal Smile" (The Metal Smile) , 1968), recently, there is a "robots in Science fiction" in the "Three Group" compiration of Asmon ". In terms of computer, it is important to select the "Science Fiction Thinkingmachines, 1954) and the" Three Groups "" "Computer CRIMES AND」 "(Computer CRIMES AND CAPERS, 1985), etc. Whether it is a mechanic, a replica or a computer, human beings face these creatives made by their own image, their mood is undoubtedly contradictory and complex. People who believe that religion will pointed out that human beings are creating, and only God has a great energy to give life, but human beings will create life, create thoughts and feelings, create thoughts and feelings, which is unforgivable. It is a big disrespectful!
Even if it is not believed to be religious, there may be a similar point of view, that is: Some things in the universe are never known to humans. We deliberately in the truth of the universe, you caught the gods to do the gods, and the results will open the box of Pandora (note) in the myth of Greece, bringing the world, and may even die.
We have seen that self-"Flakestein" is desirable, and the sci-fi-fi-fi-fi-like works that will not be included in the same idea. The pen is used, whether ironic, humorous, meaningful, serious, still thoroughly pessimistic, is also implied by "dangerous zone, be careful". In this fantasy has gradually become a reality, the computerized social and mechanic age is coming, I think these works are worth reading three readings.
Of course, excessive pessimism and fear will damage human intelligencers, excessive cauties, will hamper human progress. The optimistic person pointed out that human beings have also facing huge challenges. The so-called "water can be boat, can also come to the boat", the computer is also good, the mechanic is also the same; as long as we do not lose human unique personality and vitality, why must I fear what I have created?
They pointed out that the coming of computerization is not a safer, it is convenient, more comfortable, more pose? The first industrial revolution (Note: Pandora) is the first woman made by Wang Zeus (Zeus), the king Zeus life, she is the first woman made of clay. When she is, Zeus gives her a box She is privately opened, all disasters contained in the box are disconnected. Only hope to stay in the bottom of the box.) Steam machine, release humanity from the hard-friendly and hard physical labor, and expanded humanity Control the ability of the material world; now use the computer-led second industrial revolution, release humanity from cumbersome and engraved mental labor, so that he can engage in more creative thinking, and greatly expanded human control knowledge The ability of the world makes him a more deep insight. All such varieties can be seen as the continuation and deepening of the first industrial revolution, and will have greater substance prosperity and spiritual freedom than the first industrial revolution.
In the face of pessimistic and optimism, the author has tended to be more optimistic. Even so, I don't agree to depict the future into a carefree perfect world. As any technical change will produce some adverse side effects, computerization and mechanic's emergence will also bring certain social problems. The development of agriculture does not bring the cultivation of poppies and opium? Similarly, the hand of the robot that is buckle is also possible to hold a drifted poppies. The science fiction creation for decades is just a good psychological preparation for our people who send flowers. But the above analysis. It is only for the incompetent future. From the perspective of the longest point, humanity will be replaced by a higher smarter machine one day, and it is still a possibility that cannot be erased. Of course, the rails are stupid, and mammals can replace its status. The computer has to replace human beings, and of course it is not a good thing. But on the other hand, the rate of computer evolution is much more faster than mammification. The first electronic computer in the mountains in 194. It is not in a half century, we have a miniature private computer, and its smart talents have passed over, and there is no difference. Who can predict, how can the computer's ability to reach half a century? Don't forget, the evolution of nature is chaotic, and the evolution of the computer is planned, there is a goal.
The idea of following this continues, transcending the pessimistic and optimistic views, and there is a view of the view. The agency believes that although human beings have high wisdom, it is due to the evolution of no top plan, and human beings in wisdom also contain a lot of inferior and dark faces, and these evolutionary bags cannot be completely getting free. However, the artificial intelligence is not; the same, it has the advantages of human wisdom, but there is no shortcomings in humans, and it is a new achievement in evolution. The so-called "Yangtze River post-waves push the waves, the newcomers in the world", isn't that the most reasonable thing?
