http://dev.9cbs.net/Article/26/2698.shtmhttp://dev.9cbs.net/Article/26/26992.shtmhtp://dev.9cbs.net/Article/27/27354.shtmhttp: //dev.9cbs.net/Article/27/27376.shtmhtp://dev.9cbs.net/Article/27/27380.shtmhtp://dev.9cbs.net/Article/27/27601.shtm Sheep door author: Bo Zhang Xing citizen2yy@hotmail.com 7 I tell you, I am the door of the sheep.
8 Everyone is in the first, it is a thief, it is a robber, and the sheep does not listen to them.
9 I am the door, wherever I come in, I will save, and I will get into the grass.
10 thieves come, not to steal, kill, destroy; I am coming, it is going to call Yang's life, and get more rich.
12 If the employer is not a shepherd, the sheep is not himself. He saw the wolf, and he fled his sheep. The wolf grabbed the sheep and rushed to the flock.
13 hired, escaped, because he is an employee, does not take care of Tehu.
- Bible · New John John Gospel · Chapter 10
"I have a strong interest in the 'how people think' from very little; at that time, I was still a little boy. Only the computer in the world was called the 'giant brain'; I thought that if I was It is clear that these giant brains 'think', I may know how people think more about people. "- Jerald Winberg.
When seeing this topic, the reader friend may think of a few years ago. Here and that novel seems to have no association, but it seems to have a great connection. When I rewrite this part of the contribution, I will showcase the thief, sheep, hire, wolf, and shepherd from time to time. I found that the problems we have in discussing here and the blame encountered by Jesus. As is hard to handle; and what we do is helping those who are kind and unconsciously and not knowing the road of heaven, find the right way to go home; this is the door of the sheep.
2 subtles below, introduce the main purposes and attention to this article. "Explore Demand" is a book of Donald C. Gause and GeraLD M. Weinberg's partnership. The purpose of this paper is to express the first part of the book in a more suitable Chinese. In the eyes of the project manager, all the problems in the world can be summed up as a project. The project will generally have many phases from the beginning to the end, and the "demand analysis" phase is used to figure out "What problems we need to solve in this project." The focus of this book is in the "Demand Analysis" phase. Although this stage of books and papers have been much, experience shows that we still need to read this book, because there is still a useful point of view in many other books in this book. The first part of "Exploration Demand" is to clear why do this book or some of this book in this book. Some skills and views. This is also the focus of this article.
In short, the demand phase needs to experience two steps: 1. People who ask questions say something to tell him what he wants to help him solve the problem. 2, people who solve problems and people who ask questions to communicate to confirm the details of this problem. The first step is "Problem Statement", which is a bit similar to the court of accused of the court. The second step is to "explore the demand", which is constantly analyzing the other party and inquiring the witness in the court. Lawyers here are demand analysts. Only after the lawyer explains the law to the law, the judge can correctly develop the case. That is, only the needs of the analyst approves the key analysis of the problem, the developer can make the correct product.
The example below illustrates a point of view, that is, if you say it clear about your needs, then you are likely to get it; if you don't know what you need, then you are likely to get it. Of course, this point is simple and easy, that is, this example can be slightly not read. We demanded that five groups of A, B, C, Ding, and glutton were developed under almost the same "problem statement", saying that "almost the same" means there are only one sentence different, respectively, respectively:
Group requirements
The development time is as small as possible
B source code line number as possible
Ca occupant memory as few as possible
Dock program readability as high as possible
Pentaler output as clear as possible
The final result is that the procedures developed by each group have met the special requirements, but not satisfied those who have not been required. We often hear some people who purchase software complain that software developers have not developed what they really want, then here can think so, not developers can't be developed, but they don't know what to develop, The question in this is that developers have not surveyed a good demand, or buyers don't know how to clear demand. Here we don't pursue who's responsibility, the key is that we have confirmed "You want you to say, you don't say how I know you wants (see" The Westward Journey ", Tang Song" Truth.
Experience shows that the above examples have happened in software developers worldwide. In particular, the gap between the "problem statement" and "people who really want" is not only frequent in software industry; in but, as long as someone needs to solve the problem of others, as long as someone needs someone to design and Production products, as long as there is some kind of supply and demand relationship; this gap exists, some people need someone to solve this gap problem. Gauss and Winberg, the two Thai-level characters in the software industry, in order to solve this gap problem, it has spent more than 60 years. And this book is the experience of these issues. 1 of thieves and robbers: Zhang Bai Xing citizen2yy@hotmail.com
8 Everyone is in the first, it is a thief, it is a robber, and the sheep does not listen to them.
We already know the need for demand analysis, which means that we think that the current demand process is not perfect. This imperfection is largely reflected in the gap between "problem statement" and "people who really want to", "the problem statement" is not able to state clear "something really wants".
Here we introduce 2 words: ambiguity, and mix.
Here, the ambiguity means that the "problem statement" we got has led to a number of understandings, so that we cannot determine which understanding can truly explain "problem". Amation is a more embarrassing expression, it means that "problem statement" is unknown, even unable to express clear meaning.
In the past few years, the era of software projects and software projects have been fashionable, many people have been fashion, and they must be automated, and they are software engineering, as if all development problems have been resolved. What's more, some people also believe that the root cause of the ambiguity in demand analysis is because of the participation of "people". They claim that the uncertainty of "people" has led to the uncertainty of "statement", which leads to ambiguity of "problem statement" proposed by "people". Also, they believe that this ambiguity can be eliminated as long as the factors in the demand analysis process are excluded, and then use a strict argument, highly automated, standardized methodology. So, maybe we can ask if this analysis should also "eliminate" "customers" with serious uncertainty, because we really can't think of the customer.
