Installation Configuration Basic Guidelines: 1. Carefully try. During the configuration, it is necessary to determine if the modified is correct, it is best to change two similar articles when modified, to ensure the correctness of the modified. Before installation, you must prepare, if you are not very familiar, you can find an experienced person to teach, or find a book to be put on hand. Be sure to know what you are doing, what is the meaning of what you choose, so if you have a problem, you also know how to ask others. Suggestion: No matter what method (of course, it), must ensure that there is a book to be in hand, try to understand some basic knowledge, this question, others answer. 2. Always make backups. Whether you modify any configuration files, you should develop a good habit of making backups, whether it is a way of comments, or the way the file backup is available. This way, if there is a problem, you can immediately restore the original system configuration. 3. Exercise often practice configuration, you can deepen understanding and understanding of the system. There are a lot of things, even if you don't have to find it from the book, you can find a solution. Novice Getting Started and Installation FAQ (1) <1> How to install Linux? Everyone can look here, there is RH installation method, and multi-system installation, more detailed http://www.linuxeden.com/forum/show...threadid=2044 Because most people are first Some of Windows, so this will be helpful. <2> How to install a new kernel? With the following steps: make MrProper (used to eliminate the effects of the original compilation) Make Makefig (can be used with config, xconfig) Make Dep Make Bzimage Make MODULES (if you set the module) Make Modules-install then you can It is ok to join the boot in LILO. <3> How to access Windows hard disk partition? Mount -t vfat / dev / hdax / YourPath where HDAX is the hard drive you want to mount. Note If you use NTFS format, you have to replace the VFAT to NTFS, and it is not necessary to use 2.4 kernel. If you want to support Chinese display: mount -o codepage = 936, IOCHARSET = CP936 -T vfat / dev / hdax / youpath <4> How to install software? If you are a tar.gz file, use tar zxvf * .tar.gz to extract. Then look at the INSTALL file inside. Generally a few steps: ./configure make make install or look at the install file, because there are some parameters in this. And detailed installation steps. If you are a RPM file, use rpm -ivh * .rpm you can also use rpm --help to see what parameters. <5> How to modify the resolution? In the console, setup can see there are many options, select the XConfiguration by the way, there are many other options, you can use it to modify the network, configure the sound card, etc. Go and see yourself. <6> How to Chinese Rhlinux? Look at our Chinese forum, there is Chinese articles, you can succeed.
<7> How to get the XWindow when you start it? Modify /etc/inittab.conf inside ID: 5: ... become ID: 3: ... you can! <8> How to get from XWindow to the console? Ctrl alt f1 ... f6 where F7, F8 is xwindow. For example: StartX is the use of Ctrl Alt F7 and StartX -: 2 is the use of Ctrl Alt F8 novice Getting Started and installation configuration FAQ (2) <9> LILO boot error message indicates? No prompt: lilo no The partition that installs or installing LILO is not activated. L
(OSS installation guide: http://www.linuxeden.com/edu/doctext.php? docid = 1974; ALSA installation configuration AC 97 sound card: http://www.linuxeden.com/edu/docText.php? docid = 1251) <15> How to install the graphics card? Use Setup or Xconfigurator. If you can't find your graphics card and display, you can choose the replacement of the indicator. You can also use your XFree or go to the manufacturer's website to find for Linux drivers. * Drive I810 graphics card: http://www.linuxeden.com/edu/doctext.php? Docid = 1248) How to drive Intel i740 graphics card? If your Linux can't identify I740, you can do this: 1) Download the new graphics database and I740 XBF driver: XF86Config-glibc-1.0.0.i386.tgz and xfcomi740.tgz 2) Unzip these two packages, Overlay original directory: tar xvfz /tmp/xf86config*.tgz tar xvfz /tmp/xfcomi740.tgz 3) Perform CP / USR / X11R6 / BIN / XFCOM_I740 / USR / X11R6 / BIN / XF86_XBF_I740; 4) Configuration with XF86Config: Display Horizontal scan frequency selection 6; vertical refresh frequency selection 2; when the graphics library is selected, select 311 (ie I740); graphics server type selection 5; 5) After the configuration is completed, starting StartX. ** How to drive SAVAGE4 graphics card? 1) Download the SAVAGE2000 driver; 2) Using the TAR-XVFZ file name untieken; 3) After decompression, you can see five files, one is XF86_svga; 4) Backup / USR / X11R6 / BIN / XF86_SVGA, then copy the new XF86_svga to this directory, replace this file; 5) Run the XF86Config configuration, do not choose the graphics, select 3 (also SVGA), And do not detect; 6) After the completion, run startX -bpp32, it is possible. *** How to drive SAVAGE3D graphics? 1) to ftp.lib.pku.edu.cn/incoming/savagex Download the Savage3D graphics card driver: savagex_0_1_4.tar.gz; 2) Unzip this program, replace the original file of / usr / x11r6 / bin with new XF86_svga; 3) When running Xconfigurator, select UNLISTED CARD when configuring the graphics, then select XServer to SVGA; 4) After running StartX runs X-Win. **** Universal graphics drive method Since the graphics card manufacturer supports limited, it has always been a problem that drives the graphics under Linux.
