(Abstract) Structuralism is not a philosophical genre, but a philosophical movement is a general name and method of some sociologists, psychologists, philosophers, literary critics and aesthetics. . The theoretical basis of structuralism is that Sausso and subsequent structuralism plus "transitioning a grammar" that has been subsequently differentiated and developed. Without the basis of language, it is impossible to have structuralism.
(Key words) structuralism; Saussian; structuralist language; conversion first grammar; Levistlaus
The structuralism is a wide range of philosophical trend of a wide range of philosophical trends in the 1960s since France and quickly popularized in Western Europe and North America. Unlike other Western philosophical arts: structuralism is not a philosophical genre composed of professional philosophers holding a common philosophical point of view, but a philosophical movement is - some sociologists, psychologists, philosophers , A general name of some views and methods (structural views and methods) of literary critics and anecdograns.
The theory of "material structure" in scientific research in the 20th century has played a certain role in the formation of structuralist trend, including mechanical structure research, physics, basic particle structure research, chemistry SCIENCE Structure, Geological Structure, Earth Structure Research, Earth Structure of Geological Mechanics, Earth Structure, Cosmic Structure Research, and Biological Structure of Endogenic Structure, and the like. However, the pioneer of modern linguistics, Swiss language, Fernand, Ferdinand de Sauss, and its subsequent language, the "conversion-generating syntax) "It is the source and theoretical basis of structuralism.
Saussian language view mainly includes: (1) language is a symbol system composed of mutual dependencies, the meaning of words depends on the relationship between the words; (2) Language and speech, the former It is the phenomenon of society, the latter is a personal phenomenon, the object of language research should be language, not a speech; (3) language phenomenon is a symbolic system that is integrated with each other, interdependent, mutual restriction and self-contained symbolic system, Therefore, it is necessary to study the language, rather than "lathe" research. The language theory of Saussu has laid the theoretical basis for the production of structuralist language schools. The structuralist linguistics were born in the 1920s, divided into three tribes: Brague, representatives represented by HC TPYOELLKOIA and Jacobun (R. Jakob-Son), also known as Braig Inempique school; another party is a Copenhagen school representative represented by Yelmsrev (L. Hjelmslev), also called a speech path; the third party is a structuralist language of the United States, commonly known as the United States description language, Its representative is Brieffield (L. Bloomfield) and Hobkett. Their common point is: "Take the language as a symbolic system, emphasize the importance of the common language, emphasize the analysis, research language inner structure. [6] (P594) to the 1950s, differentiation from the structuralist language It has developed a new language school, which is "Converting a Syntax" School, its founder is N. Chomsky. The center of his linguistics is about "surface structure" and "deep structure" Theory. This theory believes that each language system of human beings has two levels of surface structure and deep structure. The surface structure is people can "say, write, hear, see", [5] ( P94) and deep structure is "existing in the heart of the speaker, the writing, the listener, or the reader". [5] (p94) 0 The deep structure is the basis of the surface structure, and the deep structure generates a surface layer structure through the conversion rule. On the basis, Jumsky believes that "the object of language research is language ability rather than language application. Only the description of this grammar is fully described correctly. [2] (P98-99) Obviously, although Jumsky's "Conversion of the Syntax" has revolutionized development in many ways, we can still be clear on the essence of its theory. It is a trace of the "language" and "speech" theory. No wonder the Saussian research expert, Italy language de Mauro pointed out that "Sausso's thought is that it is still the center of various development. [2] (p25) His theory is always a pillar of modern linguistics "[2] (P25) The founder of structuralist language is Saucy, and the founder of structuralism (in a common sense) is the famous French sociologist and cultural anthropologist Claude. Claude Levi, Strauss. Levi Strus, during the Second World War, I met the language of the Prague School, Brague, through many times, he Fully accepted the theory and opinion of structuralist linguistics, and the method of structuralism is used to use their own anthropology. "All theories of Levi Strus are in structure in Saucy. basis. [8] (P328) The role of (structuralism) linguistics Social disciplines, but a great promotion of social science development. Linguistics may be the only social science discipline that can be truly known as scientific, and is the only experience rule, and the nature of the materials analyzed. The disciplines of the rules of understanding. ... The linguist often makes scientists who are engaged in related but other disciplines from his example and let them try to go with him. [1] (p837) He also It is pointed out that "structural language will definitely play the innovation of the nuclear physics in natural sciences" in relationships with social sciences. "[1] (p839)