In fact, the more extreme views in the last section are a pathological understanding of tools such as Case, CAD. Tools can help people work, but it is not able to completely replace people. Let's take a project how to kill the project. Do not listen to the call
Some people have proposed to kill cockroaches in an automated way, steps below:
1, let the cockroaches stand in the middle of the cutting board
2, use a cockroaches to shoot the gods
3, wash the chopping board, the dirty east of the 螂
This automation method and the so-called automation process of the Case or CAD tool are in the same way. In a case document, the CASE tool consists of three steps:
1. Analyze and design a clear demand specification
2. Establish a function point and source code (and document) one by one corresponding data dictionary
3. Translate the requirements specification specification into source code and documentation
So someone will say that automation is purely funny. Because there is no cockroach, it will stand in the middle of the chopping board, even if it happens to stand in the middle of the chopping board, it will not be able to wait for your beat. . This reason is just the reason why the automation tool we think is inseparable from the factors that we don't open "people". Because we have no way to use automation tools to analyze clear demand specifications, it cannot be used to ensure that this demand specification manner will never change.
[Picking up the wife]
Automation method is "big things". 40 years ago, it takes a lot of weeks to complete the work. It is only one hour to get it. Moreover, due to the development of automation tools, we have also begun to challenge systems that don't want to think before. However, with the advancement of the tool, there is no much improvement in the reputation of software products in the availability. For those who have clear, statement, no ambiguity, moderate modeled, automated methods are very good; but there are also some tricky problems involving human psychology but cannot be solved with these methods. In other words, as long as it is regular, unified development process, the automation method is very good; while differences between different projects or products require more detailed analysis.
We may wish to make a simple calculation.
There is a problem with a P% of the scale of S. As a common problem, there is a question of Q% (q p = 100) as a personality problem.
At time t1, we need to put T1 each to solve a public problem, and you need to put M. Solving personalization issues accounted for: r1 = m × q × q / (t × p m × q).
At time t2, we need to put T2 every time a public issue is required, and each resolved a personality problem needs to be put into M. Solving a personal problem accounted for: R2 = M × Q / (t × p m × q).
From T1 to T2, the automation level is improved, there is a small change in T >> T, public problems, and personality issues, and the investment in each personality problem is small, that is, M ≈M. Thus, R1 <
This shows that as the automation level has rapidly increased, our investment in personality issues has grown sharply.
Personality issues, that is, humanity factors, but more important as automation is increased. This feature has become a consensus among people who have experience in developing experience. That is, experienced experts have less investment in technical tasks, and more in terms of human factors. On those small obvious questions, they were completely assured to others; and they were deeply attracted by those who would never end.
[Yeah Learn]
The language is the tool we express our thinking, and it is also a carrier of a culture. In the development system method, we also have a language, that is, the symbol system. I believe that everyone has encountered an exchange barrier due to the unreasonable language; also, in the symbol system, we have also encountered an exchange barrier. The information transmitted by the language text includes "connotation" and "epitaxial". When people talking about information, they often add a variety of vocabulary, expressions, and movements as the extension of their voice; even we can think that we are from all different provinces and cities, all kinds of dialects Delivered extension. So, for the same event or demand, I believe that there is no description of two people is exactly the same. Acknowledging this difficulties for our face-to-face demand analysis. We give two important requirements for excellent symbolic systems (of course this is just two of many requirements) to help us use these symbols in the future. For example, first, the symbol system must compare most of the problems we have encountered; second in order to suit the process development of product development, the results of the symbolic system are relatively easy to save and revise. This is also the basic requirement for an excellent Case and CAD tools: you can retain and modify our current results at any time. [Datong World]
In the future of the future, people are in two languages, one is a dialect representing the characteristics of the present nation, and the other is a Chinese language that everyone can understand. This world language is very different from the so-called World language of the current language world, although the latter's goal is to become the former, this gap is like communism and socialism. Although most people think that their native is wonderful, it is undeniable that every language has its own advantages. Similarly, each symbolic system has its own advantages and disadvantages. Here we introduce a concept: map.
We call the information set with the basic symbols of the symbol system, called map. The "mapping" here is taken from logical correspondence. Everyone can approximate the correspondence between "Information" and "Symbol Unit" established by some convention. The mapping is divided into 1-1 corresponds, 1-n corresponds to three kinds of n-1. Since the information exists in nature is the high order or not, the 1-1 corresponding to the strict sense is not existed; in turn, 1-1 mapping in strict sense can even be said to be worthless.
Here, we use a map to represent the results of our symbolic system, the map can be a voice, or a map, or a graphic VCD; as long as it meets reproducible, modified, saving, can.
A good quality map must be able to make all relevant personnel to understand, just like a Chinese language in the world. Of course, this is just an ideal expectation. In fact, everyone supporters for each language or symbol system claim that their things is the best, sounding a bit like "Wang Po selling melon". At this time, people generally put their "melon" selling points on "intuitive" or "readability", which is obvious, this is a good condition that should have conditions. However, for children who grow up in Beijing, it will naturally believe that Mandarin is intuitive; for children growing up in the United States, they will think that American English is the most beautiful. That is, training for language can increase "intuitiveness" and "readability" on the user's angle. It's like we look at the technical literature. Since we are familiar with the latest vocabulary, you will not feel ISO, CMM's abbreviation is difficult to understand; and the first Internet can think that OICQ is "I love Chongqing "abbreviation of. In short, what is said earlier is that the symbol system itself is impossible to completely "intuitive" and "easy reading".
