1. Mainstream technology of third generation mobile communication and its progress
The concept of third generation mobile communications has been studied and brewed, in 1997, entered a substantive technique choice and standard development phase. After a series of assessments and standard fusion, the ITU-R TG8 / L Helsinki meeting held in November 1999 was finalized, and the ITU-R 2000 held in May 2000 The annual meeting (RA-2000) was finally approved, which was officially named IMT-2000 Wireless Interface Technical Specification (M.1457). This specification includes two major categories of code division multiplexing (CDMA) and time division multiplexing (TDMA), where CDMA is currently recognized, including two frequency division duplex (FDD) technology and one time division Duplex (TDD) technology is IMT-2000 CDMA-DS, IMT-2000 CDMA MC and IMT-2000 CDMA TD, as follows.
(1) WCDMA technology, or IMT-2000 CDMA-DS, is the earliest proposed by Europe and Japan, and its core network is based on evolving GSM network, and the air interface uses direct spread spectrum (DS) broadband CDMA. This approach has been widely supported by GSM operators and Japan, and Korean operators in Europe, North America, Asia Pacific. It is one of the most competitive technologies of the third generation of mobile communications. The standardization of WCDMA technology was initially completed in June 2000, which formed a more mature standard --Release'99 version. Standards feature full IP - the research work of RELEASE'2000 has started. Japan plans to realize WCDMA's preliminary commercialization in May 2001, and most European countries have plans to achieve WCDMA commercialization based on GSM evolution network in 2002.
(2) CDMA2000 technology, or IMT-2000 CDMA-MC, is the first third-generation mobile communication technology earliered by North America, and its core network uses an evolutionary IS-95 CDMA core network. (ANSI-41), can be compatible with the existing IS-95 CDMA. Its single-carrier form CDMA2000-1X uses the same bandwidth as IS-95 CDMA, but the capacity can be relatively doubled, and the supported maximum service rate can reach 144 kbit / s. At present, CDMA2000-1X technology has been widely supported by North America and Asia Pacific IS-95 CDMA operators. South Korea's largest IS-95CDMA operator SKT puts CDMA2000-LX in October 2000, and most of the North American and Asia-Pacific IS-95 CDMA operators are scheduled to start CDMA2000-1X commercialization in 2001. The CDMA2000 system of the three carrier mode is required to take up three times the bandwidth of IS-95 CDMA, and the technical complexity is high, and its development prospects are still unclear. Enhanced single carrier technology capable of supporting higher business rates CDMA2000-1XEV is a wide importance, and its standardization work is in progress. In March 2000, the LAS-CDMA technology submitted by my country's Standardization Organization, as one of the candidates in the second phase of CDMA2000-1XEV, has been attracted. The technical core of LAS-CDMA is to solve the interference problem of the CDMA system with a three-in-provision of the new spreading code, thereby achieving the purpose of improving the system capacity.
(3) IMT-2000 CDMA-TD is a CDMA technology of Time Duplex (TDD), which includes two ways proposed by China TD-SCDMA technology and European proposed TD-CDMA. These two TDD methods CDMA technology are coordinated and fused in 3GPP in International Standardization, and its standardization works at the end of 2000. The TD-SCDMA technology submitted by my country has had a potential advantage that is large, suitable for asymmetric data transmission due to advanced technologies such as intelligent antennas and uplink synchronization, which is increasingly valued. At present, research units are resolving key technical issues such as continuous coverage, large-scale network, frequency assignment, and system synchronization. At present, TD-SCDMA is used as a supplementary form of other two FDD methods, suitable for use in high-density user regions and low-speed mobile environments, and has good development prospects with the increase of data traffic. However, the current domestic and foreign manufacturers participating in research and development of TD-SCDMA are very limited, and many companies at home and abroad are needed to develop and produce them to ensure their success. 2. my country's third-generation mobile communication standardization and research and development profile 2.1 standardization work
my country's relevant departments attach great importance to the standardization of third-generation mobile communications, and actively participate in the relevant ITU from starting from beginning to end. In July 1997, under the leadership of the original post and power department, the third-generation mobile communication assessment coordination group (CHEG) consisting of scientific research, operation and industrial sector experts was established, officially starting the standardization activities of my country's third-generation mobile communications.
