1. Overview of the development of linguistics in the 20th century
Modern linguistics, psychology, anthropology not only has an important feature of humanities and social sciences, but also some important characteristics of natural science, just as the "Basic Basis of Humanities Social Science" Textbook, these three subjects said Since the 20th century, gradually become the two parts of human social sciences and natural sciences, and it is still important to the important disciplines of humanities and social sciences; the major advances in these disciplines are not only for humanities and social science systems, but also for the entire scientific system It has produced many positive impacts.
Let's take a look at the development overview of the twin in the 20th century. Some scholars call people a special higher animal. Human has an extremely rich language system, and has an extremely high ability to use language, which is considered to be the most special, most advanced place. Linguistics also have an old tradition. It has become a discipline that uses multiple scientific methods and techniques to study the internal structure, function and development of human language, reveal language nature and its existence and development law.
The 20th century language is answering "What is the language of mankind", "Why is this" and "how much the potential and social role" have achieved significant historical progress.
Simply summarize, the development of linguistics in the 20th century can be divided into three sections. In the first half of the 20th century, a structuralist represented by Swiss linguist Saussus, in answering the human language, there is a major contribution; in the middle of the 20th century, the American language Jumski The generated language method representative, in the answer of human language, is a major breakthrough; the second half of the 20th century, the linguistic circles for the potential of human language and its understanding, and use the understanding of the new leap. In these various aspects, the Chinese language circles have also made a creative contribution.
Second, the second half of the 20th century: Structureist language
Let's take a look at how Sausso creates structuralist language.
The Swiss linguist who had a reputable believes that the historical comparison linguistics of a positive role in the history of linguistics, excessively paying attention to the details of language history evolution, failed to seize the substance of the language. He explored the nature of the language in structured views, describing the system structure of language, and laid the theoretical basis for the independence of modern linguistics.
The all ideological foundation of Sausso Linguistics is to confirm that language is a symbol system with a specific structure.
Saucy first pointed out that the language is a symbol. The nature of this symbol is similar to the nature of the traffic signal of the symbol of the command traffic. On the one hand, it has material (sound, just like the light light of the traffic signal), another On the one hand, it has expirability (the idea of language expression, like red light indication, green light indication line); material is "can refer to", the expression is "referred to", these two attributes through social membership Together, like a piece of paper.
Sausso is more emphasized in: Language is a complete symbolic system, like a huge chessboard, all of which have interdependence, mutual constraints, system has its own intrinsic order or intrinsic law Any language unit, language component, only in the "language board", linked to other language units, and language components can be used.
In order to describe the system structure of the language, Sausson proposes a series of analytical rules. The main is to distinguish between language and speech, distinguish between time-sensitive state, distinguishable deep structure and surface structure.
What does "distinguish language and speech"? Language is the system of language symbols, the society, mainly; words are actual discourse, personal, dependent. Saussian believes that language research objects should strictly restrict the language system that does not rely on individuals, not to fall into the specific performance of the language - the maze of a thousand words.
What does "distinguish between diarrhea and total-time"? In response to traditional linguistics, the origin, development and change of the language is always developed in time, which is the "long-term" tendency to study the language, and the Saussian is particularly emphasized to be landscape research on the language during one period. A total of a common-state study, to facilitate the disclosure of the internal structural system.
What does "distinguish deep structure and surface structure"? The deep system is composed of social factors, which is stationary, standardized. The surface system is a personal speech expression that is subject to personal physical, physiological, psychological factors. Sausson believes that linguistics should focus on research deep systems.
Third, the middle of the 20th century: Jumsky's generator law
The Structureist Linguistic Thought in the past half centuries is a lot of popularity in the past half century; the modern language schools, branches have drawn a lot of nutrients from structuralism.
By the 1950s, American language Jumsky created "Conversion Generation Syntax" and later referred to as "Generating Syntax". He believes that the study of linguistics cannot stay in the use of structuralism's ideas for "language behavior", but to further examine "language ability", that is, the principle of working principle of human brain language mechanism - universal law.