If, let all the relevant people can understand some symbolic system, then the most direct way is to train these related personnel. The following steps can test how the current map is more intuitive: 1, show each map map to those who don't know this symbol system. This method can reveal that it is not intuitive in the symbol system. Of course, it is also possible to reveal that the part of the information that needs to be expressed in this map itself is not intuitive. (Corresponding to different languages, it is equivalent to letting a fellow vision in the Shanghai, a forum in Shanghai, speaks with hometown.) 2, let everyone re-describe the understanding of the map with the symbol system you are familiar with, and then Let one understanding these two symbolic systems to check. This can reveal some of the artificial assumptions in the map. (Corresponding to different languages, it is equivalent to each person to express the meaning of the required expression, and then let the translation of the two places to correct the deviation) 3, use some kind of symbol system Automatically convert to a certain "standard" symbol system automation tool. (Corresponding to different languages, it is equivalent to learning Mandarin before speaking, and then speaks with Mandarin.) Top of the difference between the understanding of the map of the map due to different symbol systems, this is equivalent to language There is no communication barrier. The most direct most common way is to postpone the progress of the demand, first let everyone learn this language (or symbolic system). However, this is not practical, because it is possible to lose your interest and impulse to the demand process. Experience shows that these learning time will be made as part of the demand phase, because this time we can solve the problem while learning the language.
[Chicken with duck]
People who have learned information theory know that the complete all-way system does not exist. In other words, as we say in the previous, in the demand work, 1-1 mapping in strict sense does not exist. This feels most for pragmatic people. The word is suitable for use to describe the state of military operations, which is like a military rule: "When there is a map and the actual terrain, it is necessary to believe in the actual terrain." For this, the idiom "Talks" has been outlined very well. But we believe that there are still many people who are keen on "paper talk" in this world. Especially when using those so-called advanced automation tools, they tend to forget what people need to be trustworthy and be trustworthy. The following example is a real case I encountered in this month, the purpose is to explain the attitude of "paper talk" will bring demand deviation and ambiguity.
We participated in a bid for a few months, of course we won the bid.
As a project, the relevant parties involved in bidding include Party A (buyer), Party B (seller) and the design side. The designer uses the model BX product in the sketch of the design. This option does not write to the technical manual during the bidding process, because the design side only focuses on the model BX product technical indicators to meet the design requirements.
In the formal contract after the winning bid, considering the cost-effective problem, Party B and the designer consultations on product technical indicators, and reached a consistent, and finally selected models BY products, BY products fully meet BX products in the project Demand, therefore, and in the formal technical agreement does not have any word of BX and BY.
As the project is carried out, Party A suddenly proposed feedback from Party B in the day of acceptance, and said to refuse products. The reason is that this bid is part of the overall project of Party A, while Party A, the bidding and implementation of other parts are designed in accordance with the BX model.
So, should this sketch in this technical design should be used as a limited restriction? Is there a legitimate effectiveness as a product model labeled as a schematic manner? Alternatively, whether the design is written in the design of the model BX to deviate from the "design drawings"? --Citizen2yy
What I have to say is that the problems in the example are largely related to the symbolic systems used by the design, and if we can reach a consensus on the "real requirements", things will not be expensive.
[Warning]
1. In life (or development project), we tend to meet some of the people (non-professional personnel), which makes us very depressed. Obviously, everyone is impossible to invest in the product as the designer, but they are not willing to miss every silk. When non-professionals don't want or disdain, when I understand the design process, I hire a comparable minority, and the symbol system and the mapped map played this in product design. Mediate the role of the person. 2. An important reason for people who are unwilling to participate in the design process is the current so-called "professional designer" high posture. Need to pay attention to customers and others (actually deciding the ruling of the results) just not to understand the development process, they are experts in other aspects (such as laws, business, etc.), which is the reason they need to participate. . If you can build a world that harmony with communication, I believe that the world will be better. 3, a part of the stubborn and loyal support of the automation process, their "intuitive" symbolic system is very easy to understand by others, just like a 5-year-old girl who grew up in Beijing Hutong, "Mandarin is the easiest to understand Language ". The simple way to change this child is to let him teach a foreign child to speak Mandarin; change these stubborn guys, let them explain the symbol system to 100 different degrees, and the audience of different nations clear. 4. For two groups of experts in two batches of different backgrounds in the same needs, they often tend to speak two different symbol systems. So the best way is to express it in two different symbolics systems. 5. Use a language that everyone can understand as a formal document will be more effective, then it is also preferred to specify a "Everyone" symbol system as a formal document in advance during the demand process. If you don't understand, let him learn. 6, the translation between different native tongues will have the advantages and disadvantages, and the translation between the same symbol system is also excellent. Behind the advantages and disadvantages are differences, which is ambiguous. The demand process has experienced the steps from the real end user - user representative - the needs analyst - the demand specification manual, each step is a translation, so it is especially true that each step is optimal. It is important. 7, it should be noted that the demand process is not entirely a waterfall. As the process is in-depth, we are very likely to row like old cows. Therefore, our exploration will also consider how to quickly perform "revocation" operations. 2 only to steal and kill and destroy Author: Zhang Bai Xing citizen2yy@hotmail.com 10 The thief comes only to steal and kill and destroy; I came that they may have life, and have it more abundantly. Whenever, if people just use automation tools that ignore human factors, it is impossible to perfectly describe demand. Moreover, with the mixing, it seems that the entire demand specification specification may bring a variety of explanations.
[Extreme Branches]
Wang Er noted that there were more and more patients in the world, so he told our design organization: designed a product that protects your eyes.
Three months passed, Wang Er came to him, but he found almost nothing. Designers are still not fighting for products. Typical product directions include various glasses, eye masks, eye drops, rich in vitamins, eye health exercises, some kinds of glass, vision tables, science, small graphics, tip, hypnotic songs in front of the monitor ... The truly idea is to let him cultivate professional Wang 5 comrades have a new vegetarian variety, which contains and rich iron elements and phosphorus elements, which is beneficial to the health of the eye.
---- Citizen2yy
If Wang Er only puts his demand statement to "design a product that protects the eye", it is estimated that it will miss the vegetarian planting season.