The evaluation group organized the famous domestic colleges and Huawei, ZTE, Datang and other enterprises to collect the document nationwide, and the key technologies involved in the third generation mobile communications conduct system simulation, research and evaluation. After a year of efforts, in June 1998, my country's candidate technology TD-SCDMA was submitted to ITU and submitted the evaluation report of WCDMA, CDMA2000 and TD-SCDMA in Sepalad in September 1998. In April 1999, the China Wireless Communication Standardization Organization (CWTS), which was approved by the relevant departments, officially established as a member unit as a member unit, is responsible for the standardization of my country's third-generation mobile communications and other wireless communications. Work, and joined two international standardized organizations 3GPP and 3GPP2 in May 1999, fully participated in the standardized research activities of related technologies such as WCDMA, TD-SCDMA, CDMA2000 and LAS-CDMA.
Under the joint efforts of my country's government, operations, industrial and standardization, TD-SCDMA is ultimately accepted as an integral part of the international standard, and in May 2000, ITU final approval. In order to realize TD-SCDMA to be the standard of internationalization, since 1999, my country's standardized organization CWTS is fully involved in 3GPP-related activities, promoting the standardization of TD-SCDMA networks, base stations, terminals, and strives to complete all standardized work at the end of 2000.
In March 2000, my country's standardized organization CWTS was also responsible for the development of international standardized organizations of CDMA2000 series standards, which submitted new technologies, LAS-CDMA with independent intellectual property rights. As a member of the CDMA2000-1XEV candidate technology, it is commended with other candidate technology.
2.2 Research and Development Work
China's third-generation mobile communication system research and development project (referred to as C3G) is a major research and development project for national major research and development projects implemented by the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Information Industry, facing future wireless communication markets. C3G research and development was officially launched in November 1998. The overall goal is to have a number of core patented technologies in early 2001, complete WCDMA, CDMA2000 and TD-SCMDA field experiment systems, completing the chip before 2002 The three commercial systems are developed and small batch production, which makes recommendations for the development of my country's third-generation mobile communications system standards. The C3G project is included in the Ministry of Science and Technology "863" program major industrialization project and the Ministry of Information Industry. The C3G project has established a leading group and overall group, which is responsible for the implementation and development of decision-making and projects on major matters. In order to strengthen the linkage of the industry, the intellectual property of the project is effectively protected, and the C3G Intellectual Property Alliance established by C3G master group and the company in November 1999 was established in November 1999 in November 1999. A total of 8 companies have become members of C3G Intellectual Property Alliance. Enterprises participating in alliances jointly participate in research and development, jointly undertake investment risks, jointly enjoy overall technology and core technical results and their intellectual property rights to accelerate the transfer of scientific research results. By June 2000, the C3G project has achieved important phased progress, the WCDMA and CDMA2000-1X two test systems developed, including mobile switches (MSCs), base station controllers (RNC / BSCs), base station division systems (BTS) and Mobile terminal (MT), etc., can provide speed up to 144kbit / s data transmission capacity in the vehicle mobile environment, and provide mobile video multimedia services, online browsing services, voice services, etc. The development and development of the TD-SCDMA system is mainly conducted by Datang Telecom and Siemens companies in cooperation, and has also achieved important phased progress, and plans to launch a field experiment system in early 2001. 3, the entire system of the WCDMA experiment system includes a 3G switch (UMSC), a base station controller (RNC), a base station subsystem (Node B), and a mobile terminal, and the like. The basic functions of each part are described below. (1) Mobile exchange subsystem UMSC is based on the Evolution-form GPRS system, including three functional entities of MSC, 3G-SGSN, and 3G-CGSN, in line with the 3GPP Release'99 standard. Three functional entities are integrated in an architecture, support the MSC / VLR / HLR framework structure of third-generation mobile communication system concurrent business, high speed circuit services and packet services; implement the terrestrial circuit management of third generation mobile communication systems, mobile Features such as sex management, call control, basic telecommunications services, and supplementary services include: • Packet data exchange for 64kbit / s and packet data exchange not less than 384kbit / s; · With PSTN / ISDN, IP network Interoperability; • The function of the WCDMA IU interface (including the IU-PS and IU-CS) MSC side; · The interface of the MSC and each RNC is 1 IU-CS interface, and the SGSN is 1 IU-PS interface with each RNC interface. The physical layer is the STM-1 optical interface, the transport layer is ATM; · The exchange capacity is not less than 10,000 lines; · With the ability to connect with multiple RNC; · One of PSTN, ISDN, IP network and other MSC interfaces ; · Have AMR voice compression code function; · Have VLR function, can communicate with HLR / AC; • OMC internet interface based on TCP / IP.
