The theme I have to talk about tonight is the science in the next thousand years. Every night, in the scientific fantasy TV series such as "Star Travel", it is broadcasting the future scientific popular movies. They even convinced that I also came to participate, but it didn't seem to be very difficult. Because I have never taken my bonuses because I am in the state of "emergency". I have contacted the Paramount Technical Factory, but they don't know the exchange rate. "Star Travel" This film is playing very interesting, but I play it is for a serious purpose. From H.G. Wells, we have seen almost all about the future imagination, in nature is static. Most of their society, mostly in terms of scientific, technical and political systems than our society. (This last bit may not be so difficult.) In the present and future, there will be huge changes and accompany the tension and confusion of the situation. But before this, the future of the future science, technology and social organizations we have seen is assumed to have reached the degree of accessibility. I want to doubt this picture and ask us if we will meet a final steady state of science and technology. Since the last glacier period, more than 10,000 years of time, humans never be in a state in which the knowledge is eternal and technically unchanged. There have been many retrogressions, such as the dark period like the collapse of the Roman Empire, but in addition to a few temporary declines like black dead diseases, as a measure of life and raising their own technical capabilities The world population is stable. In the past 200 years, this growth has exponentially, that is, the population grows the same percentage. Currently, the growth rate of approximately 1.9% is a year. 1.9% may not be very big, but it means that the world's population will double every 40 years. As a result, another measure of technology development is power consumption, or the number of scientific papers. They also exhibit a total of some or less index growth every 40 years. In fact, we have the expectations so high, so that some people feel the deception of politicians and scientists, because we have not realized the future of Utopian fantasies. For example, in the film "2001", we show us the base on the moon, as well as the manned man who takes to Jupiter - maybe I should say that it is a personal-aircraft. No matter who is elected, I can't imagine that we can do this in the next three years. Nothing signs indicate that the development of science and technology in the near future will slow down and stop. Obviously, the era of interstellar trip to only 300 light years is not. But in the next one thousand years, the current index growth will not continue. By 2,600, people in the world will take their shoulders, and the consumption of electricity will make the earth burns red. If you put a new book a new book, you can move the speed of 90 miles per hour to follow the team. Of course, by 2600, new papers and scientific works will not appear in the form of electronics in terms of books and papers. However, if the growth of the index continues, there will be 10 papers every second in this field of theoretical physics like I am, and people have no time to read them. Obviously, the current index growth cannot continue to continue. So, what situation will there be? One possibility is that because of a disaster such as a nuclear war, we will completely eliminate himself.
There is an unpleasant joke, saying that we have not contacted with aliens because it will become unstable and destroy itself when a civilization has reached our development stage. Of course, like many people believe that there is really an interlock in UFO, but the government covers this matter. I still don't have comments as well. For the individual, about why we didn't touch the alien, I believe there is a different explanation, but I don't want to talk about it here. However, even if this is not considered, there is still a very real risk of all we will destroy this planet, we have the technical force to do this. Even if we don't completely destroy themselves, there is still such a possibility, that is, we may fall into a barbaric state, and lose humanity as in the scene of "Terminator". But I am an optimist. I think we have a full chance to avoid the end of the end of the end of the world and the new dark period. So, how will we develop science and technology in the next one thousand years? This is a difficult question. Please allow me to adventure my forecast for future. For the next 100 years, I will have some opportunity to be correct, and about the rest of the next one thousand years, it will be the delusion of the sky. At the same time as European immigrants, we have also begun to scientific modern understanding. In 1687, in the second Rubson Professor of Cambridge, Professor Aisak Newton published his theory of gravitation; in 1864, another Cambridge's gentleman's gentleman Clark Maxwell discovered the equation of the support and magnetic. By the end of the 19th century, we used the so-called classic laws now, it seems that we have to meet the universe. Such a view is consistent with common sense, that is, physical quantity such as like location, speed, and rotation rate should be defined and variable, but common sense is just the alias of our prejudice. Common knowledge may make us intended to be continuous like energy. However, since the early 20th century, observation begins that energy is present in the energy package known as quantum. It seems that nature is granular, not continuous. In the early 20th century, people systematically proposed a new theory called quantum mechanics. Quantum Theory is a very completely different image, so although it should make all people pay attention, it is almost unreasonable outside physics and chemical community, and many people in physics and chemical community are not Understand it properly. However, if the basic science is part of the general knowledge as I want, then, it is currently the thing of the quantum theory paradox. It will be just a common sense for the children of our children. In the quantum theory, things are not as clear as our common sense today, with a single and clear history. In contrast, things have all possible history, each having a chance. There must definitely have such a history, in the Chicago Club won the World Series, although this probability is small. However, for large-scale systems like baseball, probability usually around a single history to achieve peaks, so that uncertainty is small. However, when people enter a small scale range of individual particles, uncertainty is very big. For example, if people know that a particles are at a point at a certain time, then in a larger time range, this particles can be in any place because it can have any path or history.