Talking about the replaced human being, as early as 195000, Asimov has vividly pointed out that human beings have never been unknown spy computers in its short "The Evitable Conflict". Become this logic development in the world. In 196, year, the famous Swedish physicist AiheSalfven is in the pen name JohannesSon for a brilliant work name "The Great Computer). This small book has been detailed in detail the rise and evolution of the computer, and how to replace human becoming history in one step. Written this history, of course, the human heir computer itself.
What is the good thing for human beings that have been made by the machine that have been manufactured? Susan Calvin, a mechanical psychologist (Susan Calvin), is aesthetic, and it is obvious, as a family class, which is excellent as a family class. More! "Clark said in an article talking about human successor:" If we exist, it is only a link to the low-like life to a higher-order life, Isn't it a mission worthy of our pride? "
However, I believe that in the reader, few people can accept the above views. Most people will ask fear: future computer may be smart and high, but can we leave the world to these cold ruthless machines?
The key is in this "love" word. The valuable people of human beings (at least we are doing this this), not just that he has thoughts, but also he has feelings. Yes, his emotional world has ugly dark side, but there is also a bright and noble side. In short, people are valuable, because he is a non-heart, good and evil, beautiful ugly; because he is happy, angry, sorrow, music; because he knows care, loving, there is a sense of justice, there is Pursuing the persistence of life meaning ... We want to select the class, unless he is also equally good, otherwise it is dead. The problem is: In addition to the ideology, can you have self-consciousness, emotional, moral concepts and values? If there is, should we also treat them as a member? Human inheritance of the machinery will continue in the spirit of "people"?
Like the analysis of the "Alien", they are in the bottom, whether it is aliens or mechanic, we have the same problem: why?
What we cherish is not our shape, but the invisible "people" in the body, this "people" can exist on the biological body on other planets, or may exist in metal (and silicon wafers). Among the machines, this kind of essential idea is in the same way, the science fiction has a contribution of the science fiction in half a century.
The last thing to mention is that the above discussion is assumed: people and machines are completely separated and incompatible. However, with the development of artificial organs and the progress of biomedical engineering, humans have incorporated some machines into their own body. Incidents of this trend, we can imagine a mixture of people and machines, sci-fi, and "machine transformation people", English is cybernetic Organism (controlled by body) abbreviation.
In 1972, Carnadincaidin made a long novel "Cyborg). The novel describes that a spaceman is seriously injured in the accident, and the authorities have transformed his body more than a superior person in order to save his life. This novel is later patched as a TV set, which is the "The Six Million Dollar Man" familiar to everyone.
In fact, earlier than 1968, As Moff has pointed out the trend of "human-machine combination" in "segregationist) short stories in" SEGREGATIONIST). In this novel, the sci-fi recognized classic is the "hands-on shoulder" written by Port in 1976. The story narrative human beings are transformed into colonial Mars and do not hesitate to transform the owners in the book. The author deeply explored the feelings and psychological changes in the master of the transformation, and the end of the book was more unexpectedly: combined with a higher-order human machine secretly planned by the earth computer.
Another unforgettable "Human-machine combination" novel is the "Singing Ship" in McCaffli, Science Fiction (Theship WHO SANG, 1969). A young girl with serious defect is given a new body - an spaceboat. The space ship is unique to the steplanculous channel, and it is often a tone of the guests. The novels have made many independent stories, and the content is filled with the warmth of the silk, and it is fascinated.
But not all human-machine combines such as "singing boat" so successful. Some people have put forward such questions: Is our body really just a deodorant? Is it enough to form a whole or the combination of the body and the soul? If we retrofit the flesh, do you change our inherent human nature?
First, this danger is the famous sci-fi commentator and the novel Thanette. In the short story "Masks" written in 1968, he describes how a person unexpectedly injured in the moon is completely transformed. However, the focus of the full focus is straight down at the end of the story: the owner's cold blood kills a cute puppy, showing that he has completely lost the horizontal heart in human nature. In 1975, the "metamorphosis" written by Holderman also expressed the same idea. The above human machine is combined with the direct transformation and replacement of the human body, so it is easy to cause people's fear and resistance; but another human-machine combination does not need to change human itself, so it is generally more acceptable. This is the so-called "Machine-Augment Amplifier". The principle of this amplifier is the trace current of the human body, and the trace current is lost to a single machine skeleton with the human body. The skeleton is used as an indicator signal, so that the corresponding movement is made. The result is a person with a skeleton, the physical fitness is like a lot of times, not only able to swim the collapse of the wall, and can be a longitudinal question, and the Macadium is active.