Universal grammar is better than the language of the human brain, in Jumsky, as long as it clarifies and determines its composition principle and rule system, you can uncover the mystery of human language. In more than 20 years, Jumsky's conversion generating syntax has undergone several development phases, constructing a complete set of theoretical systems that are referred to as generating grammar, and profoundly affect the development trajectory of modern linguistics. Due to the purpose of Jumsky language research is not described in the language itself, pointing to the brain of the language, the mainstream of Western linguistics is transferred from the structure of the concrete language to try to explain the language ability of the entire human language. And in the 1960s and 1970s, it was said to be a "Jumsky Time".
I have used a metaphor in Chapter 6, saying that if we regard human language as a Rubik, then language scholars are usually accustomed to in the external rotation, master the combination of the Rubika block. And Jumski has changed a game, and the sure is disassembled, and I want to understand the inherent mechanism of the change in color block combination; he believes that the core of the "Language Rubik's Cube" is the syntax relationship. It has the change of the color block. Ability.
The second half of the 20th century, the mainstream school of European linguistics is called a functional school. This school has valued the function, meaning, chapter, and makes the model, formulates, and promotes modern linguistics from the research inside the language system to language use. In the United States, the emerging cognitive school believes that the model of the world's neural network can be used to understand the description of the language, which is quite large. In the past two or three decades, the language function and cognitive language schools, etc., in the face of the new topics proposed by the times, comprehensive of the scientific achievements of predecessors and innovation, deepening the structure and essence of language, strengthening Research on use.
Fourth, the development of Chinese linguistics and the impact of modern linguistics
Chinese is the largest language in the world. Chinese traditional linguistics mainly include text, phonology, training, and long live. The language in the modern sense is from the beginning of the 20th century, and the West is introduced to the country.
The development of Chinese linguistics is after the founding of the founding, the voice, vocabulary and grammar system of modern Chinese is established and constantly improving. The achievement is mainly reflected in the practical application research of Chinese. The Chinese language standardization includes simplifying Chinese characters, promoting Mandarin, formulates and promotes Chinese. Pinyin solutions and other work, have made significant progress in the 1950s and have far-reaching.
The central issue of Chinese language discipline construction is: how to deal with the relationship between inheritance of traditional and absorbing Western modern linguistics, explore the characteristics of Chinese own, through the results of studying Chinese personality, in order to enrich and expand human language Common research has made creative contributions.
In the 1980s, Chinese linguistics jointly explored the best ways to combine the theory, methods and Chinese research of Western linguistics from different directions, different areas, in theoretical language, Chinese history, Chinese characters, modern Chinese, The basic research in modern Chinese, square speakers, minority language and other fields has achieved fruitful results; in the field of language planning and language policy, Chinese character information processing, dictionary, social language and Chinese language teaching research areas The progress is also made. Since the late 1980s, the theoretical discussion of Chinese characteristics is launched in the national language circles. Scholars have made a positive and in-depth exploration on the conceptual methods and development direction of Chinese philanthology, and the purpose is to gradually solve the framework ideas of Western language theory. The profound contradiction between Chinese facts, establishes the language theory and method embodying Chinese characteristics. It is worth emphasizing that since the 1980s, through the language of language experts and science and technology workers, Chinese linguistics have made significant progress in the application field of Chinese character information, and has a major breakthrough from encoding methods to processing technology. Although there is nothing as possible in the Chinese character keyboard input technology, Chinese character identification technology, speech recognition technology, but the ice has broken, the ancient text and the strange combination of the silicon world, the research and application of Chinese phrase Opened the broad development prospect.
The impact of modern linguistics is very extensive. The well-known university in the world does not have language majors, and language has become the lead disciplines and basic disciplines of humanities and social sciences.
We can see the fact that with the in-depth of modern language, the in-depth of language, structural and functional understandings, the interconnection between humanities and social discics is concentrated on "Language". In the field of philosophy, language is generally attached to the intermediary role in understanding the world, and there is a vast language philosophical movement. Sociologists linked to the variation of language structure and the variation of social structure. Psychological linguistics are getting closer, the inherent relationship between language and human psychological activities are more concerned and revealed by contemporary psychology.