In order to calculate it in the probability of B, people must add it from all paths or history of the A to B. This view of all possible historical summation is due to the American physicist, the old Banggu player Richard Ferman. The possible history of particles must include the path running in an ultra-light speed, even the path to reverse in time. Before anyone rushes to apply for a patent for the time machine, please allow me to say that at least in general, people cannot use this method for time travel. However, the path in time is not just like "angels dancing on the needle", and they have a real observable consequence. Even if we think is spaceless, it is also filled with particles in space and time in a closed circle. That is to say, they move forward in the side of the circle, while the other side of the circle moves backwards in time. These enclosures are definitely false, as it is impossible to measure them directly with a particle detector. However, their effects can be measured indirectly. One way is to use two metal plates that are close to it. The role of the metal plate is to reduce the number of the clipping ring relative to the number of the outer blocking rings in the region between the two sheets. Thus, more closing circles will be placed on the outer side of the metal plate and rebound relative to the enclosed ring hit the inner side. As a result, people are expected to have a small force and push the metal plate to a piece. This kind of Turkish physicist Hendrick Castem is the first predeporated, it has been observed in the experiment. Therefore, we can affirm that the particle loop closed is really real. The tricky problem is that due to the unlimited number of points in the space and time, there is a closed circle of unlimited number possible particles. In the calculation of the force between the two panels, this unlimited number is not tight because they are unlimited between the two panels and the two panels. There is a clear way to specify, people can use it to subtract an infinite big unlimited unlimited, and get a limited answer. This is a bit like the US budget. Government tax and expenses are very large amounts, almost unlimited. But if a person is very careful, he can subtract another from one, and calculate a small earning, at least before the next election. However, the number of unlimited number of closed circles has brought trouble, and it is attempted to combine quantum theory with Einstein's broad relativity. This is another great scientific revolution in the first half of the 20th century. That is to say, common sense has told us that the earth is flat, but space and time are not straightforward. Instead, they are bent and deformed due to substances and energy therein. Unlimited number of clips will have unlimited energy and curly space and time to a singular point. In order to deal with this unlimited energy, there is a need for a truly creative calculation method. The key concept is a new balance or symmetry in nature. It is called super-saying that in 1971, the two Russians in Gorvan and Leterman were first proposed. This view is that in addition to the normal dimensions of the space and time we are familiar with, there is an additional dimension of the number of Grassman's number. Of course, I have been telling us that there is an additional dimension for many years. But even if the sci-fi novels have never thought of any singularity (ODD, singular). Here, "ODD" (odd "(singular, singular) is technically usually used in addition to the singular meaning of singularity. Ordinary numbers are made to be even because they have nothing to do with people. 4 multiply 6 equal to 6 by 4.