In the laboratory, scientist dragons have created some of these amplifiers. In the science fiction, these descendants are mostly used in future wars. Due to advanced technology, we can imagine the appearance of the amplifier being made into a space. Soldiers put on these special space clothes, each will become a "super warrior". The "Starship Troopers, 1959) and Holderman's" The War Science "novels have been used in both the" War War, 1974). The above concept. In many Japanese machinery cartoon packs (such as "Tiefang Universal Heroes", "Three Hundred Yele", "Hu Wei Warrior", etc., there is also a similar principle.
However, if the signal of the bioelectric is wireless, we will have a more brilliant foundation - "Remote Execution Technology". "Remote Execution" is Waldo in the sci-fi terms, which is a new name in a short section of Hein Lein in 195.
As the name suggests, the so-called remote control actuator is repeatedly used by remote technology to repeat the man's one fell in the distance, and the machine passes the information obtained by the sensory device, and it is constantly instantly transferred back to the man. This concept can have a lot of different degrees of expression. The remote control mechanical arm for processing radioactive substances in the nuclear industry is one of the initial applications, but in science fiction, this idea has been greatly pushed. A typical description is a machine working on the moon, but the manipulated person is going to work on the earth.
Obviously, the remote actuator does not need to be limited to a robust arm or excavator. It can be a ten-meter giant machine, or it is a miniature mechanic having only ten centimeters. As for which "avatar" is more appropriate, it is depending on the needs of the environment. It can be imagined that in the future interstellar exploration, the first to fall into an unknown planet to explore, it is poor like this batch of "avatar". The real explorer is just sitting on the space ship sitting in the track, and all input sensory information and output execution commands are directly received and sent by the brain.
Surprisingly, the author has not seen the science fiction of the above ideas. If you are interested, you may wish to create it.
The design of the brain directly receives and issues signals, leading to the idea of another human-machine combination, that is, the direct connection between the human brain and the computer. Human-computer dialogue has always been an important part of computer technology development. But ask what dialogue is, which is more straightforward than the terminal in the brain?
In Anderson's Power, "Papers", the hostess can enter the state of "Psychic Communion) with the computer on the spaceboat. In Nitern and Pu Ni, "Oath of FealTy" is also described in human brain and computers through instruments and radios directly. More interesting is that due to different people can connect to the same computer above the same computer, they can also talk directly to the face of the face or not need to tilt. That is to say, human beings have been achieved by the dream of the soul in thousands of years, can be achieved through the computer network! Further, the brain is a carrier of human awareness and thinking, but can consciousness and thinking can borrow other carriers? Simplely said, we can be entered and stored in a computer like a general information and computer programs? Does this indicate that we can get "eternal life" that humans dreams of? (Because the computer is broken, the information can be transferred to another new computer.) Boer is playing the above ideas in the book "Heechee Rendez-Vou5, 1984). And adopted a positive attitude toward this. However, in an earlier book "Sentence in Binary Code, 1971), the writer PristTopher Priest took the opposite view. Pu Shishi pointed out that if you can put it from the body and inject the computer and inject your computer, it will be the most cruel most terrible penalty. In the earlier classic "final problem", Asimov has previously surpassed the affirmative and negative views, indicating that the integration of people and computers is an essential crepe. Although each body lost his mind in the fusion process, "the result is not a loss, but it is a big gain."
Indeed, it is also a very tempting for overspeed computing and an encyclopedia-like real-time knowledge. It is also a very tempting for anyone. At the end, we will connect to a global computer network in the future, and humans and computers into a super symbiotic system? Is this a system marked in the form of evolution of a higher level of wisdom? From another point of view, this man-machine combination is human absorption or computer? If it is the latter, whether the spiritual look of human beings will thus become unrecognizable, and the human beings we have learned will not exist. All of this is worth we think about while appreciating science fiction creation.