In order to solve this problem, Linux 2.2.x The above version provides a new solution --- use the Frame Buffer device, with the VESA VBE 2.0 standard, with the graphics SVGA feature, with Xfree86 XF86_FBDEV, drive your graphics. This can indeed help you. 1) Confirm that you have XF86_fbdev files, if not downloaded from ftp.xfree86.org; 2) Perform "MKNOD / DEV / FB0 C 29 0" to establish a Frame Buffer device; 3) Modify the /etc/lilo.conf file, join: Image = /BOOT /VMLINUZ-2.2.5-FB (new compiled core) label = Linuxfb (start launch mark, can be custom) root = / dev / hda2 (other part of Reference lilo.conf) VGA = 0x314 (display mode, see following table) is attached: a display pattern table 640x480 800x600 1024x768 1280x1024 256 colors 0x301 0x303 0x305 0x307 32k color 0x310 0x313 0x316 0x319 64k color 0x311 0x314 0x317 0x31A 16M color 0x312 0x315 0x318 0x31B 4) execute / sbin / lilo, enable the configuration, and Restart the system to start the system with a new kernel. Of course, if your kernel has already supported it, there is no need to do this, plus VGA = that line. 5) Next, the Frame Buffer Server configuration: Refer to the configuration of VGA in / etc / x11 / xf86config, add a Screen section, as shown below: section "Screen" Driver "fbdev" device "My Video Card" Monitor "MAG XJ500T" Subsection "Display" Depth 16 (color depth, must be consistent with the color depth of the previously selected display mode) MODES "Default" Viewport 0 0 EndSubsection endsection 6) Point XF6_FBDEV: CD / ETC / X11 MV x.bat ln - SNF / USR / X11R6 / BIN / XF86_FBDEV X <16> How to install NIC? Configure your network card and network environment with NetConf and NetConfig. The general network card can be selected as the NE2000 compatible network card. http://www.linuxaid.com.cn/support/showFom.jsp?i=665 * How to drive D-Link DE220 NIC? D-LINK's DE220 is a cost-effective, supported ISA network card for plug-and-play.