Another example, some saying "Design a solution for protecting a small group of residents from environmentally invading". Three different options are given in "Exploration Demand":
Solution 1: Small Soil House
Program 2: Castle
Solution 3: Space Station
Obviously, these three programs do provide an effective solution for demand statements, but this kind of horse-wide air play has also surprised us. Needless to say, this difference is rooted in the content of demand statements.
The meaning of the meaning has been explained, and we do a slightly in-depth analysis. We believe that there are a variety of forms in mixing, as just now, we have found three places that have not collected.
(1) Ideal is not full. That is, this requirement states the lack of many necessary product nature descriptions. For example, there is no mention of the use of this scheme, durability, cost, etc., the size, shape, weight, life, etc. of this product are not mentioned; the function that may be included in this thing, The physical environment, cultural atmosphere, etc. have not been mentioned; we even have a small group of people or a few dogs, or a large woven mice is unclear.
(2) It is unclear. The word virgin is an important source of mixing. For example, "Small" is a vague word. For Yao Ming, 2 meters high guys are small children; and for the Japanese, the 1 meter 70 men are already in their big one. Also, "group" is also a vague word, which suggests that there is a relationship between these residents, but we still don't do it. Even the word "building" is also vague, so there are several programs in front.
(3) The understanding is self-righteous. Everyone in the world has their commences to certain understandings, while seeing those different opinions are biased or drill angular pointers. The weakness of human nature allows them to think that the views represent most people, thus regarding their prejudice as a consensus, ultimately falling into a true misunderstanding. For example, in the statement that we did not see the word "building", but in inadvertently entered our discussion, even the basic conditions for design. So, we were imagined in the air in the air, and they didn't want to innovate in a small box. No need for buildings and protect their programs. You can use the shield to prevent radiation from intrusion, you can use the warning of the shackles to prevent outsiders from mistaken, and can even use exercise to keep the body is invading the body, with migration to avoid climate change.
The content of the demand, in the "past developer" (see Zhou Huajian "with the past people"), it is undoubtedly the demand in the development process continues to expand, the progress is continuously delayed, the quality is constantly decreasing, the controllability is empty Culprit. It is a devil, from hell, wants to know more, see Chapter 3, "Hell".
[殃 and pool fish]
In front of us, we always introduce you to the truth we think, here, give a little experience, but prove that we are not empty. Comrade "Software Engineering Economics" BABRY W. BEOHM commented on the study of 63 software development projects, the following table, may wish to read, right is the histogram corresponding to the table, may wish to look at it. Discover mistakes
Cost multiple
Demand phase
1
design phase
3-6
Encoding phase
10
Development test phase
15-40
Application test phase
30-70
Actual operating phase
40-1000
In order to correct an error, the cost to pay
Although the above table has been vividly explained: For any error, if it can be found in the demand phase, how will it save costs! However, experts said, these numbers are still conservative, because the projects of comrade Beohm have been completed, that is, this data has not included at least 1/3 of the unfinished project, and these difficulties are very large. The extent should be "attributed to" demand analysis.
The Ford Pinto car produced in the 1970s did not consider any rear-end events (not required for demand), put the fuel grooved bolt on the ass, this design is very "scientific". The results of it? Real-frequency rear-end events, this brings great threat to Pinto, so Ford Motors spent $ 100 million to fight lawsuits and recalls have been sold. Don't see 100 million yuan, you will not let the Ford car are closed, but how many families don't go down because of this damn Pinto?
Johns-Manville has been a company company company, and they found that asbestos is very suitable for building materials in new product development. When the company puts all resources into asbestos building materials, it has caused a lot of customer prosecution, according to a population research company, there is approximately more than 50,000, mostly because of asbestos Epidemics will bring epidemic to human bare skin (the demand is not integrated, and the understanding is self-righteous). Finally, the company has a $ 2 billion debt on this, bankrupt. Johns also escaped, now the company is renamed MANVILLE.
These 2 stories tell us that if the demand work is not done well, it may lose $ 100 million, or may lose 2 billion US dollars, and bankruptcy.
[Chaos First Open]
Decades have shown that those mistakes, failure or catastrophic projects have made investors have made tremendous considerations, and most of these projects originate from the need. The purpose of this book is to introduce readers to some of the tools that have successfully applied to suppress a mixed demand. Most people who hold some beliefs or ideals will consider that there is a completely determined thing in this world; when they are planning a project, they regard the project as a standard. Now, we will then propose the project, then this project requires the demand statement we have gained; unfortunately, this demand statement is mixed in most cases.
The world's greatest physicist, Newton and Einstein, turning to the first promotion in the final stage of their lives. The first promotion is particularly important for thinkers who are in the "science". The science itself is a kind of learning that cannot be selfless; this is different from faith, and there is no need to say it. So the legend related to beliefs, such as the ancient open space, such as God, will explain the beginning of the creation as a determination process. However, there is no need to have a progressive basis for progressive demonstrations, and you can deal with predictions, as well as it seems some truth.
--Citizen2yy
Although we pray many times, we will always hope that the methods used in specific practice and entrusting others do things. So, for the demand that exists in the heart of the idealist (or paradise), it is best to comply with some scientific criteria. Here we will explain that the demand exploration process is a progressive process that can be gradually measured. And our hypothesis is that all of our related personnel have indeed believe that there is a clear demand, and everyone is willing to find them together. The ancients observed that the universe originated from a huge egg, the so-called Taiji, chaotic is not open; people in ancient and modern China are called this initial state "chaos". Let's take a look at how to find this boundary line of the open space. There are different spaces, we have to separate the sky. If we really find the horizon, it means that we have a perfect demand description.
This line between the sky and the ground is a description we need.
