Sunday Hui Yao - Tuling Author: Wu Hedian
Code Coding Adjustment Reading Text: Small Medium
In 1936, Tuling cast a papers to London authoritative mathematics, entitled "The Application of Digital Calculation in Decisions". In this pioneering papers, Tuling has a strict mathematical definition to "calculated" and proposes the concept of Turing Machine. "Figure Langer" is not a specific machine, but an ideological model that makes a very simple but integrated computing device for calculating all possible can be used. "Tu Line" and "von. Nogan" are all in the history of the computer. In October 1950, Tu Ling also published another paper entitled "Machine I think" and became the work of the epoch. It is also this article, winning the "artificial intelligence of the father".
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The story begins
The start of the British modern computer starts from the German cryptographic machine --enigma (mystery), and unlocking this mystery is not someone else, it is Alan Tuling, a person who is speaking in the computer, can be with the United States · Nogan is comparable to computer genius. In his brief career, Tuling has a deep study in quantum mechanics, mathematical logic, biology, and chemistry, and has created a new discipline in his later years - nonlinear mechanics.
Tuling earlier. In his 42 years of life, his creativity is colorful, he is a genius mathematician and computer theoretical expert. 24-year-old proposed map foreground theory, 31 years old participated in the development of Colossus, 33-year-old envisioned simulation system, 35 years old proposed automatic programming concept, 38 years old design "map spirit test". This blossoming wave flower is all in the foresee of his history of computer development. Especially in the new field of artificial intelligence formed after the 1960s, the theoretical view of Tuling has a significant scientific value.
Of course, the highest achievements of Tuling are still in terms of computer and artificial intelligence, he is a master of this field. In recognition of his contribution, specialize in the "Tiant Award" one year, awarded to the best computer scientist. This medal is just like the Nobel Prize, bringing the winners of the computer world to high honors. The Alan Tuling himself, is more people who have been to the father of artificial intelligence, always occupy a place in the historical picture of the computer industry. His shocking and grandmaster died, and he also gave his personal life to the mystery of the mystery.
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Gods
Alan Tuling, born in London, June 23, 1912. Its grandfather has won the Math Honor of Cambridge University, but his father's mathematics can be flat. Therefore, Tulex's family education has not been helpful to him in mathematics and computer.
When the hour, the temple is relieved, and it has long showed the spirit of science. According to his mother, when 3 years old, Xiao Tu Ling took his first experiment, trying to put a small arm of a toy wood, and the calf is planted in the garden, waiting for more wood people. At the age of 8, he has begun to try to write a scientific work, the topic is "about a microscope." In this very short book, the genius children's map spirit spell a lot of words, syntax also some problems, but it can still understand, very much like it. In the beginning and end of the book, he uses the same sentence "First, you must know the light is straight", "The middle is echo, but the intermediate content is very short, and the record of the scientific work is short. Tu Ling once said: "I seem to make some famous horses from the most ordinary things." Even playing football with children, he can give up the current front of the ball, just like the front patrol, Because this can have the opportunity to calculate the angle of the ball flying out. His teacher believes: "The mind thinking can be jumped like a kangaroo." Tuling is a genius. He is 16 years old to study Einstein's relativeism. In 1931, Tuling was admitted to the King School of Cambridge University, starting his mathematical career, studying quantum mechanics, probability theory and logic. During the school, Turing is the best student in the modern language philosophy. He is very interested in the logic founded by Russell and Waite Sea, Cambridge University. The creation of mathematical logic is mainly to deal with "paradox". "Paradox" is the most embarrassing two-faceted part of human thinking. It originated in the ancient Greek Crete, there was a "wise man" called Epimenit, he said: "All Crete people I am lying. We can simplify it: "I said this sentence is a falsehood." This has a necklace that can't be self-circular: if he doesn't lie, then he is wrong, he is lying; if he is really lying, then he said that he is lying is right, so He didn't lying again. Russell and White Sea expelled it from logic, aggregationism, and number theory, and finally wanted to return to "Mathematical Principles".
The Tu Le is on a university, it is fascinated by "Mathematical Principles". In 1931, the famous "Gotel Theorem" appeared (this theorem believes that there is no axiom system to export all the true propositions in the number of numbers, unless this system itself has a paradox), the genius Turing is in the active business camp. The Cambridge University proposes an idea: Can there be such a machine, through a general mechanical step, can solve all mathematical problems in principle one by one.
After graduating from college, Tuling went to the University of Princeton, USA, and invented a decoder in accordance with the University of Princeton. There, he met von Noyman, the latter appreciated his thesis, and then the "storage program" concept was then proposed. After the study, it returned to his alma mater. In just a short time, Tuling published a few very much mathematical papers to win a lot of reputation for him.