(2) Base station controller subsystem The RNC subsystem is connected to the WCDMA core network device (UMSC) through the Iu interface, connected to the base station subsystem (Node B), through the IUR interface and other RNC connections; management and control Node B Delivery with core network device information, implementation of the 3GPP Release'99 wireless air interface standard Control plane and user plane layer 2 (Mac and RLC) and layer 3 (RRC) function, implementing wireless resource management, soft switching between RNC And macro set function. Specific features include: • OMC internet interface function based on TCP / AP; • Single RNC provides no less than 16 IUB interfaces, 1 Iu (including IU-CS and IU-PS interfaces) and no less than 2 IUR interfaces Ability; · Support 384 kbit / s packet data service, 64 kbit / s and sub-rate circuit data service exchange and transmission; · The ground circuit synchronization is mainly from mode, RNC is a controlled station of MSC, and provides BTS Master clock; · Support IU-PS, IU-CS, IUB and IUR interface protocols; • Diversity and soft switching processing between RNC internal and RNC; · Support circuit type and packet type based on ATM exchange platform Business; · The connection control function of circuitry and packet type business; · Have wireless resource management function; · It is necessary to operate the necessary RNC and BTS operation maintenance; • BTS and RNC interface (IUB) use STM-1 optical interface ATM transmission Agreement; • RNC and RNC interface (IUR) adopt SIM-1 optical interface and ATM transport protocol; • RNC and MSC interface (Iu) adopt STM-1 optical interfaces and ATM transport protocols.
(3) The base station subsystem base station subsystem receives the wireless resource control command from the base station controller through the IUB interface, completes the transmission and reception function of the 3GPPRELEASE'99 air interface public physical channel and the dedicated physical channel (first layer). In the C3G WCDMA experimental system, each Node B can be configured to stand three or three-frequency point single sectors, each sector has the ability to support a single-load frequency full of WCDMA physical channels (about 48 voice channels) Or 4 384 kbit / s high-speed data channels). Each sector has a stand-alone analog front-end module in the interior sector. Each Node B contains a radio frequency synthesis and allocation module to achieve RF signal synthesis and allocation of each sector analog front-end circuit.
The specific technical features of each sector of the base station subsystem include: • Support 3GPP standard recommended diversity emission technology, including open-loop diversity and closed-loop diversity; · Support for the baseband transmission process of the physical channel recommended by the 3GPP standard, including: channel coding , TPC and TFCI insertion, spread spectrum modulation, channel gain control, forward power control, filtering and merge, etc.; · Basic public pilot channel, 1 per sector; · Auxiliary common pilot channel, 1 per sector; · Basic synchronous channel (P-SYNC), 1 per sector; · Assisted synchronization channel (S-SYNC), 1 per area; · Basic public control channel (P-CCPCH), 1 per selection; · · Assisted Public Control Channel (S-CCPCH), 1 per sector; · Downlink Shared Channel (P-DSCH), 1 per sector; · Public Packet Channel (CPCH), 1 per session; Channel (PICH), one per sector; · Capture Indication Channel (Aich), 1 per area; · Special Physical Channel (DPCH), 48 per area; · Physics supported by each baseband Send single disk The number of channels is not less than 16; all public channels temporarily use a special single disk; • The upstream channel reception function recommended by the 3GPP Release'99 (including the reverse access channel preamble capture, reverse access channel Dedicated channel coherence reception, channel decoding, reverse channel PN code maintenance and tracking, reverse dedicated channel FBI, TPC and TFCI extraction, reverse channel SIR measurement, etc.); · Support 3GPP Release'99 uplink access channel recommended Capture and reception; • Support for the upstream dedicated channel reception recommended by the 3GPP Release'99; • Support for the uplink public packet channel recommended by the 3GPP Release'99; · Each single disk can support 4-way up-purpose dedicated channel reception; • Support for softer switching and macro psens; • Reverse access channel single preamble time is not more than 1.33ms; · Support double antenna space diversity, every day RAKE diversity is not less than 4 diameters; • The maximum tolerable Doppler frequency is not less than 500 Hz; • Maximum spell delators of merger is not less than 50μs; • The highest data transmission rate is not less than 384kbit / s. (4) Mobile terminal system
