Hair born, the software is born
Early people who make computer work, almost made mysterious colors like the computer itself. Those very few scientists who have trained trained on a huge computer, allocate the switch, 揿 button, the knob ..., busy to make people a dazzling. Since the computer only recognizes the binary code represented by 0, 1, in addition, the input takes a method of reading a paper tape, and some scientists are often busy after half a day, but they don't understand their own "."
It is used to call the binary code section written with 0, 1 as a machine language. In order to make the output input slightly convenient, the commonly used symbolic SIN, the calculation of functions such as logs, etc., pre-edited the block (this wait parameter fill in, the block called subroutine is completed) The user can be taken at any time. The edited machine language program is called a management program, and the software history opens its brilliant first page from the management program. Time is in 1951.
But the term "software" is officially opened at a computer academic conference held in Paris in 1960. At that time, people had called the host, the monitor called hardware, relative to hardware, in the historical context that time, people called software. Software that is born in the air, bringing the sky-covered changes to the future world. Compilation, the first, Fortran is later
Machine language is too difficult to understand!
Seeing those who entered and out of UNIVAC I (first universal automatic computer), the programmer is both headaches.
Each time, they are like a child's holiday, and a new program is debugging every starting.
In 1952, the computer language made a breakthrough in the study of natural language, computer scientists Mao Hili et al, develop success in Univac I - Successful language - assembly language.
This language is a 0,1 digital code that is no longer a nasty, and uses an easy-recognized 易 记 symbol (such as ← y) close to the natural language or mathematical calculation. Of course, because the computer can only understand the machine language, it is a special translation for this new language: assembler. People use assembly procedures, with "old" god, and finally have cheerful laughter.
The assembly language of the first, in the application and popularity of Mu Chunfeng, almost every machine has its own specific assembly language.
The assembly family broke through the machine's mine area, and the software industry was no longer lonely.
Bucks, Bax!
In 1956, the computer research institutes almost all over the world was invented by Bucks in the Fortran language of the IBM704. Those who engage in science and engineering said: "Bax is liberated from the heavy slave labor, he is Spartacus (ancient Roman slave uprising leader)!"
The Fortran language has a extraordinary charm in the calculation. The famous computer scientist Goods has done an interesting experiment. He let his students follow the Fortran language to play a master of machine language to see who is fast. As a result, he had to end with the failure of "master".
The abbreviations of Fortran, Formula (formula) and translation (translation) are also called formula translation languages. Until today, she is still widely popular in the world. Because it is more close to natural language, unlike machine language or compilation, it can only be applied to a certain machine, people have wore a high hat to Fortran - "Senior Language". The machine language and assembly language are called "low-level language".
Fortran is the first language for technology and engineering calculations, and the first high-level language that is truly widely used. In the history of software, she is a milestone that is quite in the language.
Later, Fortran became a new favorite for three years, a computer language longer than commercial data processing. Software Shengshi, the language of all the words in the 1960s is the nature of the advanced language.
In 1959, the University of Pennsylvania convened computer manufacturing plants, users and universities, and held a CodastL (Data System Language) meeting with the US Department of Defense. The following year, COBOL 60 is disclosed. This is the highly popular standardized model of standardized language COBOL.
Almost at the same time, Algol 60 also embarked on the historical stage. Her "father group" is a group of scientists headed by Naur.
COBOL is good at data processing, Algol is well known in style, she is clear, well-known, people can say that it is a typical computer language model. Cobol uses a natural language programming style, and the program is written in the form of close English, and it is easy to accept by countries and regions of Europe and America and English (such as India, Hong Kong, Singapore, etc.).
When the calendar turned into 1962, Keameni and Kutz proposed a meeting language Basic in the Dartmouth College, USA. Although the five-flowers of the computer language is already as dazzling like today's big shopping malls, Basic language is easy to learn, and become a "black horse" on the competition, which is scrapened into the most popular entry language.
Basic's development can be roughly divided into four stages. Initial Basic, Basic and Extended Basic, Senior Basic, Structured Basic. Each stage function is gradually enhanced. In 1985, True Basic came out, and it has an upper performance in designing, interpreting tracking, graphical functions, computational speed, and portability. In 1987, Borland launched Turbo Basic, compiled and runs, and the window is displayed, so that the Basic human-machine interface is new. In 1991, Visual Basic's advent of Visual Basic has made Basic have reached an unprecedented spread in the application.
Scientists have a big hand-general language in the way to make computer languages into natural language.