Levi Steve is such a linguistic language, and he is also the study of his "social science" in accordance with (structural) linguistics. As early as "wild thinking" book, Levi Stefuus applied to the common language method of Sausso created to anthropology. When studying the thinking structure of the original community, he believes: "The original community has a full structure system with the Totem classification system as the core. This system not only has internal and rear, and there is actually an abstract one aspect. On the other hand, the possibility of unlimited expansion. At the same time, in his opinion, this system is also identifying a non-domesticated state of mind, that is, the wild thinking claims. Non-Temperacy ', which attempts to grasp the overall world as both simultaneous and as a lagoon. [9] (P307) Levi Strous also associates the symbolic theory and structuralist perspective It is used to study his anthropology and mythology. He believes that "every society is a symbolic system - language, marital rules, art, scientific and interrelationships of religion - Therefore, unique myth is a logic system consisting of symbols, and the relative relationship and marriage system can also be treated as a symbolic system similar to the language. [8] (P330) He also demonstrated its conclusions: "In the study of family relationships (there is no doubt, in the study of other problems), anthropologists find themselves similar to The situation in which the structural language is located. The family relationship is all meaning elements like a phoneme; it is also like a speech, only when the family relationship title is integrated in some systems. [Ll] (P840)
In 1957, Qimsky's famous "Senso" book is published, Levi Stefuus has thought that the philosophical point of philosophist's philosophical point of prize in linguistics is generally significant. Therefore, he quickly applied it to humanity research. Like the surface structure and deep structure theory of Jumsky, Levi Strus also believes that "all social activities and social life are deep, the structure of surface phenomenon, and social sciences and The task of humanities is to find this inner structure. "[6] (p598) Therefore," all social sciences and humanities should be like linguistics (structuralist linguistics), their tasks should not be limited to description The surface phenomenon of social life should be deep in it, find the inner structure of these surface phenomena. "[6] (p599)
Levi Stefros once used people's relationship between the telegraph and the relationship between the surface structure and the deep structure. He said that "the surface structure is equivalent to the text, and the deep structure is equivalent to the electric code. Text is changeable, and the electric code is stable. [7] (P204), so he believes that" only the deep structure of the phenomenon In order to grasp the surface structure of the phenomenon. [7] (P204) According to this theory, Levi Strus has made a large survey on relative relationship. Through the study found that relative relationships also have two layers: surface structure - by brothers, sisters, father and son, uncle and The relatives and other relatives. Deep Structure - Composition by the simplest marriage. "The most primitive, simplest, non-restored relationship in the social structure is through marriage, but in society, a woman is this intermediary." [3] (P719 "Levis Turus also analyzed the structure of myths in this way. (See its book "Mythology)) In addition, Leftlas analyzed the analysis of relatives and mythology and the standard theory of Jumsky (Standard) Theory has an amazing similarity in the form.
Other representatives of structuralism also include: M. Foucault, M. Foucault, and the theory of R. Barthes in the history of history, and L. Althusser in the field of R. Barthes, Marxism.
Fuko is a famous French philosopher and ideological history home. He is committed to excavating and analyzing the unified structure of knowledge in the pattern of structuralist linguistics. He uses the analysis method of structuralism to establish his "" Knowledge archeology. In his "Explosive" writings "Words Hos Hoses", Fuke "tried to rebuild the general history by returning to the basis of the language. [9] (P3pg) In this book, Fu The department describes the three development phases from the Renaissance to Modern Western Thoughts. The first is the "Renaissance" period (16th century). Fuko believes that "the principle of Western culture in this period is 'similar relationship'." Whether it is the mutual relationship between language symbols, it is also visible to the knowledge of the inability to organize and control the "similar relationship" principle. [9] (P309) The second is "Classical period" (17, 18th century). "The knowledge composition of this period is based on order concept, and the order is premised on the principle of the same and different. [9] (P310) Finally," modern period "(19th century)." Modern period The principle of knowledge is the 'root', "." The knowledge of this period is to pursue deep roots and historic knowledge. [9] (P310) In the end of the book, Fuke summatically elaborated, "the culture of human society" and its history, regardless of its appearance, it is all contracted by the inner deep structure. " [9] (P310) He said this structure is "knowledge type". In his opinion, "our thoughts, our lives, our survival, and our daily behavior details are subject to the same organizational structure (knowledge type). [9] (p311) Balt imitation Vister Russe's practice, the structureist language leads to the field of literary criticism. In this field, the focus of structuralist poetics and narrative students "is not an analysis of individual specific works, but the general literary language law. In terms of structuralism, individual works are something similar in language in language, and is a more broad abstract structure. The task of structuralist poetics and narrative is to explore this intrinsic structure or 'General Law of literary works .8 (P336)