The left picture shows the exploration process of the demand, which is actually very simple and gradually approaching, but it is often ignored by our needs analyst. Pangu opens up the heavens and the earth is an ax an ax, demand exploration is also gradually expressed in detail from a vague description. The black area in the left picture represents those we want, or we have asked and unwanted. By using the demand tool, we narrowed this part of the area and getting closer to us not much about what you want. Each new egg represents a stage in the demand process, each intermediate segment is a better approximation for the real demand line, but unfortunately, this process is always approximate. Our exploration is to work hard to make this approximate error as small as possible. As many "exploration", this exploration is "adventure", which gives the exploration step to clear our future process: 1. Move in some direction.
2. See what I found there.
3. Record what you find.
4. Destinations analyze the things found.
5. Select the next direction by the analysis and record of the discovered things.
6. Jump back to step 1 and continue to explore.
[Warning]
1. We don't like the reason for mixing is a cost of mixing; we think that the aidity is found, the sooner, because the earnings the cost, the lower the cost.
2, always reflect on ourselves, reflect on the aidity in the process of demand, and reflect on the troubles of this mixing. If you find that the product is not completely as you think, you can ask yourself: "What is the need for us to make such garbage products?"
3 hell
Author: Bo Zhang Xing
Citizen2yy@hotmail.com
9 I am the door, wherever I come in, I will save, and I will get into the grass.
If I smell, the sin is different, and the source is different. In order to find a sources of mixing, we need to pass once a one-altitude experiment. The so-called sky is unable to leak, so please read the reader to read this chapter.
Let us go to the world.
[Satan's temptation]
There is such a seminar, the speaker is Professor Donald C. Gause. The theme is: "Convergence Design Process, Reflections on Missibility".
GAUS carefully checked the slide projector adjustment device, and then he did not raise its unique analysis, saying: "This time, it is of course good." Then he gently bombed his first slide Put it directly on the screen behind the speaker.
At this time, the image on the screen is not as clear as the picture on the right. Gause doesn't look at the slide: "Oh, this slide is used to focus."
For a while, Gause replaced the next slide, this slide is the following look.
Then, the speech was officially started. GAUSE said, "Today we come to discuss the problem of convergence design, this is a process. Through this seminar, we can clearly consciously identify, define and effectively eliminate the aidity." At this time, Gausery noticed The slide scale is not aligned. He is proficient in tune the slide very clear. Then continue his speech. In the speech, we are not described here because it is what we will introduce in the next chapter. This example is really very interesting and targeted; traditional seminar exchanges in American universities make this ah.
Said, gause introduced some fuzzy theories, the topic becomes a bit hard, at this time, the intermediate rest time is here.
Delivery]
Before starting this section, we hope that readers can imagine that they are downgrading on the seminar on the design process, and thinking about the fuzzy design theory.
Then, we have to join the next half of the discussion. At this time, Mr. Gause said:
"The following question, please answer independently, and write down your most accurate, stringent, most responsible estimate, and remind everyone to answer according to your first impression!"
Reader friends, we will not let the hearts to see what problems on the screen. The problem on the slide is:
How Many Points WERE IN THE STAR THAT WAS Used As a Focus Slide for this representation?
Taking into account the special meaning of this example, we retain the English used by Gauser in the real speech, can't understand English, can understand the problem: "How much is the stars in the slide in the focus in this speech? Point? "
This seems to test our strength, let us think of the issue of "said that the number of people from the bus at each station is on the station, and finally ask a total of a few stations."
But at this time, Gause opened a new slide and said:
"This problem contains all the contents of the world. For example, your answer may affect a key design problem. Or, some important events happen, but you didn't happen in it. Recognizing its importance. So everyone must reproduce those important information as detailed. Now, please write down your answer to the question you have just put forward. "
Ok, really trying to test. In order to experience the whole picture of this process, please don't look back in the previous picture and the English problem in this page, just reply to a question every time according to the memory.
Thousands of attention, pay attention to answer one by one, answer the first one and then answer the second ...
1. What do you think is the answer to the English issue?
2. If there are 100 people to answer the first question like you, how many different answers may you write?
3. If you think there may be multiple answers, what may there be a rough answer?
4. Play your memories, write down on the question 1 you think you answer.
5. There are 100 people who will return to the fourth question like you, that is, write the English problem they think, what is the difference you think of what they wrote, and write it down.
When you answer these five topics, our ability to test this end. This seems to have passed a very long process, maybe you can't wait to see the actual case on the convergence design process in the next chapter, or you want to look back at the previous slides or problems. Then you may take back or look forward. Then look at our right path.
3 Hell-2
Author: Bo Zhang Xing
Citizen2yy@hotmail.com [human space]
The above five problems were also sent to people who participated in the seminar.
We discuss the top three problems in this section. Constrite the common characteristics of these three issues.
We know that everyone will have a certain first feeling about things, sometimes called it as intuition, this intuition is from observation, and on the other hand, it comes from experience. Experience is largely unconscious for our judgment. And these three problems are actually strengthening your intuitive trust in your own; that is, the answer to these three questions makes you confident that your answer is like a repeatedly queried: OK? Really determined? No longer changed? (China CCTV, "Happy Dictionary" column, Wang Xiaosheng)
After three problems, we can believe that your judgment is from the heart. If we pay according to the answer of your members and the seminar, you will divide you into a few groups, you will think that you are standing in the correct answer.
Question 1: What is the answer you think about the question on the screen?
The answer is only you know.
Question 2: If there are 100 people to answer the first question like you, how many different answers can you write?
Question 3: If you think there may be multiple answers, will there be a rough answer?
Your answer is only you know. However, according to the actual answer of 100 real participants, we have received 18 different answers. At this time, you may be confused, and you have begun to doubt the answer to the third question.