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Quilty
In the Cambridge, Tuling can be called a strangeness, and it is often unexpected in one fell swoop. He is a single and long runner. In his colleague and student, this dress is casual, not a famous professor, not good words, some wooden, shy, often bite nails, but he will earn people's respect with his outstanding talents. Tuling rides a bicycle every day, because suffering from sensitive rhinitis, if you meet pollen, you will be nose, and you should sneeze. So, he often wear a gas mask on the way to work, shook the city, which has already become a great wonder of the Cambridge. Tuling's bicycle often removes the chain halfway, but he is not willing to go to the car repair. Every time I ride, he always has a word, in the heart, this chain is blamed, always turned to a certain number of circles, and the picture can be done in the front of the chain, and the next stop, Let the bystander admire, think that Turial is playing with hanging. Later, Tuling actually installed a small mechanical record in the bicycle. When the number of turns, stopped, stop the brain, and rescted. In 1936, Tuling cast a papers to London authoritative mathematics, entitled "The Application of Digital Calculation in Decisions". In this pioneering papers, Tuling has a strict mathematical definition to "calculated", and proposes a famous "Turin Machine". "Figure Ling Machine" is not a specific machine, but an ideological model that makes a very simple but integrated computer device that calculates all the calculated functions that can be imagined. The device consists of a controller and a assumption that both endless work bands (the role of the memory). The work band is divided into the same size, and can write a symbol on a given alphabet on each. The controller can move around the belt, which has a read-write header, can read the symbols on the plaids accessed by the controller, and can also rewrite or erase this symbol, and finally get a result of your expectation. . The paralletors will fall into the clouds in the clouds, and the inner people call it "to clarify the mandarin of modern computer principles", and crown with the name "ideal computer". This paper talked about a soldier on the paper and created a "map spirit". However, modern universal computers are indeed using the corresponding procedures to complete any set tasks. This theory has laid the theoretical basis for the entire modern computer. "Figure Ling Machine" is more in the history of "von Nyman", which is always loaded into the history of the computer.
The picture spirit theory not only solves the basic theory of pure mathematics, but a huge "unexpected" harvest is theoretically proved the feasibility of developing universal digital computers. Although in 1834, Barbech (Chark Babbage, 1792 ~ 1871) designed "Analyzer" to illustrate specific digital calculations, but his failure is not proven "inevitable" . The dramatic theory not only proves the feasibility of developing "universal machine", but also more than 5 years earlier than the world's first general program manufactured by German Justu (K · Zuze) in 1941. This has to make people amazing the profound meaning of this theory.
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Riddle
When the theoretical research of Tuling is further in-depth, the war broke out. He was sent to Bretchi Manor to undertake "Super Confidential". At that time, Brecki Lee Manor was a "government code school", the British intelligence decipher center of the war. In this secluded Victorian building, the birds are fragrant on the surface, and there are more than 12,000 volunteers every day. In fact, they will work, intercepted, organize, decipher the German military intelligence, and even directly to the Churchill Prime Minister. . Here, Tuling is called "professor" by people, no one knows his real name. At that time, Germany had a communication cryptograph called "enigma" (mysterious), and the decipher masters were difficult to crack. This puzzle has gave a password analysis of approximately more than 200 desirable personnel, and even more than more than 200 cultivated personnel, which even included chess champion Alexander. The analysis and calculation work is very complicated, and 26 letters can replace 8 trillion puzzle letters in the "Enigma" machine. If the wiring is changed, the change will exceed 2.5 million billion. Finally, the Poland Peer provides a real "enigma", and Tuling has designed a deciphering machine with his genius. This machine is mainly composed of relays, and 80 tubes are used, and the password is read directly from the photoelectric reader, and read characters per second, and running. It is called "Robson" by Tuling, and no one can understand how to speak it work. However, "Robinson" is indeed, under its secretary, the German airplane has repeatedly entered the circle, and there is no place to death. In 1945, Tuling took the honorary medal awarded by the British Empire to the British National Physics Research Institute as senior researchers. Two years later, Tuling wrote an internal report that proposed the concept of "automatic program", but because the British government is strict, the deadline's confidentiality decree has never seen the day. In 1969, the US Woldingger published the same results, and the British was busy with the baby in the bottom of the box, finally "decrypt" in 1970. This report of Tuling later incorporated the "Machine Intelligence" papers compiled by the University of Edinburgh. Because of the experience of Bretchi, Tuling submitted a "automatic computer" design plan, leading a group of excellent electronic engineers to create a new computer called ACE. It took approximately 800 tubes and the cost is about 40,000 pounds. In 1950, ACE computers were born in the air, began to openly show, play some "small tricks" for interested people, and won the bursts. When Tuling introduces the memory device of the ACE: "It can easily remember the 10 page of a book." Obviously, ACE is one of the fastest and most powerful electronic computers in the world.
In 1946, under the motion of Dr. Newman, the Royal Society established a computer laboratory. Dr. Newman is a member of the Royal Society, and it is a member of the deciphering group. It is a key role in the manufacturing of "Hes Robinson". This new laboratory of the Royal Society is not in London, but is located in Manchester University, led by Dr. Newman. In July 1946, the development fund was in place, and Dr. Newman began to recruit candidates.