The general language has a nickname: "Bus" language means that users can choose the language functionality liked by their own taste, just like a bus, this person takes this paragraph, the man takes a paragraph, and someone from the head Take it. PL / I and Algol 68 are the leader in the Universal Language of "Collection Language".
PL / i gather the characteristics of Fortran, Algol 60, COBOL, adds a list processing and storage allocation; Algol 68 is an expansion in Algol 60, in theory, she is a significant language, But Algol 68 reports theory is too high, summarizes too refining, it is difficult to read. Algol 68 and PL / I, can be said, one is "Yangchun White Snow", one is "lower Ribban".
In the early 1970s, the software garden came to a new customer: Pascal. PASCAL, the masterpiece of Professor Worth of Zurich Federal University, its language style is abundant in Algol 60.
The PASCAL program is simple, the first time reflects structured concepts, strong expression ability, easy transplantation, high practicality, and features Basic easy to learn.
Pascal and Basic are the compulsory subjects of language learners, known as the "double" of senior languages.
Now, we let the host of the software park - the operating system is unveiled. Miliu whatever, CP / M insonses thousands of waves
In the 1970s of the computer language, the computer itself develops in the direction of miniaturization. In 1971, Intel successfully developed four Intel 4004 chips. In 1973, it was also developed successfully eight Intel 8086 chips. The birth of the microcomputer, has been accommodated. In the middle of the 1970s, the desktop microcomputer, the workstation, the super microcomputer, the laptop, "Who will command them", people will call.
In fact, in 1972, Amaa (US Mini Machine Association) was quietly prepared for a "command system", and they used the PL / M programming language to write the paper strip editing program ED for Intel 8086. In 1973, Dr. Gary Kildall, the founder of PL / M, decided to "hang the hands", quickly cultivated a "embryo" of the management procedures and data on the host TOPS-10 of DEC. The doctoral banner, it feels that "tastes good!", But Intel Company and other famous computer companies have not smelling this, this makes "Marshal" and "soldiers" are very light, 1974, "embryonic" is full World announcement: version number V1.3; big name: CP / M; full name: Control Program / Monitor (Control Program or Monitor).
Although CP / M V1.3 is "God", "God", "Control Program and Data", but "God I" is quite cold, and the computer operator is still eye-catching. In 1975, CP / M V1.4 inherited the "throne", started to make public opinion, and Dr. Kildall created Digital Research (Digital Research Company), cheering for CP / M, CP / M continued to be adopted by minor manufacturers in various countries, around him The software has also been exploded. CP / M change red purple, mythical popularity, is highly respected as "standard eight-bit machine software bus", Dr. Kildall is more famous.
CP / M is actually the first microcomputer operating system, with privileges of hard devices such as command hosts, memory, drums, tapes, disks, printers. By controlling the programs and data on the bus, the operating system performs people's instructions in an orderly manner, such as directing a party or band, and ensembles the wonderful movement.
The prosperous CP / M family continues to add. CP / M-80 running on the Intel 8080 chip; CP / M-86 running on the 8088, 8086 chip; CP / M running on the Motorola 68000 is called CP / M-68K. CP / M-80, CP / M-86, CP / M-68K, etc. form a huge CP / M family.
Single user's CP / M-80 operating system, later developed into multi-user MP / M-80, single-user CP / M-86 development into concurrent CP / M-86 and multi-user MP / M-86, They become a new force of the family.
CP / M pioneered the new era of software, namely the milestone of the computer. Someone in Jiangshan is only, MS-DOS leads
In the late 1970s, the backyard of the CP / M was fired, and its microcomputer operating system hegemony began to shake.
In 1979, IBM has developed a 16-bit microprocessor Intel 8086. Microsoft designed a disk operating system for IBM PC, Microsoft's generous commitment, but at that time only Xenix operating system, Xenix operating system requires processor Support for storage management and protection equipment, the CPU 8086/8088 of the PC does not have this feature. Microsoft is eager to meet the requirements of the PC, and purchased the CP / M-86 "Nothing" -SCP-DOS operating system that can be run on the 8088, the sales rights of the CP / M-86 "Nothing" - SCP-DOS operating system, which can be run on the 8088 engineer Tim Paterson. Rename MS-DOS V1.0 published. In order to avoid the suspicion of "stealing the column", Microsoft launched MS-DOS 1.1 supported by 320kb in August 1981. Because the blue giant's promotion is helpful, the operating system software market presents a situation in almost overnight, and the CP / M status will deliberately. I want to come to CP / M. Although the MS-DOS function is powerful. However, after all, based on the CP / M-86 basis, I said that I have the same hands and feet, my dear, but the "sister" of the show can wear the "sister" of the old beads, and starting the golden long years.