But it is because of the plug-and-play function, it will encounter some trouble under Linux: 1) In the DOS environment, use a tool setup in the driver disk of the DE220 network to non-PNP; 2) Gets its IO address and interrupt number in Windows Control Panel, in general, the IO address is 240, the interrupt number is 10; 3) Start Linux, after logging in, execute "NetConf", set the first block to Enable, Equipment Named ETH0, module is NE, IO address is 0x240, IRQ is 10; 4) After exiting, run /tc/rc.d/init.d/network restart. ** How to drive D-Link DFE530 TX NIC? The D-Link 530 TX network card is a cost-effective 10M / 100M adaptive PCI network card, which has a wide range of user groups, and Linux is not listed in the list in the installation wizard. In fact, general Linux already contains the drive module of this NIC: Tulip.o, you can perform "Insmod Tulip" to complete the NIC installation. *** How to drive D-Link DFE540 TX NIC? If your network card is D-Link DFE540 TX, do not choose the NIC when installing, otherwise some unnecessary trouble may be caused. 1) Download the latest Tulip.c file from http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/drivers/tulip.html and copy it to / usr / src / tulip; 2) Perform the following command to build Tulip .o: #CD / usr / src / tulip #gcc -dmodversions --dmodule -d__kernel__ -wall -wstrictpepes -o6 -c tulip.c 3) Execute insmod tulip.o; 4) execute /etc/rc.d/ InIT.D / NetWork Restart, let the NIC take effect. **** How to drive the Davicom 9201 NIC? Davicom 9201 PCI network card cannot be done directly when installing Linux. In fact, most Linux distributions provide this network card drive module - DMFE.O, if your machine is also this network card, you can have a short network card configuration when you install Linux, install the boot system, login After the execution: "Insmod DMFE" command adds a drive module, then execute "/etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart". ***** How to drive the second network card? In the Linux system, you can easily use the Configuration Tool NetConf to install the second block, select the second block of network cards in NetConf, device name: Eth1, select its driver module, enter the IO address and IRQ interrupt number, after exiting , Execution: /etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart <17> RPM and TAR usage method (installation method for packages)? RPM: 1) Display progress when installing RPM package: Use -VH parameters, such as Rpm -ivh ipchains-1.3.6-1.i386.rpm, no need to use GLINT or XRPM.
2) Install the RPM package directly through FTP: RPM -I ftp://ftp.xxx.xxx 3) Check all RPM packages, find lost files: rpm -va 4) Find a file that belongs to which RPM package: For example: RPM -QF / USR / BIN / WHO 5) lists a description of an RPM package: for example: rpm -qpi mon-0.37j-1.i386.rpm 6) List the file information of an RPM package: for example: RPM -QPL MON-0.37J-1.I386.rpm tar: tar zvfx xxx.tgz / xxx.tar.gz expands this package in the current directory TAR ZVFT XXX.TGZ / XXX.TAR.GZ only test does not expand TAR ZVFX XXX.TGZ / XXX.TAR.GZ -C / New DIR is started after the / new dir directory TAR ZVFC XXX.tgz / xxx.tar.gz / test put all the files under the / Test directory into Test .TGZ <18> Using CD and floppy disk? mount -t ext2 / dev / fd0 / mnt / floppy (mount Linux file system floppy disk) mount -t vfat / dev / fd0 / mnt / floppy (mount FAT32 file system Floppy disk) Under normal circumstances: mount / mnt / floppy mount disc for: mount / mnt / cdrom (Remember: Do uninstall first before you take out the custom disk and floppy disk, use command umount) <19> how to access Window Partition? First build a mounted directory: mkdir / mnt / xxx then mount command: mount -t vfat / dev / hdax / mnt / xxx (HDAX is partitioned under Windows, HDA1 is C:, logical partition starting from HDA5 , General D: is HDA5, afterwards. Specific you can view partitions with CFDisk under Linux) You can also use LinuxConf to mount your Windows partition, enter LinuxConf at the command prompt, select File System under File System Access Local Drive, add your new assembly point <20> How to Chinese RedHat7.2? First, select Chinese support during the installation. Then disable the XFS service.
