The computer motherboard can be referred to as a computer's nervous system. The motherboard is an integrated product that is integrated with high-tech and high processes. Everyone is inevitably confused when the machine is turned. So first understand the basic knowledge of some motherboards, it is very beneficial to everyone. Below, I will explain some of the terms commonly used by the motherboard to everyone. Everyone likes to compare the CPU to the brain or heart of the computer, then the computer motherboard can be called the computer's nervous system. The motherboard is an integrated product that is integrated with high-tech and high processes. Everyone is inevitably confused when the machine is turned. So first understand the basic knowledge of some motherboards, it is very beneficial to everyone. Below, I will explain some of the terms commonly used by the motherboard to everyone. Motherboard: English "mainboard", is the largest circuit board in the computer, is the core component in the computer system, which is covered with various slots (can connect sound card / graphics / modem / etc.), interface ( Connect the mouse / keyboard, etc.), electronic components, they all have their own responsibilities and tightly connect all kinds of peripherals. Its performance, good performance, the overall indicators of the computer, will have a pivotal impact. CPU (Central Processing Unit: Central Processor): Typically also known as microprocessors. It is called the heart of the computer. It is actually an electronic component, which is composed of millions of transistors inside, can be divided into three parts: control unit, logic unit, and storage unit. Its working principle is that after the control unit mobs the input instruction, it is sent to the logic unit to process and then form the data, and then store it into the reservoir, and finally wait for the application. BiOS (Basic-Input - & - Output-System Basic Input / Output System): Direct translated Chinese name is "Basic Input Output System". Its full name should be ROM-BIOS, meaning read only memory basic input and output system. In fact, it is a set of programs that are cured to a ROM chip on the computer on the computer. It saves the program of the most important basic input output of the computer, system setting information, boot-powered self-test programs, and system launching the bootstrap program. CMOS: CMOS is a readable write-writable RAM chip on the computer motherboard, which protects the hardware configuration of the current system and the setting of the user to certain parameters. The current manufacturers make CMOS programs to the BIOS chip, and can set the system when booting, and enter the CMOS setup program to set the system. So being called BIOS settings again. Chipset: It is the core constituting the motherboard circuit. In a certain sense, it determines the level and grade of the motherboard. It is the "Nanqiao" and "North Bridge", is the chipset that maximizes previously complex circuits and components into several chips. North Bridge: It is a nearest chip on the motherboard, responsible for contacting with the CPU and controlling memory, AGP, and PCI data in the North Bridge internal transmission. South Bridge: a chip on the motherboard, mainly responsible for the I / O interface and the control of the IDE device. MCH (Memory Controller Hub): Memory Controller Center, responsible for connecting CPUs, AGP buss, and memory. ICH (I / O Controller Hub): Enter / Output Controller Center, responsible for connecting to PCI bus, IDE device, I / O device, etc. FWH (FIRMWARE Controller): Firmware controller, the main function is to store BIOS. I / O chip: There are I / O control circuits on the board, on the board, on the board. It is responsible for providing a serial, parallel interface, and floppy drive control interface. PCB: Although the motherboard circuit board is bonded by several layers of resin material, a copper foil trace is used inside.