In the field of methodology, the structuralist trend of structuralism in the study of modern linguistics, reflects a system concept of the overall, conversion, self-pronged system of things; it is because of the basic concept of structuralism. It is widely transplanted, and its research methods are known for many humanistic societies.
Modern language has also across the "boundary" of humanities and social sciences and natural sciences, and continuously learn from the principles of natural sciences to transform and promote their theoretical construction, but also for cognitive science, medicine, electronic computer science and artificial intelligence research. They have had a big impact.
The marriage and mutual promotion of modern linguistics and electronic computer engineering technology have become a major trend in the information age. Language serves as the most important information carrier. Electronic computer engineering technology and related controlism, information on modern science and technology, more and more depends on the progress of modern linguistics.
Some scientists believe that in the electronic era and electronic culture, language development is a measure of a national science and technology, first is an important sign of the development level of electronics and electronics industries.
Modern language has benefited from the development of contemporary brain. At the same time, language research has promoted the exploration of frontier topics in contemporary science in the brain and awareness of brain Science, which in turn is crucial to the development of artificial intelligence technology.
Modern Linguistics achieved successful spans between nature sciences and humanities and social sciences, and made themselves one of the bridges that connect two scientific departments with rich theoretical results and application results. The construction of the construction of its discipline has provided a very beneficial revelation and reference for the development of other human social disciplines.
Five, in the middle of the 20th century: the four development directions of psychology
The 20th century psychology has also gained important progress and has a wide range of impact.
The textbook pointed out that psychology is a subject of organism (people, as well as animals) and its behaviors as objects, and clarifies its essence discipline with scientific methods. It may be advisable that psychology can help people scientifically described, explain, predict the feelings of people under certain situations, thinking. In the late 19th century, German scholar Fengter learned from the natural scientific method, creating "experimental psychology"; Feng Jing School's achievements and insufficient, inspired 19 and 20th century, psychologists seeking new breakthroughs from different directions, schools Differentiation and competition advance the construction of psychology.
At the beginning of the 20th century, in addition to James's "consciousness" theory of Dewey and others formed a functionalist school that emphasized psychological role in the United States. Modern psychology mainly raises challenges to Fengrt School. .
One of the heads is an influential behavioralism. US psychologists have suggested that inner activities can not be found, scientific psychology is mainly based on things that can be objectively observed and measured, and its mission is the way to study people and animals, seek ways to predict and control behavior. According to Huasheng's statement, psychology research objects can be used to verify the relationship between reactions with experimentation and observation.
Another to talk about the format tower. "Format Tower" is a German "overall", "complete" transliteration, as a genre of psychology, oppose the decomposition of psychological activities to become a few basic elements; think that psychological phenomena has integrity, people When observing the outside thing, there is a "field" in the human mind, and the stimulus is tissue into a certain solid, which determines what the outside world is like. Therefore, the school emphasizes the "format tower" and advocates overall comprehensive research.
The third direction, the influence is very wide, there are many in contemporary China, which is a mental analysis represented by the Austrian psychologist Freud. Freud believes that the fundamental psychological motivation of people is unconscious, conscious psychological processes are just some isolated pieces of surface, and unconscious psychological activities will decisive in people's lives. Freud also believes that human inherent biometric lust is the most basic impulse. In a word, psychological analysis of the patient's unconsciousness is to be psychological analysis. This theory has never never emphasized the status and role of unconsciousness in the psychological world, which brings great impact on the entire psychology.
There is also a research direction. The former Soviet psychology community emphasizes that psychology is the function of brain, and the awareness and activity has an indiscriminated linkage. The reflection of psychological reflection is active, and the awareness activities have a distinct social historical connotation. It should be said that this is a scientific concept that cannot be ignored.