The mobile terminal subsystem implements the first layer to the third layer function specified in 3GPP release'99, and implements peer communication with the base station subsystem, base station controller, and UMSC through the air interface. The mobile terminal subsystem itself has an AMR voice compression compiling code function and provides the high-speed data channel required for the upper application. Specific technical features of mobile terminal subsystems include: • Packet data services for 384kbit / s, including mobile IP services, mobile multimedia services; support 64kbit / s or 128kbit / s circuit data services (ISDN service) • Support 3GPP Release'99 recommended three-layer call processing protocol; · Dedicated physical channels must have 1600 fast dynamic power control functions per second; Compliant with 3GPP Release'99; • Support the following channel sending function: Random Access Channel (PRACH), public packet sharing channel (CPCH), dedicated physical channel (DPCH); · Support for forward transmission diversity that meets 3GPP Release'99 Receive, and support the following forward physical channel reception: Basic Synchronization Channel (P-SYNC), Auxiliary Synchronization Channel (S-SyNC), Basic Public Control Channel (P-CCPCH), Assisted Public Control Channel (S-CCPCH), Downlink Shared Channel (P-DSCH), Public Packet Channel (CPCH), Paging Channel (PICH), Capture Indicator Channel (AICH), Special Physical Channel (DPCH); · The initial capture time is less than 1s; · Maximum The delay expansion is greater than 50μs; · canlerant maximum plum frequency passes 500Hz; · Single antenna 6 diameter RAKE diversity; · Receiver dynamic range -25--105dBm; · Support the versecence between multiple base stations Soft switch and macro Diversity; · The transmitted signal waveform quality complies with 3GPP release'99 requirements; • Send timing: Uniformly provided by the baseband receiving subsystem, timing jitter is not greater than 1.5 CHIP per second, instant jitter is not more than 1/16 CHIP. 4, CDMA2000 experiment system
The entire system includes a portion of the mobile switch (MSC), a packet data support node (PDSN), a base station controller (BSC), a base station subsystem (BTS), and a mobile terminal (MT). The basic functions of each part are described below. (1) MSC subsystem MSC is based on the Evolution Form IS-95 MSC system, in line with iOS 2.5 and ANSI-41D standards, support the third generation mobile communication system concurrent business, high-speed circuit business and grouping business MSC / VLR / HLR frame structure; implementation of the third generation mobile communication system, mobile communication system, mobile communication, call control, basic telecommunications service, and supplementary business, including: • Circuit data exchange with 64kbit / s; · Have PSTN / ISDN interoperability; • The function of the A1 / A2 interface MSC side; · The exchange capacity is not less than 10,000 lines; · With the ability to connect with multiple BSC; · Have VLR function, can communicate with HLR / AC; · · IMC interconnected interface function based on TCP / IP. (2) The PDSN Sub System Packet Data Support Node (PDSN) device is connected to the CDMA2000 BSC via the A10 / A11 interface, and can be interconnected with the external IP network, supporting the highest rate of 144kbit / s packet data service activity connection, support SIP Business or mobile IP business. Its main technical features: support based on 100Mbit / s Ethernet interface, and the A10 / A11 interface of the TCP / UDP / IP protocol, with the ability to connect to the BSC division system PCF module; · Support iOS 4.0 proposed packetized business Call processing, mobile IP registration, wireless resource management function; · Support the PPP protocol that meets the IETF protocol; · Support for the Mobile IP processing that meets the IETF protocol; • The ability to interconnect with external IP networks is not It is less than 4 mbit / s; · There are four interfaces that are interconnected with BSC and 1 interface interconnected with external Internet.