After the installation is complete, load the directory where Windows is located, copy the font file SIMSUN.TTF (Win98) or SIMSUN.TTC (Win2000) to / usr / x11r6 / lib / x11 / fonts / TrueType directory, then run TTMKFDIR> Fonts.dir Modify Fonts.dir file, add two lines under SIMSUN.TTTF -MISC-SIMSUN-Medium-R-Normal - 0-0-0-0-P-0-ASCII-0: SIMSUN.TTTF -MISC-SIMSUN -MEDIUM-R-NORMAL - 0-0-0-0 -P-0-GB2312.1980-0 SIMSUN.TTTTTTF -MISC-SIMSUN-Medium-r-Normal - 0-0-0-0 --P- 0-GBK-0 is then running: CP FONTS.DIR FONTSSCALE Modify / etc / x11 / xf86config-4 to make it similar to: section "Files" # fontpath "UNIX /: 7100" fontpath "/ usr / x11r6 / lib / x11 / FONTS / MISC: unscaled "fontpath" / usr / x11r6 / lib / x11 / fonts / 75dpi: unscaled "fontpath" / usr / x11r6 / lib / x11 / fonts / misc "fontpath" / usr / x11r6 / lib / x11 / FONTS / TYPATH "/ USR / X11R6 / lib / x11 / fonts / spetedo" fontpath "/ usr / x11r6 / lib / x11 / fonts / 75dpi" fontpath "/ usr / share / fonts / default / trueType" endsection section " "... loading" xtt "... endsection then enter / etc / gnome edit all fontset =" -Misc-fixed-medium-r-normal - 14- * - * - * - * - 14- * - * - * - * * -GB2312.1980-0 "All changed to fontset =" -Misc-simsun-medium-r-NORMAL - 14- * - * - * - * - * - GB2312.1980-0 "archive exit. here g NOME has the ability to display 98 and 2000 beautiful Simsun fonts. Since we have selected the default in Simplified Chinese during installation. So it is not better than using local_config. Just use a program to open a text document, preferably Chinese For example, Gedit sets the fonts to SIMSUN, 14. You can see the effect. Other programs are similar. Next to switch to KDE, choose China, Chinese GB2312.1982-0, open the control center, choose the viewing - font, Change all of these fonts to SIMSUN 14, save, exit. Current kde and then enter, great metrics. RedHat7.2 has come with CHINPUT to enter Chinese as long as Ctrl Space is called out. Novice Getting Started And Configuration Forum FAQ (3) About Linux installation (with Redhat Linux 7.3) <21> How to install Linux in PC? When the computer system is started, press the DEL key (or f2, depending on the motherboard), enter the CMOS, set the startup item to prioritize, save and exit from the IDE CDROM device. Put the DISK1 of the Linux system installation disk into the CD-ROM drive, RESET your computer, go to the Linux installer.
After pressing the Enter key directly, if you have a Linux distribution update, and the version containing XFree86 can support your graphics card, then you will enter the graphics installation interface, like all Window $ users, you can click Next by clicking Next To complete your installation. <22> Boot: What are the following options? What means? Boot: TEXT Start Text Mode Setup (when you don't know if your Linux version supports computer graphics equipment, it is highly recommended to use this mode; high efficiency installation mode) BOOT: NOFB This option allows you to use a frame buffer Graphics installer (if you encounter problems in the graphic installation interface, you can try this option) Boot: Linux MediaCheck Test ISO Image Check value (Little Red Hat 7.3 ISO file embedded MD5SUM, you can check the value test) BOOT: Linux NOPROBE installer does not correctly detect your hardware device to boot into expert mode (you can use Boot: Text NOPROBE, you can choose to load driver options when installing) Holden) Boot: Linux Console = Perial Mode mode Perform installation (also can use boot: Linux text console =, Device is the ttys0 or ttys1) Boot: Linux Mem = 128m let Linux identify you all Ram (also can use BOOT: Linux text mem = 128m, if Linux can not recognize all your memory, you can do this) Boot: Linux hdx = CDROM // x value is: a First primary IDE device, B The first Ide device, C second primary IDE device, D second time Ide device If your ATAPI optical drive cannot be found, please specify a location. Boot: Linux Rescue enters the rescue mode, and rescue when the system crashes. Boot: Linux Single enters single-mode, single mode easy to use the system administrator root to use the password, because there is security problem, the server will generally modify the boot profile make it unable to use Single. Boot: Expert enters the expert mode, the expert mode does not check most of the hardware, but allow you to choose the driver at the time of installation. Boot: LowRES Installs with graphics, start 640x480 resolution mode <22> How to boot from MS-DOS into the installer? Start entering the MS-DOS mode, A: /> E: Enter the CD-ROM E disk, E: /> E: /DOSUTILS/autoboot.bat Enters yourself to booting. (Use this method to resolve the use of non-ISO hard drives or use non-ISO hard drives) <23> How to install Linux from the SCSI CD drive If you have a SCSI CD drive, then you may not find the optical drive, install The program will ask and let you choose an SCSI driver, select the most recent driver with your adapter (mostly supported). <24> How to make installation disks? You can use two middle methods to make installation disks.