Sixth, the second half of the 20th century: three treasures in psychology
In the second half of the 20th century, the psychology community is in the field of cognition, personality, and emotion, and has a reasonable ingredient of various schools and trend, and proposes new theoretical hypothesis, further improves humanity to describe psychological phenomena. , Understanding and explaining scientific levels.
First, in the field of understanding theory, cognitive psychology has made important progress. Cognitive psychology in contemporary Western psychology literature, generally specifically referred to in the viewpoints and concepts of information processing. A basic assumption of the discipline is to see the human psychological activity system as a similar computer information processing system, and believe that people's cognitive processes can be classified with computers.
The second is the rise of humanistic psychology in the field of personality theory. Humanistic psychology has highlighted the potential and value of people, and advocating psychology mainly grasping and writing a case study on health people's personality development, and to explore the meaningful issues of personal development and social progress. Maslow's personality theory is based on motive theory, with self-realizationism as the core. Rogers believe that personality is a person who strives to self-realize himself according to its own understanding of the world.
Third, in the field of emotional theory, emotional psychology puts forward new hypothesis. Among them, "emotional wisdom" that highlights the functions and value of emotions, causing more extensive attention.
About cognitive psychology, humanistic psychology, the new thinking of new thinking in emotional psychology, the textbook is more specific, learners can see. The formation and development of three treasures and other trend of thoughts in the second half of the 20th century is to promote the rational ingredients of other schools in different degrees, and the discipline structure of contemporary psychology through internal and external Cross-finishing has developed into a border of science; a large branch; in contemporary psychology research, the system approach is widely used. Seven, the development of Chinese psychology and the impact of modern psychology
The development of modern Chinese psychology has passed a twist road. Here we focus on the achievements of contemporary Chinese psychology.
First, focus on the research of theoretical psychology, establish scientific methodology of contemporary Chinese psychological development, and explore the basic theory of psychology has made significant progress. Second, track the development trend of world psychology, through many areas of reference, choice, digestion, and psychology, all levels have been developed, of which the construction of basic discipline has been supported, and the spring bamboo shoots have been established after emerging psychology. A more complete scientific system has been formed. Again, application research has developed rapidly, and the results are quite significant. Finally, the discussion of "localization" of psychology is initially launched. Whether psychology has "localized" issues, it is controversial. Some affected scholars have been affirmed, and believe that foreign research conclusions must be re-verified, discovering unique and important phenomena of Chinese psychology, founding new concepts, new theories applicable to Chinese people, looking for research methods for China's national conditions .
We must pay attention to the full impact of modern psychology on the development of the scientific system.
The so-called all-round influence, the first example is of great significance for the scientific achievements made by psychology in the 20th century. Marxist philosophical workers use psychology's latest results, verification, enrichment and development dialectical materialism and historical materialism. Western psychology, directly explain humanity, life and world directly with their minds and falsification, and some "spiritual analysis" has become a philosophical trend with certain influence. The development of psychology has also expanded the field of contemporary philosophy.
Also, the impact of psychology on the construction of comprehensive disciplines. Modern psychology acts as a discipline with a wide range of cross-text, wide-ranging, permeability, and has played a link and bridge in the historical process of humanities and social science and the integration of humanities and social sciences and natural sciences. effect. The development of psychology in the 20th century has led to a group of new new disciplines, which is the biggest influence is the behavioral science, management science, thinking.
Reproduction of psychology on many specific scientific categories. Modern psychology has influenced many specific disciplines, first by indirectly playing the role of philosophy and comprehensive disciplines, secondly by psychology and direct interaction of specific disciplines. The 20th century psychology is obviously impact on the humanities and societies in the field of spiritual life, such as literature, education, historical and cultural anthropology, and social development as a sociology, economics, law of the research focus. The impact is also increasing. Psychology has played a constructive role in many specific disciplines of natural science.
Eight, the change of anthropology in the 20th century
Among the name of humanology, many learners are probably unfamiliar. In China, this discipline is often referred to as nationalology. The textbook pointed out that anthropology is the discipline of the students' natural attributes and social-cultural properties.