(3) The BSC Sub System Base Station Controller (BSC) device is interconnected by the A1 / A2 / A5 interface and the mobile switch (MSC), support voice service and maximum speed of 64kbit / s circuit data services; through the A10 / A11 interface Packet Data Service Support Node (PDSN) is interconnected, supporting a packet data service of 144kbit / s; connects to other BSCs through the A3 / A7 interface, supporting two BSC connections, completing the interconnection of MSC and PDSN And on-site experiments. Its main technical features are: Supported an A1 / A2 / A5 interface based on E1 physical connection, and iOS 2.5 processing protocols, providing no less than 12 two-way E1 interface, with the ability to connect to the MSC; · Have PCM exchange capabilities, and Have a flexible E1 time slot assignment on the A2 / A5 interface; call processing, mobility management, wireless resource control feature recommended by IOS 2.5; • Provide 100Mbit / s Ethernet interface, and TCP / The A10 / A11 interface of the UDP / IP / protocol has the ability to connect to the external PDSN, support call processing, mobility management, wireless resource control functions recommended by iOS 4.0, and the total packet data throughput is not less than 4. Mbit / s; support A3 / A7 interface based on STM-1 / ATM / AAL connection, providing no less than 2 bidirectional STM-1 interfaces, there is a connection between different BSCs, and supports soft switching; Provide internal PCF modules, with control capabilities for supporting the conversion of packet data services; • Provides an ABI interface based on SVC and STM-1 / ATM / AAL protocols, providing no less than 4 two-way STM-1 interface; Provide a voice compression codec based on EVRC or QCELP standard; • Complete the MAC layer and LAC layer processing function recommended by 3GPP2 Release A; And business transmission capacity. (4) The BTS subsystem BTS base station subsystem receives the radio resource control command from the base station controller to complete the transmission and reception function of the 3GPP2RELEASE A air interface public physical channel and the dedicated physical channel (first layer). Each BTS device can be configured as a single-load frequency of three sectors or three carrier frequency; each sector supports a single-load frequency full configuration CDMA2000 physical channel (about 48 voice channels or equivalents high speed Data channels); each sector has independent sectors analog front-end modules in the interior of the chassis, the maximum transmit power is not less than 10W, the technical indicator meets IS-97 and 3GPP2 RELEASE A requirements. Each BTS device includes a radio frequency synthesis and allocation module to achieve RF signal synthesis and allocation of each sector analog front-end circuit.
The main technical features of the BTS subsystem include: • Each single disk supports reverse channel reception of more than 8 mobile stations; • Each single disk can be configured to reverse access channel receiver or reverse traffic channel receiver; Support for handoff and softening; • Supports two wireless channel configurations of RC1 and RC3; • The reverse access channel capture time should be less than 1.25 ms; EB / NO is 7dB, the correct capture probability is not less than 95%; · Every day Line RAKE diversity reception is not less than 2 path; • The maximum tolerable Doppler frequency is not less than 500 Hz; • The maximum tolerable multipath delay expansion is not less than 50μs; · The highest rate of the auxiliary channel is not less than 144kbit / s ; Support for forward transmission diversity that meets the 3GPP2 protocol; · Each single disk supports transmission of 24-way channels; · The special channel must have 800 fast dynamic power control functions per second, and the forward transmission filter band is not attenuated Lower than 40dB; · Support for the following forward physical channel: forward pilot channel (F-PICH), forward transmission division pilot channel (F-TDPICH), forward transmission diversity auxiliary pilot channel (F-TDAPICH) , Forward paging channel (F-PCH), forward common control channel (F-CCH), forward synchronization channel (F-SYNC), forward broadcast channel (F-BCH), forward basic channel (F-F- FCH), forward-to-dedicated control channel (F-DCH), forward auxiliary channel (F-SCH); · Double antenna spatial diversity reception; · Double antenna front channel transmission diversity; · Based on E1 / ATM / AAL ABI interface .