Subsequently, IBM purchased MS-DOS use rights to Microsoft, renamed it to PC-DOS 1.0. MS-DOS is also known as PC-DOS, which is this reason.
In 1982, Microsoft MS-DOS 2.0 supported by PC / XT hard drive has been admitted for the first time with multi-level directory management functions, and partially absorbs the advantages of UNIX operating systems on the human-machine interface.
In August 1984, the 3.0 version was announced, and the memory management capabilities were adapted to IBM PC / AT and its compatible machine.
In November 1984, the 3.1 version of the network was supported to the society; in January 1986, MS-DOS 3.2 announced that it supported 3.5-inch floppy disk, formatted to focus on peripheral drive; in April 1987, version 3.3, It adapts to the PS / 2 type; in 1989, MS-DOS 4.0 operated in real address is listed.
In June 1991, Microsoft launched MS-DOS version 5.0, and then triggered a large upgrade action. This version made people's impressive feature is that the memory is only 18k; the installer is easy to learn, and once an error occurs, Can keep you old DOS.
After 1992, Microsoft continued to introduce new, version 6.0, 6.2, version 6.3, until August 1995, with the unveiled of Windows 95, MS-DOS Ultimate Edition - 7.0 version. Constantly updated MS-DOS, expands the desire of Microsoft, and further strengthens its confidence in its global software industry. Windows window is extraordinary, killer
In 1991, there were two major events in the personal machine software market for computer manufacturers and users. One is Microsoft and IBM "Bai Bai", one is the marriage of IBM company with "对 对" apple.
Dip the clouds and see the youth, the truly "bullish" of these two things is the Windows window software that everyone is famous.
At the end of 1983, Microsoft came to the news, a software development called Windows called Windows. The young and qi Microsoft decided to "carry the revolution", put a large amount of human material to continue to study the improvement and upgrading of Windows; although the world is helpless, the people who have a lot of people have become, in May 1990, super "art software "--Windows 3.0 公 公 公 - Microsoft came out of IBM shadow," stand up here! "WINDOWS 3.0 is just an upgrade version, it shows a new world, the new world! It has direct access to up to 16M expansion memory, providing storage management that can make hard disk space as virtual memory, providing multi-task management and a strong set of functions. Aesthetic generous icon (icon), three-dimensional realistic buttons, rich and pleasing screen display, and a wide variety of fonts, convenient and practical data exchange, is a peerless contribution!
The Windows software has caused a sensation. Single is in 1990, it has sold more than 4 million sets. Emerging Super Rover Dec and Compaq, is pleased with Microsoft Tongzhou. In 1991, three teams formed a Advanced Computer Environment (ACE) alliance. The ACE Alliance is more regarded by Windows software as the Pearl, and has introduced a multi-server, high-end machine, and a Windows NT series of products for multi-processors in 1992.
Windows became the killer of Microsoft. Gates Chairman understood the world: "The core strategy of Microsoft companies in the 1990s is Windows, desktops to use Windows, multimedia to use Windows, handwritten characters to use Windows ... No computer uses Windows!" The electrical field, Gates also unextens: "TV user interface should be Windows."
Microsoft is not some "small people to have a sign". If you ask IBM, the answer will be affirmative.
In 1987, Microsoft and IBM have jointly launched an OS / 2 operating system. The two original intentions are "a princess such as a flower", but Os / 2 is more like a "fat pig", look at it. The user's user drums, it is a hair. In the past few years, OS / 2 Zero Star is selling hundreds of thousands. The two from the family become enemies, and mustard.
Now, from Windows 95 and Windows 98's hot extent, Windows's honeymoon period will continue to be quite a period of time. Inadvertently fighting, the attic fly out of the golden phoenix
In March 1969, the US Telephone and Telegraph (AT & T) Bell laboratory did not divide, "Yipis" headed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ridge, in order to change the strange graduate student, is raising Hugging a gold doll in the Bell Lab: a small general-time system running on PDP-7. The boss AT & T did not plan to have any amazing "big movements". Although in 1970, this crying called Unix's multi-user-time system landed, but in addition to Thompson and Rich Around the "small life" to the wine, with the show, the company's topic of the company is not in the life of the company, and the topic of UNIX is not.