Participants' answers Answer the number of people 1 3 2 1 5 16 6 11 7 18 8 17 9 13 11 1 13 2 14 5 15 1 16 4 21 1 24 1 29 1 30 1 32 1 α 3
Actually answering the left table, a total of 18 answers from 1st to the infinity of the infinity. We observed that for the answer to the left, we can divide a few intervals, and each interval has a number of supporters, so we have made a simple finishing, become the following list:
Participant's answer (class) Answer the number of people 0 ~ 2 4 5 ~ 9 75 10 ~ 12 1 13 ~ 16 12 21 ~ 24 2 29 ~ 32 3> 32 3. There have been several categories after we finish s answer. And you will be surprised by some answers among the participants in the scene. Our experience tells us that these major differences come from four possible: observation errors, memories, understanding errors, and the content of the problem description.
These differences from these differences are simply analyzed below to allow readers to accept the rationality of this difference.
Observe the error and memories. It is undeniable that everyone's observation and attention will be different. Therefore, any two people will not see exactly consistent things (observation mistakes), or fully remember what they see (memories mistake) ). If we realize that these types of errors, we can understand and we are in the same class but other observes that have a slight error. After all, the slide was put no more than 1 minute, and I have never been emphasized before this, and almost no one will think that the star will be the protagonist of this seminar.
Understand the error. Just said, we may be surprised to answer the truthful answers to our answer, which is largely because each other has different understandings. We asked some of the participants to answer these answers. The analysis is as follows: The answer is that the answer from 0 to 2 is that the two black spots in the 7-angle stars are asked. The answer to the answer is that the answer from 5 ~ 9 believes that Mr. Gause asks that the big 7-angle star has several corner top. It is considered that the answer is the answer from 13 to 16, and the vertices of the inner and outer horns in the 7-angle star are. The answer to the answer is that the anxious respondent is considered to have an endless point on each line segment. Issue of the problem description. There are two types of people as if they are unable to understand errors. In fact, the answer is that the answer from 21 to 32 believes that Mr. Gause asks the number of stars in the second slide. Obviously, they think that focus slight is the second.
Not only that, due to cheating, the exchange of participants, after thinking about the above classification results, the answer to the answer will change the answer. These changes should be from the understanding of the problem, rather than changing memories or improving the observation.
【Road to Road, very Avenue】
According to the foregoing statement, the difference between the participants' answers is about 4 possible sources. And it seems that we can understand the three sources, that is, observations, memories, and understanding errors, because these three sources are related to the observers, in the principle of strict treatment, we need to emphasize The fourth mixed source is:
Issue aid
This source has been brought by a stroke in the last section, because this is really not the mortal can understand. We are just the results of the seminar, showing you the five-flowers of this source. The 4th, 5 questions are as follows:
Question 4, play your memories, write down on the question 1 you think you answer.
The answer is only you know. But now I have to take this answer to make it used.
Question 5, 100 people will return to the fourth question like you, let's write the English problem they think, do you think what is the difference in the problem they wrote, and I will write it down.
Obviously, because we have can't see the problem on the slide, we can't see the slideshow of the slide, so our answer is largely dependent on the clear level of the problem itself. . If we see the problem is "What's your mother's name?" Or "your mother's surname?" And the like, I believe that unless you are finished, you can clearly, even if you have been 1 week, you can clearly This problem is recalled. But now the results are not so clear.
As mentioned earlier, most of us always position themselves in the group of people in Truth. In other words, we believe our own judgment and memory. Therefore, we can easily think that we are in the same question as else, all of which are discussing the same problem. At this time, we will write down the questions 4 and questions 5, and believe that you will record the error.
However, the result is shocked by us. We list a total of 24 kinds of answers 4 of the actual collected questions:
Serial number answer (English) answer (Chinese)
1 ~ Many Points Did The Star Have?
How many points have this stars (vertices)?
2
How Many Points WERE THEERE IN THE FIRST SLIDE?
How many points in the first slide?
3
How Many Points Did The Star Have in The First Slide?
How many points in the first slide (vertex)?
4
How many points were on the star That WAS Used as a focus slide? How many points do you have on the stars used as a focus slide?
5
How Many Points WERE ON THE STAR IN THE FIRST SLIDE OF this presentation?
How many points in the stars in the first slide in this show?
6
How Many Points WERE IN THE FOCUS Star at The Beginning Of this presentation?
How many points in the focus stars start this show (vertex)?
Seduce
How Many Points WERE ON THE STAR THAT WAS Used for Focusing?
How many points are there in the stars for focus?
8
How Many Points Did The Star Used for Focusing At The Beginning Of The Presentation Have?
How many points (vertices) are used to focus at the beginning of the show?
9
How Many Points (EXTERNAL) Are ON The Star I buy to focus?
How many points have I used to focus on the stars (outside)?
10
How Many Points WERE The the ON Each Star on the slide subs? Focus?
How many points are there on each star on the slide used to focus?
11
How Many Points Did The Star Have That WAS Used As a Focus Slide?
How many points have been used as the stars of the focus slit (vertices)?
12
How Many Points WERE ON The Star That WAS Used to Focus At the start of the class?
How many points on the stars used to focus at the beginning of the course (vertex)?
13
What was The Number of Points on The Star Slide That WAS Used to Focus ON?
What is the number of stars slides on the focus?
14
How Many Points WERE IN THE FOCUS SLIDE STAR?
How many points in the focus slide stars?
15
How Many Points In The Picture of The Star, Used as a Slide?
How many points in the star picture used as a slide?
16
How Many Points WERE THEERE IN THE STAR on the slide?
How many points in the stars on the slide (vertices)?
In one
How Many Points WERE SHOWN ION TEST STAR?
How many points have been present on the test stars?
18
How Many Points Are ON THE STAR SLIDE USED TO FOCUS AT THE BEGING OF THE SLIDE PRENTATION?
How many points (vertices) are used to focus when the slide show starts?
19
How Many Points Did The Star Shown At The Start of The Presentation Have?
How many points (vertices) are displayed at the start of the show (vertex)?
20
DETERMINE How Many Points WERE PRESENT IN THE STAR SHOWN EARLIER IN THE SLIDE PRENTO?