Modern anthropology can also be divided into two paragraphs. The first half of the 20th century is a period of time, the center of Western anthropology research is mainly in the United Kingdom and America. The British functionalism will lead the social function of cultural factors in the center of gravity of cultural anthropology, as well as research on each other; the American historical school emphasizes that every cultural group has its own unique history, humanology tasks are to understand each The specific performance of national culture. They have made positive contributions to the development of subjects in a certain range and many specific issues. The humanology called "Nationalology" in the former Soviet Union, and the Soviets of Marxist ethnology began forming Marxist ethnology, basically safeguarding the research direction of historical materialism in Marx.
Humans have had important changes after the second war. First, anthropology is modern from ancient times. The humanologist began to stand in the overall development of human beings, studying the cultural changes of modern society, analyzing the development of modern cities and rural areas, participating in our opinion, "cultural roots" and "cultural comparison" are two highlights of anthropology, The development of humanities and social sciences and the natural science has played a broad and unique role. Discussion on global issues. Second, anthropology has changed the focus of studying foreign cultures, the changes in the mainstream culture of the country, the development of the national physical fitness and cultural psychology, the history of the history and reality of local community, becomes a hot spot. Third, from semi-closed research to open research, contemporary anthropology discipline, theoretical vision and research methods have become "comprehensive, stereo, and crossability". Fourth, Marxist's human beings have a broad impact on the world after World War II. The results of the socialist national ethnographic research have made Western attention. Fifth, the research methods and means of anthropology have also have major reforms. Human learning into my country in the early 20th century, generally called ethnology. It has been initially developed by the 1930s. After the mid-1950s, some branch disciplines of anthropics have achieved long-term development. In the early 1980s, anthropology achieved significant progress in focusing on fundamental theory, focusing on the development trend of world anthropology, and developing application anthropology.
The humanology has three highlights, a "cultural root", chasing the source of various cultural phenomena; another is called "cultural comparison", which is a comparative study on cultural characteristics of different nations, different regions and different countries. There is also a "field operation", which advocates the "complete participation survey" by researchers in research methods, paying attention to the collection and finishing of first-hand data. These three highlights have played a wide and unique driving role in human social sciences and even natural sciences.
Sochings of anthropological development of humanological psychology in nine, 20th century
Three disciplines in modern linguistics, psychology, and anthropology are across two scientific departments, and they act on two scientific departments. Mastering this joint point is important.
We must pay attention to the common point of three discipline development paths from research objects, research methods, and research purposes.
From the Total Development Trend of the 20th century, three disciplines have more and more consciously regard people's natural attributes, social attributes, and spiritual cultural attributes as a comprehensive research object of this discipline. Anthropology, psychology is true, linguistics are true.
From the research method, it is generally driven from a single-level, single-angle static study, consciously turning to multi-level, multi - angle dynamic research; from relatively closed research consciously turned to interdisciplinary open research; from manual operation to high technology. This is particularly typical in anthropology.
From the purpose of the research, it is generally from stenosis to broad, from the surface layer to the deep layer; from satisfying the steering point to focus on understanding and interpretation; from more valuable theoretical value and focus on application value. Why is the world's social science department in the world? Deepen and expand closely related to discipline research objectives.
We must also pay attention to the common point of the three subject functions in the development of two major scientific departments.
It can be said that linguistics, psychology, anthropology are the humanities and societies that are closest to natural sciences in the scientific system. The focus of these three subject studies, a language, a psychology, a culture and physique, both extremely important social phenomena, cultural phenomena, and closely related to natural phenomena, is an important focus of human social sciences and natural sciences; The basic methods of learning, psychology, anthropology research, can be used for two major scientific departments; many of the specific research results of the three subjects have the application value, which can be directly adopted by many specific disciplines.
Linguistics, psychology, anthropology as a human social discipline with a "amphibious" nature, the most distinctive part of the function is to promote the role of direct development of natural science, and their new achievements often have the world Eye-catching.
