The third wave of the Internet: Grid is widely used in e-commerce in the Internet and experiencing the continuous development of waves from the front, and we noticed that another epoch-making new life is in the field of scientific cooperation with high performance computing. Things - Grid (GRID). Its appearance will set off the Internet followed the third wave after the Internet, the World Wide Web (Web), and will bring unlimited business opportunities for the information industry. As we all know, due to the need for US military science cooperation, the US Department of Defense Department Advanced Research Program (DARPA) has used the information package transmission and open overall structural technology, which has established Arpanet, thus born Internet. In 1990, Bernard, Berners-Lee, in the European Atomic Nuclear Research Center (CERN), in order to invent the World Wide Web in order to high-energy physics research. Now, history will repeat. CERN is planning to build a new and huge particle crash, which is expected to be completed in 2005. The amount of data it produced will be 1000 times now, and it is no longer deal with the current Internet technology. Therefore, scientists in the United States and Europe are constructing a new information technology infrastructure called mesh, which helps scientists automatically handle, organize, transfer, and manage these data for more than 500 universities in Europe and America and Cern. And research institutions. It is not difficult to predict, like the World Wide Web, the grid for research services will also be used in various fields such as media, traditional industries, e-commerce, entertainment.
What is the grid?
ARGONNE National Lab Senior Scientist, American Grid Calculation Project leader, Ian K solid? Ian Foster, edited in 1998 "Grid: 21st Century Information Technology Infrastructure A book of blueprints. He describes the grid described: "Grid is a set of emerging technologies to build on the Internet, which combines high-speed Internet, high-performance computers, large databases, sensors, remote equipment, etc., providing more technicians and ordinary people. Resources, features and interactivity. The Internet mainly provides communication functions such as email, web browsing, while grid feature is more stronger, allowing people to transparently use other resources such as calculations, storage. "It can be seen, In fact, the traditional Internet implements the computer hardware, the web implements the connection between the web, and the grid is trying to implement all resources on the Internet. It is necessary to integrate the entire Internet into a huge supercomputer, implement computing resources, storage resources, communication resources, software resources, information resources, and comprehensive sharing of knowledge resources. The essence of the third wave of the Internet is to sublimate the World Wide Web as Great Glid.
Development history and status quo of grid
In the early 1990s, according to the large number of online hosts, the utilization is not high, the National Science Foundation (NFS), which constructed four supercardial centers into one meta-computing )Overall. The meaning of metal calculation is through the network, connects the computing resource to form a supercapsative environment for the user. This term in recent years has been replaced by mesh calculations. Representative research in grids also has the United States "National Technology Grid (NTG)", "Distributed Thousands of Calculation Facilities (DTF)", NASA IDG, ASCI GRID of the US Department of Energy and the EU Data Grid, etc. The international grid research mainly uses open source and public cooperation. Information about grid research can be found on the "Global Grid Forum" website (www.gridforum.org). It is reported that the US government has been using nearly ten years of basic research funding for grids. The US military is more active. The US Department of Defense has implemented a grand grid plan, called "Global Information Grid", which is expected to be completed in 2020. As part of this plan, the US Navy and Marine Corps have launched a $ 16 billion eight-year project, including system development, construction, maintenance, and upgrades. The British government has decided to invest 100 million pounds to build "UK National Grid". Roughly, the grid system can be divided into three basic levels: resource layer, middleware layer and application layer. Since the current Internet structure is not designed for mesh, in order to make mesh computing and existing structural compatibility, there is generally a scalable middleware layer. It refers to a series of tools and protocol software, which features the distribution of computing resources in the mask grid resource layer, which provides transparency, consistent use interfaces to the grid application layer. The middle part of the grid is also known as the grid operating system, which requires the user programming interface and the corresponding environment to support the development of grid applications. The above-mentioned project-based project-based projects, which use a network protocol "Globus". Globus is based on the American Agang National Lab, and 12 universities and research institutions participate in the development of grid projects. Globus conducts research on key technologies such as resource management, security, information service and data management, and develops grid computing tool software (Toolkit) that can run on a variety of platforms, helping to plan and form large grid test platforms. Develop large applications that are suitable for large grid systems. Globus believes that interoperability in a network environment means developing a universal protocol, using it to describe the rules of information and information exchange. The Globus protocol is publicly disclosed on the Internet (www.globus.org) on the Internet. Globus's grid computing protocol is based on the Internet protocol, based on communication, route, name resolution, etc. in the Internet protocol. Globus's protocol is divided into 5 layers: structure layer, connection layer, resource layer, assembly layer and application layer. The upper protocol can call the service of the underlying protocol. Both global applications in the grid are called through the services provided by the protocol. Recently, companies also premonstrate the huge market in the grid, so they have also joined the team developed. US Microsoft has decided to support Globus programs, and SoftBank has also investment in newcomer companies that are engaged in grid computing research. In addition, Pfizer pharmaceutical companies and aircraft manufacturer Boeing companies have begun to conduct experiments with grid computing. The goal of their experiment is mainly focused on applying it to a large scale scientific simulation.
IBM announced on August 2, 2001, it will invest about $ 4 billion in grid computing invested that it is recently announced that it is developing a supercomputer grid that can be used at the same time by many scientific research units and many scientists. It is expected to be built in the third quarter of 2002. Its design calculation speed is 13.6 trillion per second, which is 1000 times faster than the "dark blue" super computer speed of Casparov, the Super Computer Supercompal, and the storage capacity will reach 600 trillion bytes. It uses Linux system portfolios, grid's servers with a new generation of ITANIIUM microprocessors produced by Intel McKinley. It is alleged that this mesh function will be the strongest in the same system worldwide. It is not difficult to predict that the grid will become an important tool for bioengineering, climate simulation, energy exploration, aerospace, digital earth and other important tools. At the same time, grid technology will also enhance e-commerce to a new step, which will integrate resources on the Internet into a super server, effectively provide content services, computing services, storage services, and transaction services for e-commerce. . Opportunities and Challenges
Due to various reasons, my country missed the innovation of the core technology of the Internet and the core technology of Internet and Web, which is one of the reasons why my country's information industry is in general in Western countries. At present, the international information technology industry is brewing the third wave of the Internet. According to current estimates, the important technical standards for mesh will appear in 2004-2005. This is a historic opportunity for us, but it also puts forward a serious challenge. In order to achieve a wide range of applications, the following issues must also be solved: (1) To solve the problem of insufficient data transmission capacity of the current Internet. To this end, the development of grids should be combined with the next generation of broadband Internet (such as the United States "next-generation Internet (NGI)" and "Internet2". On the other hand, wireless mobile communications and satellite communications are also a reality. (2) To further solve the problem of human-machine combination, make the grid more personalized, intelligent and scientifically. (3) To solve problems such as intellectual property, mutual trust and remuneration in online resource sharing through legal means. (4) The biggest problem is how to ensure the safety of grid computing. Because resource sharing is achieved on the global network, the system will be more complicated, and criminals will be more organic. Mr. Queen has recently said: "The number of units and subsystems of the Internet is huge, and the interactions between subsystems or between the units is very complicated, and there are people with the Internet, and the issues raised by the Internet basis. Wait. So, the Internet actively reflects the concept of open complex huge systems. This research is very realistic. "The author believes that the future grid, is the vivid expression of this open complex huge system concept, Open complex huge system theory will have significant guiding significance for comprehensive solutions of mesh resource sharing, human-machine combination and information security. On the other hand, the realization of the grid will also lay a solid technical foundation to solve the comprehensive integrated technology of complex large system issues.