Determine the number of points presented in the early stars present in the slide show?
twenty one
How Many Points WERE THEERE IN THE ORIGINAL FOL Which WAS USED to FOCUS THE FOIL?
How many points in the original leaf graph for focusing the leaf graph?
twenty two
How Many Points WERE ON THE STAR THAT WAS SHOWN AT THE BEGINNING OF THE LECTURE?
How many points on the stars present at the beginning of the speech?
twenty three
How Many Points WERE ON THE FOCUS SLIDE?
How many points are there on the focus slide?
twenty four
How Many Points WERE ON THE STAR SHOWN As the first slide?
How many points are there in the stars present in the first slide?
How Many Points WERE IN THE STAR THAT WAS Used As a Focus Slide for this representation?
We rewrite the real problem on the last table of the above table, which is clear that this real problem has made more than 100 participants not to mind. If this problem is described in the demand specifications; if our designers, customers, programmers, salespersons are not a word in actual work, such 24 answers will appear at any time. In a real project.
We have found a lot of words that have been unknown on this issue, and it is indeed a very trivial details, bringing a completely different understanding, memories, etc. of the problem; this problem has become actually become Switching between success projects and catastrophic projects.
[Warning]
1. Satan is always tempting you at your least god. The aidity is always always appearing when you do the least god, and this syndrome is not easily discovered, and it will bring the largest disaster to design and development.
2. Observe the error, memories, and understand the error is the most common source of content. We have many ways to find them. In fact, more important is to realize the risk of them and take action.
3. The content of the problem description is the source of the most difficult to process, and it is also the cause of three errors. Since these mixing will be the key to the development of success, we have made a very demanding requirement for our demand work, and the experience and tools described later in this article are designed for this work.
4. It is recommended to find out the sources of mixed sources.
a) Question questions about the interpretation of certain parts of the participant's demand document and assigns similar results into a class.
b) Analyze every type of understanding by inquiring people's ideas in each class.
c) The difference between the same category comes from observation errors and memories.
d) In order to identify the differences between all kinds, you can ask the participants to recall the question that they think is, and of course you can't give them another look. This method can find out the interpretation error.
e) By analyzing the observation, memories, interpretation of errors, finding the above-mentioned mistakes, modify it, or do some detailed notes.
4 escaping employees
Author: Bo Zhang Xing
Citizen2yy@hotmail.com
12 If the employer is not a shepherd, the sheep is not himself. He saw the wolf, and he fled his sheep. The wolf grabbed the sheep and rushed to the flock.
13 hired, escaped, because he is an employee, does not take care of Tehu.
People are often the case; when you understand, learn, master, it's hard to accept other similar tools; for those tools that are not similar, people will naturally have a statement, they will say "Your function is the same as our tool." People with minds will not be limited to one or two tools, because they know that each tool has its targeted and limitations. The ancient words "the operation is specialized" is also the truth. So, in order to develop our project (product) development, we need special tools and technologies; for some key points in demand analysis, we also need to conduct more in-depth research. At present, there are a lot of project management tools, methods, and software on the market. Whether to use them, we can take a good trip?
We believe that mastering a variety of tools is a very good idea; and if you want to do demand work very well, it is best to grasp direct questions, face-to-face observations and negotiation skills. However, it is concerned about the concerns of tools, I have to remind the reader to pay attention to the complexity and syndrome of human thinking. We often see some of the ideal needs analysts to prepare a variety of tables and questionnaires, then write their needs specifications according to the text and data in the form; this section is to explain the method of this deadboard. It is not possible to get the need for a complete requirement.
[Delicious]
"Exploring Demand" book proposes that the exploration process is a traversal for decision tree from root nodes to the leaves node. I am here to make a simple explanation. In the following we will make a simple development.
The mathematical model is an abstraction of the real world. For example, the tree in real life begins with the roots, under the sunlight, according to the main, branches, fine branches, and leaves in such a level of such levels. Due to the limitations of mathematicians and programmers, our printing paper and writing habits are from left to right and from top to, so the mathematical model of the tree we get is turned on the roots, leaves The next look. Although this look is difficult, I believe that readers have been able to accept this model, the reason is that we have accepted some training from the middle school to the university, which in turn illustrates that we are in Chapter 1 "Thief And robbers "The arguments for the symbol system and mapping require training.
The decision tree model is a mathematical model for linear decision theory. We borrowed an auxiliary tool for direct questions: its root node is the first blurred description of the problem. Each node represents a question or decision, while the arrival of the leaf node is the final solution. Obviously, a normal tree will not be a branch, and the same, our direct questions cannot be smooth. Every branching place will have a variety of bifurcation, and each choice means that it is given up another broadcaster.
Idealists believe that as long as each option is judged by the user, every decision is signed by the user, then their decision tree can quickly arrive in the leaves node safely. (This idea is to be, but this is a later words, there is no mention.) We are temporarily identifying the correctness and clearness of each judgment, which brings serious pressure to our decisions, each branch Will there be a clear user cooperation? This is a natural idea. We must inevitably join our own "experience", actually our assumption.
First, it is important to explain that the order of decision is very important. For example, if the customer wants a green bike, if you give him an orange bicycle, it may be easier to accept than a green truck. Therefore, the problem "What color is it?" And the problem "Is it a bicycle or a truck?" Should be asked later. The importance of the order is also reflected in it to reduce our decrease in repair errors.
If you have learned the theory of information, then we can quantify the value of this order. The solution is a counterfeit behavior, which attempts to achieve the direction of anti-thermodynamics in the local area through human wisdom. Our information is this: Initially, a mixed problem has an infinite possibility, its amount of information is zero, its content is infinite, and its information entropy is also infinite. The answer to each question can reduce the possibility, reduce the aidity, improve the amount of information, and reduce the information entropy. For each problem, we can determine its quantitative weight values through experience or customer conference, which is the value of this problem, and it is also possible to see the amount of information. According to the optimal coding theorem, we can get the HUFFMAN code value corresponding to each problem. The length of this Huffman code value is the degree of emphasis on the issue.