(5) Mobile Terminal (MT) Sub System Mobile Terminal System Implements the first layer to the third layer of 3GPP2 Release A, and realizes the alignment subsystem, base station controller, PDSN, and MSC through the air interface. Communication. The mobile terminal subsystem itself has a QCELP / EVRC voice compression compiling code function, and provides the high-speed data channel required for the upper application. The main technical features of the mobile terminal subsystem include: • Support rate of 144kbit / s packet-type data services, including mobile IP services, mobile multimedia services; support 64kbit / s or 128kbit / s circuit data services (ISDN service) ; Support for the PPP protocol that meets the IETF protocol; · Supports two wireless channel configurations of RC1 and RC3; · Support IS-2000 recommended three-layer call processing protocol; · The operating frequency section is tentatively subscribed to the IS-95B recommended operating frequency band; · · · · Transmission power Class III; · Special channel must have 800 fast dynamic power control functions per second, reverse baseband transmission filter band external attenuation is not less than 40 dB; · Support the following reverse channel transmission: reverse access channel (r -ACH), reverse enhanced access channel (R-EACH), reverse public control Physical Channel (R-CCH), reverse pilot channel (R-Pich), reverse basic channel (R-FCH), reverse To a dedicated control physical channel (R-DCH), reverse auxiliary channel (R-SCH); · Support for the forward transmission of the 3GPP2 protocol to receive, and support the following forward physical channel reception: forward pilot channel (F- PICH), forward transmission DETF channel (F-TDPICH), forward transmission diversity Assisted pilot channel (F-TDAPICH), forward paging channel (F-PCH), forward public control channel (F-CCCH ), Forward synchronization channel (F-SYNC), forward broadcast channel (F-BCH), forward basic channel (F-FCH), forward-to-dedicated control channel (F-DCH), forward auxiliary channel (F-F- SCH); · The initial capture time is less than 1s; • The maximum time delay expansion of the merge is greater than 50μs; · tolerable maximum plum frequency passes 500Hz; · Single antenna 4 path RAKE diversity; · Support business rate is not less than 144kbit The auxiliary channel of / s; · AFC maximum initial frequency is 2kHz; · Receiver dynamic range -25--105dBm; · The receiver sensitivity is -105dBm; · Support the versecetrack in the multi-base station soft switching and macro group; · Maximum The transmit power is 25dBm, the transmit power dynamic range is 25-65dBm; · the maximum emission frequency is ± 300 Hz; · The transmitted signal waveform mass factor is greater than 0.944; · Other indicators related to carrier leakage, extracorporeal spurious, etc. Compliance with IS-98 test standards. 5, test and experiment
The C3G test item includes two parts of functional testing and performance testing. Functional testing can be carried out in a laboratory environment and a car latex moving environment, the content of the test includes: • The functional test of the physical link, specifically includes the correctness test of the transmission and reception channel function of the base station and the mobile terminal, according to the C3G master group Test specification is conducted; • Interface testing, for WCDMA systems and TD-SCDMA systems, specific, including IUB interfaces, IUR interfaces, Iu interfaces, etc. , The A10 / A11 and OMC interfaces, etc. The physical layer test of the interface is completed by the dedicated instrument. The protocol test is performed according to the test specification provided by the C3G master group; · Call process test, mainly including the third layer protocol test, including mobile station Enter the process test, call flow test, fixed terminal to the fixed terminal, fixed terminal to mobile terminal call flow test, and mobile terminal to mobile terminal call flow test, according to the test specification provided by the C3G header; • EFC switching function test. Performance testing in the laboratory environment, the main test indicators include: base station and mobile station receiving sensitivity test; · Base station and mobile station receiver error characteristic test; · Base station and mobile station transmitter waveform quality test; · Base station and Mobile station power control characteristic test; · The above-mentioned interface physical performance testing; C3G project demo services include basic voice services, circuitry data services and packet data services, including: · AMR / QCELP / EVRC voice service; · Based on MPEG4 64kbit / s circuit type real-time multimedia business; · Peak rate is a packet data online browsing service for 384kbit / s / 144kbit / s; · The peak rate is a packet data of 384kbit / s / 144kbit / s REALPLAYER Multimedia Business Transport Service. 6, conclude
Research and development of the third generation mobile communication system has entered the practical phase, and commercialization of 3G in the next one to two years will become a reality. China's third-generation mobile communication system research and development project (C3G) was officially launched in January 1999. After strong support and participating efforts, it has made important progress, and it has made important progress, and basicly grasped the key technologies of 3G systems. In this paper, based on the international 3G development process, this paper focuses on the progress made in China 3G R & D, as well as the basic technical characteristics of the C3G test system, and hopes to benefit domestic 3G industrialization. Excerpt from "Telecom Science"