But Glasman's number is in this sense: X multiplying Y is equal to the negative y-x. The presence of these additional strategically dimensions, all kinds of particles have a corresponding class. The particles of the superior type will also have a closed particle ring, but the energy of the supercompatient particles will have a symbol opposite to the energy of the original type particles. In this way, unlimited energy will often cancel each other. However, as president knows, the balance budget is a business that needs to be dealt with. Even if people eliminate the main deficits, the smaller deficits are always annoying. In the past 20 years, a large part of the theoretical physics is to find a kind of theory of unlimited unlimited. Only in this way can we unify the quantum theory with Einstein's broad relativity, and get a complete theory about the basic laws of the universe. There is hope that the situation is that in the next one thousand years, we will find this complete theory. I want to say that this theory is very good, but this is because I am an optimist. In 1980 I said, I think that in the next 20 years, we have found a complete opportunity for a complete unified theory to be half a half. During this time from then, we have some important progress, but the final theory seems to be still so far. Is the physics of the Holy Cup always let us not be able to expect? I don't think it is. At the beginning of the 20th century, we met the operational mechanism of the natural world in the classic physics, the classic physics is the scope of a mortuary in a mole. In the first 30 years of this century, the study on atomic physics has enacted us to a minimum of one millimeter in a millionth. Since then, research on nuclear and high-energy physics will be brought more than 100 billion in the original scale. It seems that we can always discover the structure in increasing small scales. However, for this series, there is a limit, just like an end point in a set of Russian dolls. In the end, people will find a minimal doll that is not detachable. In physics, the smallest doll is called a Prance, which is divided into 10 billion billion copies of one millimeter. We will not build a particle accelerator used to explore such a small distance. Such accelerators are definitely larger than the solar system, and it is unlikely to be approved under the current financial situation. However, some of our theory can be tested with a more moderate machine. Obviously, these inference is most important to be superordeur. For most of the broad relativity of Einstein and the quantum theory, it is based on the basis. It will be confirmed by the discovery of our knowledge of the particles. In Texas, a super-conducting super collider is built, and this machine will reach people's energy expected to overcome. However, the United States has experienced a sudden feeling that there is no money, and the plan is canceled in the middle. Although it is a risk of embarrassing, I have to say that I think this is a very short-sighted decision, and I hope that the US and other countries can do better in the next thousand years. I expect that super-symmetry will eventually be confirmed by the experiment of the European Nuclear Research Center in Geneva. However, it is impossible to explore the scope of small to the depth length in the laboratory. We can obtain evidence of higher energy and smaller scales than on Earth by researching large explosions. However, in greater extent, we have to rely on mathematics beauty and consistency to discover the ultimate theory of everything. Anyway, I am sure that by the end of the 21st century, we may be earlier, we will find this theory. I would like to bet half an odds, think that this theory will appear within 20 years since now.
"Star Travel" For the future imagination, we reach an advanced, in essence, this may become a reality on our knowledge of the basic law of the universe. But in our utilization of these laws, I don't think we will reach a steady state. The ultimate theory will not give us a restriction on the complex system that we can make, and I think that the most important development in the next thousand years is in this complexity. Obviously, the most complex system we have is our own body. Life seems to be the primitive ocean that covers the earth from 4 billion years ago. We don't know how this happens. Perhaps the random collision between atoms causes macromolecules that can copy itself and assemble themselves into more complex structures. What we know is that a highly complex molecular DNA appears at 35 billion years ago. DNA is the basis of all life on the earth. It has a double helix structure, just like a spiral staircase. In 1953, Francis Crek and James Huasheng found this structure in the opening of the Cambridge. Just like the pedals in the spiral staircase, some nucleic acids are coupled to the two chains of the double helix. There are four nucleic acids. I don't want to read their names, because my voice synthesizer will read them a mess. Obviously my speech synthesizer is not designed for molecular biologists. But I can use their first letters C, G, A and T to align them. Different nucleic acids along the order of spiral stairs carrying genetic information, which makes DNA molecules to assemble organisms around them and copy themselves. When DNA copies themselves, accidental errors occur in the order of nucleic acids along the spiral. In most cases, the error in the copy will make DNA can't copy itself. This genetic mistake, or so-called mutation will gradually disappear. But in a few cases, such errors or mutations will increase DNA surviving and copy their own opportunities. This natural choice for mutations was first proposed in 1857 by another Cambridge, Chars Darwen, although he did not know its mechanism. In this way, the content of information in the nucleic acid sequence will gradually evolve and increase complexity. Since the evolution of biological is basically a random swing in the space of all genetic possibilities, evolution is very slow. The complexity, or the number of information fragments encoded in DNA, is generally determined by the number of nucleic acids in the molecule. Each information fragment can be seen as an answer to one is a non-problem. In the first 20 billion years, the growth rate of complexity must have an order of one hundred years of information fragment. Among the few million years, the growth rate of DNA complexity has gradually rising to an information fragment annually. However, now we are at the beginning of a new era, in this new era, we will be able to increase our DNA complexity without waiting for a slow biological evolution process. In the past 10,000 years, there is no major change in human DNA. However, in the next 100 years, it is likely that we will be able to completely redesign the human DNA. Of course, many people will say that genetic projects used in human beings should be prohibited. But I suspect if they can prevent this genetic project. For economic reasons, genetic projects for plants and animals will be allowed, and some people will try to use them for humans.