The following table lists a direct question and answer in a typical design case. According to the customer's answer to 10 questions, does the reader have a plan for the problem that needs to be solved?
Serial number question Answer 1 What do we do? Design a transport device 2 What time limit? Complete 3 transportation within 18 months? How many people can you transport each time? What is the source of a 5 power source? Passengers provide power 6 in what kind of surface transport? It should provide transportation in a very hard flat surface to be transported to how far? More than 2 km. 8 The speed of the device? It can take 400 meters at least every hour. 9 What is the indicator of the failure rate? There is a maximum of one miles every three thousand miles. The failure cannot endanger the safety of the passengers. How much is the cost? It is not more than 200 yuan for each use.
[Lost Lamb]
After more than 1,000 professional system designers confirmed that the conversations in the above table are a good series. We can quickly make the possible choices of products:
1, skates.
2, bicycle.
3, tricycle.
Originally, we are very willing to think of battery cars, but because of the answer 5 answers let us abandon this safe green and fast transportation. Therefore, we chose a bicycle as an alternative.
Originally, we are also very willing to think of gliders, but because of the answer 6 answers let us give up the idea of soaring in this sky.
Obviously, the above three options can meet the above 10 conditions, and we noticed that these three transport equipment have a common point, that is, there is a wheel. In order to ensure that our design can be accepted by the customer, we divide the designers into two groups: small wheels and large wheel groups. Both groups of designers have completed creative wonderful solutions.
The small wheel group has submitted a multi-function slippery, which can use a convenient plug-and-play technology, and a strong slot is installed at the bottom of the slippery, which can be installed with a wide range of standard interfaces such as ice knives, rollers and chips. Additional accessories. Designers also announced the standard solution for the singing shoes standard slot, intended in the industry. In addition, additional pinr devices can greatly reduce the fault rate. The big wheel sets a compact, non-heavy, foldable tricycle, which can be taken away in the pedestrian travel bag.
Here is the scene when we showcase samples there:
Two customers come to watch our samples, they are full of praise to our creation, especially the might of the tricycle. However, one of them asked: "Please explain how this device is used in North slopes on Eger," "
We stayed there. Are you staying there?
Customers explain:
In their minds, it is a climber rescue equipment, and they are the town of Menlong Town and Piszhen, because the economy of the two towns mainly depends on tourism and special mountaineering. In order to maintain the growth of tourism and ensure the mountaineering backgurer, the official guide of the village must rescue the climber trapped on the hillside. However, as people attach importance to life, the tour guides are increasingly unwilling to rescue the coarse climber, so their team is getting smaller and smaller. The aspects believe that the village's economy will be threatened unless there is a solution. Therefore, the arigation needs a rescue equipment so that they can try to climb the vertical height of 1500 meters north. When the climber must return due to poor weather, exhaustion, injury, fear or supply insufficient supply, this device can be put into use, with landing to a hard flat ground. This equipment can be rented in any village. Each rent will pay a certain deposit. The rental cost is 400 yuan each time, so that each rental village can get about 200 yuan of gross profit; of course, it is used to save lives.
Obviously, our lost is far away.
Let's take back our way, customers answered our direct questions, and we have added a lot of assumptions to the program when building decision trees and explores solutions. E.g:
1. There is wheel.
2. Horizontal transportation device for hard surface transportation.
3. Will not fly.
4. This device is compact.
5. Highlights of the equipment.
6. The product has a lot, so the unit production cost is small.
Maybe we can remember:
With yourself with experience, we can't explain that we can grasp the relationship between "knowledge" and "demand".
[Evil in the world]
The previous example seems to be a bit martyrdom, but it can simulate the aidity of those who like to design the project in a small room; this is often happening in people who have just come out from the idealib ivory tower. In many actual cases, the degree of content is not so obvious, but the distribution is wide but there is no way.
Once, we found 121 places to be interpreted by different reviews in 121 places to be interpreted by different reviews in the review of the demand specification of an online banking system. This is just a page in the 886 page requirement specification specification. We can estimate that there will be 886 * 121 = 107206 in this demand. If our designers follow this demand, then these mixed points require them to make decisions through guess. So, how much is our probability of each guesses?
- Winberg & Gaussian
We said that we need some additional tools and techniques to reduce aid; this is because "our orders are not good at discovering our ignored things." This psychological observation actually has seriously plagued our designers. For example, we can't see X-rays with the naked eye, we can't use your ears to hear ultrasound, we can't walk roaming the world.
Natural, we will not feel uneasy for the above shortage; then, why should we guide yourself not finding the content of natural ignore? It is because of the above shortcomings, people invented a variety of tools to succeed; in the same manner, we may also accept these tools and techniques for reducing mixing in demand analysis.
These tools and technologies we can find in "Explore Demand"; of course, if we wish, you may wish to pay attention to the sequel of this series of articles.
[Warning]
1. Differentiation is everywhere, the designer is easier to think is that the solution in their mind is what the customer wants, and in fact, this often adds a lot of assumptions to customers. Even if we find that our solutions are far more than the customer know, don't overclock, or to persuade them, or find new customers who can accept your solution. 2. Directly ask questions, you can use a decision tree. However, pay attention to the answer to each question once a verbal and written confirmation, that is, write the answer to them, this can exercise your textual expression, which also reduces the mixed skills.
3. Responsible needs workers accept our thoughts, but their difficulties they work is not from customers, and they will come from their old colleagues. We must convince these people, the best way is to raise some examples of failure. But don't pay attention to not let the other party are embarrassed.
4, understand and accept its limitations, and also understand and accept the limitations of customers and colleagues.