In November 1971, Thompson and Ridge cooperated to prepare the first edition of UNIX, the laboratory's patent organization became the first user of UNIX; June 1972, after the increase of pipeline technology, the second edition was born. The system and utility at this time are compiled in assembly language.
Two UNIX version already has many important ideas of modern UNIX, but AT & T has no intention to fight for spring, Unix has a shame of the moon, and only "alone in Wangjiang Building" is lonely. In 1973, "is" a year full of hope and harvest ". Rich is developed into a C language based on B language, and Thompson and Ridge have rewritten the UNIX system with C language, and thus the fifth version V5 is launched. It turns out that the later UNIX is so fast promoted and popular, and the portability of C is.
The C language "ancestor" is Algol 60. The C language generates the target code quality, the program execution is high, and the good portability is very difficult, and it is very difficult to divide with UNIX, just like a brothers and brothers.
In July 1974, Thompson and Rich were written in the article "UNIX Time System", published in the famous "ACM Communication", Unix first officially disclosed, causing strong repercussions, there are colleges, The research staff of the Institute came to the unix style.
At that time, AT & T was very big. For customers who like UNIX, they will be given a free, in order to not provoke "maintenance", AT & T simply source procedures are also dedicated. So, Bell Laboratory Triassa City.
In March 1975, the 6th edition (V6) UNIX system was published. This year, Western Electric companies under the AT & T have found that the US colleges have basically configured PDP small machines, and UNIX is an unconfilled operating system that is most suitable for small machines. Polisilists suddenly realized, "the opportunity to make a fortune has been coming!"
As a result, Western Electric Corporate began to issue a license using UNIX, but the cost of the education community is only 2% of the government and the business world. That is, from this time, US universities began to open UNIX courses and constantly modify, expand, and re-develop it.
The above situation, facilitating the popularity and development of UNIX systems, but sovereign units AT & T 's out of control, leads to Unix's multi-orbit evolution, not only giving trouble to AT & T, but also add trouble to users. One of the fire, the manufacturer Kai Wang Zhongwang
Unix is a full-length, all overheasted, research and preparation of new vendors, such as summer nights; all kinds of family versions of various symbols, mixed users.
There is more influential, there are seven major lines, they are the authentic version of Bell Labs; the standard version of Berklai University; AT & T Commodity version; Microsoft Product Edition; IBM AIX version; DEC version; Sun (Sun) Edition.
No one wants to unify UNIX, no one is uniform.
The competition between the company and the company, first relying on powerful technology, followed by financial resources, and for those of the company's rough, with strong weakness, it is a matter of quenhood.
In Unity and standardization of UNIX, there are two major groups that are not allowed to make each other. First, the OSF (Open Software Fundation Open Software Foundation), headed by IBM, is the UI (UNIX International International) Group headed by AT & T. The AT & T Group has long been the dominant position of Kay Unix, in fact, in the late 1980s, it has plans to implement the "version of the annex" strategy. The group believes that only two major lines are worth driving, the first is 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD of the University of Berclays, which is higher than its own UNIX System V, and occupying Unix's high-end products. Market; the second is Xenix System v in Microsoft Spectrum line, which is lower than UNIX SYSTEM V, but it occupies Unix's low-end product market, and the annual sales volume is quite large. If the above two versions are dissolved into their UNIX SYSTEM V, UNIX market is my AT & T. AT & T Ambiguous Merging Program has achieved some achievements. In November 1988, UNIX BSD (Berkle Edition) was also taken, and the Unix System V Release 4 of the three has been interconnected with 15 languages. The work of the merger SUN OS 4.0 is also in progress.
The ambition of AT & T "Merger Unified" has caused other companies' concerns and dissatisfaction, established in May 1988, OSF, headed by large companies such as IBM, DEC and HP, cooperated to develop an open software environment OSF / 1 Give AT & T to the head hit.
OSF claims that its OSF / 1 version should continue to improve, and the clear service object is a DCE (distributed computing environment).
In order to confront the OSF-headed IBM, the UI, which was established in 1988, under the leadership of AT & T, and the OSF launched a strategic war in competing cooperation with OSF. On April 9, 1990, the two groups tried to repair Qin Jin, but failed to reach an agreement. Despite this, the president of OSF and UI is regularly meeting, interoperable, so that the other party knows what article in UNIX in the near future.
The two major groups of the hut horn, making UNIX fails to be smooth in the nineg of the navy, even after the popularity of Internet, the UNIX system used by each server is still a five-flowers. It seems that UNIX is unified, or a beautiful and distant dream. The crisis is heavy, the software enters the engineering
Due to the development of the operating system, the software crisis began in the world in the late 1960s.