Alan Tuling also joined computer laboratories in September of the next year. For a time, the University of Manchester will extract. The laboratory is located in an old house in a Victorian era, and the conditions are very simple, but because of their arrival, it is also a glow. In June 1948, a small model machine was created here, everyone loved it to "baby" (Baby). This model machine uses cathode ray tube to solve storage problems, can store 32 words, each with 32-bit word length. This is the first model of the electronic computer that can fully perform the storage program.
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Master Tuling
In October 1949, the improvements have been carried out, and the automatic control system clipped between the two memory has been properly operated, and the information interaction between the drum and cathode ray tube storage units are implemented under the control of the program. Tuling has some collaborative circuit to do peripherals for input and output. The electric typewriting equipment is also a Tuling through the old relationship from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which is from him, and even the punched paper tape keyboard collected from the Germans after a war. In this way, the entire model machine has been told. At the entire test stage, everyone is busy. At the end of 1949, the model machine delivered to a local area called Ferranti in Manchester, starting to formally constructed. Finished in February 1951, known as "Mai 1". It has 4,000 tubes, 72,000 resistors, 2,500 capacitors, can open square roots in 0.1 seconds, seeks to the calculations of the triangular function. Compared to previous model machines, "Mai Can 1" is more complete, the memory capacity of electrostatic memory has doubled, can save 256 40-bit long words, there are 8 cathode ray tubes, while mirage Capacity can expand to 16384 words, it is a great project. In the memories of Frankel, Feng's colleagues in the same time: von Noyman did not say "storage program" computer concept is his invent, but more than once Said, Tuling is the founder of modern computer design ideas. When someone put the head of the "electronic computer" on von Noyman head, he humblely said that the father of the real computer should be Tuling. Of course, Feng Nuiman asked innocent, and Tuling also had a "father-in-law". They are two superstars that computers history vast star.
As early as 1945, Tuling proposed the "Simulation System" idea and has a detailed report, and wanted to build a computer without a fixed instruction system. It can simulate the functions of computers of other different instruction systems, but this report is announced until 1972. This shows that the Tuling started to explore the field of "artificial intelligence" field after the end of World War II, and he began to pay attention to the association between human neural networks and computer calculations.
In 1950, Tuling came to Manchester University, and also served as the head of the university automatic computer project. On October of this year, he also published another paper entitled "Can I think?", Becoming an epoch. It is also this article, winning a laurel in Tuling - "Father of Artificial Intelligence". In this paper, Tuling first proposed the concept of "machine thinking". He refuted the argument that the machine could not think, and made a sure answer. He also defined the intelligent problem from the perspective of behavioraism, which proposed a hypothesis: one person does not touch the other party, through a special way, and the other party conduct a series of question and answer, if it is quite For a long time, he can't judge the other party according to these issues. So, you can think that this computer has the same intelligence, that is, this computer is ideal. This is the famous "Turing Test". At that time, there were only a few computers in the world, which could not be passed through this test. However, Tuling predicts, in the end of this century, there will be a computer through "Tuling Test". Finally, his prophecy is thoroughly realized on the "dark blue" of IBM. Of course, between Casparov and "Deep Blue" is not a pan-ranging, but you lose me more than one.
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The story ends
In 1951, Tuling took his outstanding contribution to the British Royal Society member. Just as the cause of his career, the disaster came. In 1952, Tuling was arrested by the police because he is a homosexual. Like some other wisdom, Tuling is also "different" in personal lifestyle. At that time, people didn't have to be tolerant to homosexuality, but regarding this behavior as a sin of injury. This is like this. At that time, a girl called Joan Clarke fell in love with Tuling, Tuling also had a good sense of each other, and married to the other side, Joan Accepted. But soon, Tu Le himself retired, told Joan, he is gay. In 1948, Tuling left the British National Physics Lab (NPL) that was highly confidential due to homosexual tendency. But some people say that Tuling is "Excovery" by the British military intelligence department, and many people are gotting in this genius. On March 31, 1952, Tuling was more arrested by the police because of a young young man in Manchester. In court, Tuling is neither deny, nor is it. In the solemn court, he solemnly told people that his behavior was not wrong, and the result was crime. In the middle of the jail and the treatment, Tu Ling chose injection hormone to treat so-called "sexual desire". Since then, Tuling has begun research in biology, chemistry, and has a deep relationship with a psychologist. At that time, his temper had become indifferent, and the character was more gloomy. In March 1953, he became the goal of the police because of Norwegian guests who were noticed by the British police, and even went to Greece.
On June 8, 1954, Tuling was 42 years old, and it was in the most brilliant creation of his life. One morning, the female housekeeper walked into his bedroom, found that the table lamp was still bright, there is an apple on the bed, only bit a short, Tuling sleeps in bed, everything is the same as usual. But this time, Tuling is always asleep forever, will not wake up again ... After anatomy, the forensic doctor is determined to be a bloody cyanide, and the apple is soaked in the cyanide solution. The mother of Tuling said that he was in the chemistry experiment, and she was not careful. Her "Allen" has a habit of biting the nail from a small child. But the outside world is to serve the drug suicide, and the generation of genius has finished life.