Under M $ -DOS, you can use the Rawrite command developed (install CD / DOSUTILS) to which it is specifically developed to the floppy disk; you can use the command DD under Linux. But don't put your floppy drive Mount into the system. The specific syntax is as follows: E: /> E: / DOSUTILS / RAWRITE ENTER Disk images Source File name: ./Images/boot.img Enter Target Diskette Drive: A: please insert a formatted Diskette Into Drive A and press [Enter] or # DD if = boot.img of = / dev / fd0 bs = 1440K: boot.img Based on CD installation, BootNet.img Based on network installation, pcmcia.img and pcmciaadd.img are based on the installation of PCMCIA boot disks. Rawrite tools only accept 8.3 class (short file name. Triple extension)! <25> How do I determine which installation type should I choose? Workstation, if you are a newcomer or need a graphical interface, you can use the workstation installation mode; server (server), the system has the appropriate server function module, based on system security factors, the default state is not It will be added to this mode; portable computer (laptop), settings for the features required for laptops; custom (Customer), you can define your system, you can define the features of your own types or completely installed; upgrade Update), when your system is important and you want to install the new version to your computer, use this type. <26> While installing Linux? Workstation, / boot is 50m, / partition size is self-defined according to the installation package; server, / boot is 50m, / for 384m, / usr stores local user configuration, program files, depending on the need to define the size; / Home Store all user data File, depending on the need to define the size; / var is 256M, store the log. Custom installation is convenient for multi-system coexistence, you can use partition mode such as workstations. <27> SWAP partition size? There is a passage that is twice the memory size. But if you already have a RAM of 256M, and the computer's use is just a personal entertainment, learning is used, you don't have to marry the 512M switch area (SWAP), it is recommended to use more than 32m or more below 128m. <28> Why do I want to use EXT3 file system format? The EXT3 file system format is based on EXT2 system, and it has a big advantage that - billing. Using a billing file system reduces the time spent after the crash, because there is no need to run FSCK to verify the file system. Strongly recommended. <29> What is MBR? Master Boot Record, each hard disk has such an MBR, which is responsible for the request for the operating system to boot the operating system after the BIOS completes POST.
Because of this, no hard disk is not MBR (of course, the MBR destroyed by Cih is just a bad MBR), so, if you want to uninstall GRUB or LILO, you can only use another MBR tool to replace ( FDISK / MBR). <30> Tip "Kernel PANIC: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on xx: yy" What does it mean? First, please check Device XX: YY in accordance with the Device Code list; Is it the correct root device? If not, then you may have not done RDEV -R, or you are a wrong image to perform RDEV -R. If Device Code is correct, please check the Device driver compiled into your kernel carefully. Please make sure it does not support FileSystem. <31> How to use the Disk Druid tool partition? It is highly recommended to use PowerQuest PartitionMagic (Hard Distribution Magic) to manage the hard disk partition. The DISK DRUID tool based on the graphical interface is also very operability. You can first remove some partition (dele) and then re-partition your Linux system (multiple system coexisting), you can also have The partition is edited (edit), or you can create a partition of (New). The reset button can restore your original partition status. <32> How to use FIPS? The FIPST INTERACTIVE Partition Splitter program is a very powerful MS-DOS tool program that plans a partition on the hard disk without deleting the original data on the hard disk. The program can only split MS-DOS's primary partition and cannot split MS-DOS expansion partitions. The detailed document of FIPS In the Dosutils / FipsDocs directory of the Red Hat CD, it is assumed that all the hard disk partitions before segmented are all distributed to DOS / Windows. Create a DOS boot disk, copy fips.exe, restorrb.exe, and errors.txt in the CDROM to the floppy disk, we do not recommend using FIPS directly on the hard disk. Before you run the FIPS, please check the hard drive to be divided by using SCANDISK (or Norton's latest NDD) provided by DOS or Windows 95, fixes the error, then use Defrag (Norton's latest version of Speedisk) to re-re- To finish, ensure that the second half of the hard disk does not have any MS-DOS files. Note that the program like mirror or image will re-put some files on the last side of the hard disk. -r -s -h mirorsav.fil "Reforms the properties of these files to read and delete them, and remove image or mirror and other anti-virus programs such as NAV in Autoexec.bat or Config.sys to prevent them from re-file Start the machine to restore the original hard drive partition table. Also, if you want to divide the DoubleSpace, Stacker, you can only divide the host disk of the compression disk when the disk is compressed by DoubleSpace, Stacker, and Drivespace. Next, start the machine with your Detailed FIPS boot disk.