The software crisis is: software costs have grown sharply, and the software development cycle is long, and the progress is difficult to control, and the quality is difficult to guarantee.
Some people have made a full-end survey for all the large software projects in the United States. The results make developers are very frustrated: almost every project has errors - "Apollo", "Apollo", the "Apollo", which is known as the world, is also due to software errors, A part of the information is lost. "Apollo" 14 has emerged in 10 days of flight.
Since computer software accounts for increasingly important positions throughout the "computer building", software developers are increasingly lacking in Western developed countries headed by the United States. In the United States, there is even a bus ticket (at all, there is no systematic learning computer knowledge) is hired as programmer.
The famous computer scientist Dijkstra said at the International Conference held in Sidcami in 1968: "The whole computer software industry is built on a big scam", and issued a "software crisis to the world for the first time" "Warning. Hand workshop software development makes software products cost, low quality, poor reliability, low efficiency, and cannot be delivered on schedule.
In order to resolve the crisis, some scientists who have resended new students, the United States and Western Europe held two software reliability international conferences in Europe in 1968, and issued the "software engineering" to solve the crisis "Pharmacy" .
The establishment of the word software engineering rewritten "software" concept, is it a program that can run a result? Most experts have a negative attitude towards this. Professor, China expert Ye Zuyu, believes that "software includes not only all computer programs, but also all processes, rules and documents. One sentence, software = program process document."
It has been recognized that it is not possible to develop aircraft carrier with a manual manual manual manual manual manner, and cannot use a small program to develop a small program.
Software engineering is to borrow architecture engineering principles to use the new computer program and the relevant information.
Practice has proved that architecture "project" can set up the Eiffel Tower, and software-learning projects can also cast "Great Wall Wonder".
In the early 1970s, IBM tried to use software engineering principle to develop the New York Times Information Retrieval System, due to the use of structural concepts in engineering, productivity is doubled.
According to software engineering, a software plan needs to be defined, feasible research, requirements analysis, general design, system design, coding, testing, maintenance until the abandonment. Every stage has a certain task and generates a certain amount of documentation, sends a next phase, and the next phase needs to work on the basis of the previous stage. Long road, beautiful future
In 1950, the British mathematician Tuling put forward the so-called "Tuling Test" in the "Intelligent and Machine" of the paper: Tester and people in another room or machine, if the tester cannot distinguish and talk to people, people still The machine is considered that the machine has a human intelligence.
This is a bold conjecture.
Because of today, general philosophical ideas believe that only people have thinking skills.
The "Tuling Test" first proposed the concept of "machine thinking", and opened a vast charm world for modern computer science. Tuling himself, is called "the father of artificial intelligence".
"Whether the machine can think", for decades, the argument is boiling, there are three major views, three points.
(1) The machine has the same ability as people. Tuling is a representative of this view, they believe that robots can achieve considerable levels with adult intelligence, computers and human brain peacefully.
(2) The machine is smarter than people. In the 1970s, Western countries not only have the "more than people" and "rulers", but also the "self-contained ethnicity" and "inherit the universe". Victor Pasnikov and David Sapankov and David Sapankov and David Sapankov and David Safari, what "people will become a player or pest of the computer, becoming the recollection of their low-level development, saved in the future In the zoo. "
(3) The machine can simulate some of the people's thinking, but forever. The famous American Xiong Nami Von Noyman is a representative of this area. He pointed out: "Computer language is just a language of mathematics."
This debate will continue.
Artificial intelligence under modern sense has formed three branches: knowledge engineering, pattern identification, robotics, on a long road, has achieved great achievements.
From 1970 to 1973, the Soviet Union used the robots with ear, eyes, mouth, hands and legs for three consecutive times to send "exploration person" to the moon. In 1972, the US Massachusetts Institute of Massachusetts created some English, knowing some English, and answering the intelligent robots of some sentences.
In 1976, Arman and Hagen, Heham, etc., using supercomputer proved that "four color theorems" in one of the three major problems of the mathematics, spent more than 1200 hours, and judged 10 billion logic.
In 1992, the United States's self-developed robot has been able to go to the crater to explore.
In 1996, the global computer "deep blue" was successfully developed by IBM, and immediately defeated a number of first-class chess masters.
Artificial intelligence is getting a wide range of research in countries, and some people use the universe development, the artificial synthesis of life is common for contemporary three major scientific activities. It can be predicted that shortly, the fruit of manual intelligence will make everyone smile.