The general PCB circuit board is divided into four layers, the uppermost and bottom two layers of the signal layer, the middle two layers are the ground plane and the power layer, and the ground and power layer are placed in the middle, so it can easily make the signal line. Amend. The wire board of the good motherboard can reach six layers, which is because the signal line must be much fare away from the distance to prevent electromagnetic interference, and the six-layer board may have three or four signal layers, one ground layer, and one or two. Power layer to provide sufficient power supply. AT board type: That is the "vertical" plate design, that is, the short side is located behind the chassis. It was originally applied to the IBM PC / AT machine. The AT motherboard size is 13 × 12 inches. Baby-AT Plate: With the great improvement of electronic components and control chip group integration, the Baby AT motherboard structure with a relatively small size is also launched. The Baby AT size is 13.5 × 8.5 inches. ATX (At External): It is the new motherboard structure proposed by Intel. Its layout is the "horizontal" board design, just put the Baby-AT board type, this increases the space of the motherboard to lead the port, so that the motherboard can integrate more extension. Micro-ATX Type: It is the main board structure proposed in Intel in 1997, mainly by reducing the number of PCI and ISA slots. AT power: It consists of two sets of interfaces of P8 and P9, each interface has six pins, support 5.0V, 12V, -5V, -12V voltage, it does not support 3.3V voltage. ATX Power: The ATX power is a power supply for the ATX motherboard, which adds some new roles to it; one is to increase the power supply in the shutdown state to provide a set of micro-current (5V / 100mA). The second is to increase the 3.3V low voltage output. Slot 1: Intel is designed for Pentium II, which is a slot of 242-pin, providing greater internal transport bandwidth and CPU performance. Socker 370: inetl is a CPU socket designed by the Celeron series, and the cost is lowered. Supports VRM8.1 specifications, the core voltage is about 2.0V. Socker 370 II: inetl is designed for Pentium III Coppermine and Celeron II, supports VRM8.4 specifications, with a core voltage of around 1.6V. Slot A: AMD is customized for the K7 series CPU, and the shape is similar to Slot 1. Socket A: AMD dedicated CPU socket, 462 pin. Socker 423: Intel is dedicated to the socket of the first generation Pentium IV processor. Socket 478: Willamette core Pentium IV dedicated CPU socket. SIMM (SINGLE-IN-Line-Menory-modules): A memory slot, 72-wire structure. DIMM (DUAL-inline-menory-modules): A memory slot. 168 line structure. SDRAM (Synchronous Burst Ram): Synchronize burst memory. It is 168 lines, 3.3V voltages, bandwidth 64bit, speed up to 6ns. It is a dual storage structure, that is, two storage arrays, when the data is read by the CPU, the other has been prepared to read the data, the two automatically switches each other, so that the access efficiency is doubled. Then, the RAM and the CPU are controlled in the same clock frequency, so that the RAM is synchronized with the CPU, cancel the waiting time, so its transmission rate is 13% faster than the EDO DRAM. SDRAM uses a multi-body memory structure and burst mode that transmits a whole data rather than a data.
DDR RAM (Double Data Rate): Double data speed. Its speed is doubled than SDRAM, and its core is based on SDRAM, but it has improved on speed and capacity. Compare SDRAM, which uses more, more advanced synchronous circuits. Moreover, a DLL (DELAY LOCKED LOOP: Delay Locking Back "provides a data filtering signal (DataStrobe Signal). When the data is valid, the storage controller can use this data filter signal to accurately position the data, and output every 16 times. DDR does not need to increase the clock frequency to double the speed of the SDRAM, which allows the data to read the data in the rising edge and falling edge of the clock pulse, therefore, its speed is twice the standard SDRAM. RDRAM (Rambus DRAM): It is a memory developed by Rambus, US Rambus. The word length used for data storage is 16 bits, and the transmission rate speed indicator is 600 MHz. Four instructions are implemented at the same time as the pipe storage structure supports crossover. Direct RDRAM: is an extension of RDRAM, which uses the same RSL, but the interface width is 16 bits, the frequency reaches 800MHz, the efficiency is higher. A single transfer rate can reach 1.6Gb / s, and two transfer rates can reach 3.2Gb / s. ECC (Error Checking and Correcting): It is to check the wrong place and correct it. PC133: Because Intel P III supports 133MHz outgoing, there is a memory bandwidth that is adapted to it, so the PC133 appears, and its clock frequency reaches 133MHz, and the data transfer rate is 1.066Gb / s. Cache: It is a cache, which is divided into primary cache and secondary cache. It provides buffers for memory and CPU switching data. Only there is a Cache chip or slot on most of the motherboards because it is more than the data exchange between the memory and the CPU. Ide (Integrated Device Electronics): An interface type of a disk drive, also known as an ATA interface. It is developed by COMPAG and CONNER to develop and produced by Western Digital, which has been widely used as an interface standard. It can connect up to two IDE interface devices, allowing the maximum hard disk capacity 528 megabytes, control lines and data cables to connect with a 40-core flat cable to the hard disk interface card. The data transfer rate is 3.3 Mbps-8.33Mbps. EIDE (Enhanced IDE Enhanced Ide): It is a standard interface for Pentium above the motherboard. Two EIDE interfaces are usually available on the motherboard. In the Pentium above the motherboard, EDIE is integrated into the motherboard. RAID: Generally known as disk arrays, two of its main uses, one is data backup, or data preservation, and another use is Stripping. Generally I often hear RAID 1 means the feature of the backup, and RAID 0 is accelerating function, and RAID 0 1 is both combined, with a white diagnosis, refers to the backup and acceleration function. Ultra DMA / 66: is a hard disk interface specification, its burst data transfer rate is 66Mb / s, and it can reduce the CPU work burden, which is conducive to improve overall system efficiency. ATA100 interface: It is an interface transmission rate of 100MB / sec, using an 80-pin interface cable, which has 40 collars to avoid an interface standard for electromagnetic interference at the time of data.
ATA 100 is fully compatible with traditional IDE, including PIO, ATA / 33, ATA / 66, etc. PCI bus (Peripheral Component Interconnect: External Device Interconnection): It belongs to the bus structure that is launched by the PCI Group. It has 133MB / s data transfer rate and strong belt load capability, which supports 10 sets of settings, compatible with ISA, EISA bus. AGP slot (accelerated-graphics-port: Accelerated graphics port): It is a bus structure designed to improve video bandwidth. It connects the display card directly to the chipset of the motherboard to perform point-to-point transmission. But it is not a regular bus, because it can only be connected to the AGP graphics card, there is no general purpose and scalability. The frequency of its work is 66MHz, which is doubled by the PCI bus, and can provide 528MB / s data transfer rate for video devices. Therefore, it is actually a super-collection of PCI. AGP 1x / 2x / 4x: The bus transfer rate of AGP 1X is 266MB / s, the operating frequency is 66MHz, the AGP 2X is 532Mb / s, the operating frequency is 133MHz, the voltage is 3.3V, the bus transmission rate of AGP 4X It is 1.06Gb / s, the operating frequency is 266MHz, and the voltage is 1.5V. AMR (Audio / Modem Riser Sound / Modem): It is an open industrial standard that can also support sound and modem functions at the same time. With this design, it can effectively reduce costs while solving some restrictions on the functionality of the sound and the Modem subsystem. CNR (Commu-Nothotwork Riser Communication Network): It is an upgrade product of AMR. From the appearance, it is slightly longer than the AMR, and the two needles are different, so both are not compatible. CNR can be connected to dedicated CNR-Modem also uses a dedicated home telephone network (Home PNA), with PC 2000 plug-and-play function, which adds support for 10 / 100MB local area network than AMR. ACR (Advanced Communication Riser Advanced Communication Card): is an upgrade product of CNR, which provides a local area network, broadband, wireless network, and multi-channel sound processing capabilities, and is compatible with AMR. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface): The meaning is a small computer system interface, which is an interface standard published by the National Standard Association (ANSI). SCSI initial definitions are universal parallel SCSI bus. The SCSI bus is not directly communicating with equipment such as the hard disk, but is connected to the device through the controller. A separate SCSI bus can support up to 16 devices and control via SCSII D. USB (Universal Serial Bus Universal Serial Bus): It is not a new bus standard, but a computer system connection peripheral (such as keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.) input / output interface standard. It is a new type of serial interface developed by famous manufacturers such as IBM, Intel, and NEC. It is connected in a DAISY CHAIN. Composed of two data lines, a 5V power cord and a ground wire. The data transfer rate is 12Mb / s. FDD: a little bit a little bit more than the IDE slot, specifically used to swapping. Parallel: It is the usual printk, in fact it is not only connected to printers and mice, it can also pick up MODEM, scanner and other devices. COM port: A motherboard typically has two COM serial ports. Usually used to connect the mouse and communication devices (such as connected external Modems), etc.