Run FIPS When the user launches FIPS, the program allows the user to write backups on the hard disk to the Boot, ROOT zone to the rootboot.00x on the floppy disk (where x represents a number from 0 to 9) files. If any errors occur when using FIPS, the user can boot and execute RestorrB from the floppy disk to restore the original configuration on the hard disk. Please note: If the user uses FIPS more than once (this is generally unnecessary, but may happen), the program will write more than one rootboot file to the floppy disk. RestorrB will make users choose which configuration file to be restored. RESTORRB.000 This file contains the original configuration. Users must now enter which magnetic column should be started from the new partition. Use the left / right direction keys to increment or decrement counts of magnetic columns. The remaining partitions and the size of the new partition will be displayed in the program, so selecting the correct magnetic column is not difficult for the user. Users can use the up / down direction keys to increment ten magnetic columns at once. After ready, press Enter to continue. After that, you can choose to re-edit the partition table (this will allow the user to reselect the partition) or continue. If the user is type "C", the FIPS will calculate the changed boot partition, check once and prompt whether the user wants to continue. If the user is type "Y", the FIPS will write these changes to the hard disk and end. Restart the machine and use FDISK to see if the new configuration has played. Now, there should be two FAT partitions on your system. The first is your DOS / Windows file system, the second is an empty partition, which can be used as its own partition. Also, if you have a version of PATIICAGIC 4.0, this is a very professional and powerful partition editing software, you can also use this tool to re-divide your hard drive partition. <33> How to use fdisk? FDisk contains a simple and useful online help. This is a little prompt: the help command is M. Use the P command to list the current partition to add a partition. The partitioned default type created by Linux fdisk is Linux Native. Don't forget to change the type with T command when you create a partition of the Linux swap type. The value of Linux native is 83. The value of LinuxSwap is 82.fat16 is 6. The list of partition types and corresponding values can be checked with the L command. Linux allows a hard drive to four partitions. If you want to create more partitions, one must be an Extended partition, which can contain one or more logical partitions. Because the extension partition is a container, all its size cannot be less than the sum of the size of the logical partition it contains. You most should write down which file system (such as / usr) that corresponds to the partition (such as / dev / hda2) when creating a partition. Note: All changes have not taken effect before you use the W command store and exit FDISK. You can exit FDISK with Q commands. <34> How to install Linux using NFS? If you want to install Red Hat Linux from the NFS server, select NFS Image and select OK. Then, the installer checks your system to try to identify your NIC. Most of the cases will automatically identify your NIC. If you can't do it, you will let you choose a driver that supports your NIC and specifies some of the necessary options. After configuring your network card, there will be a few dialogs to configure your TCP / IP network. The first screen makes you one of the three network methods: Static IP Address - You must manually set the network information. Bootp - Network information is automatically provided by BOOTP requests. DHCP - Network information is automatically provided by DHCP requests. Please note: Bootp and DHCP selection requires that there is a configured BOOTP (or DHCP) server on your LAN is running. If you choose Bootp or DHCP, your network configuration will be set automatically, you can skip the rest. If you choose Static IP Address, you must set your own information. If you are in progress NFS installation, please read it.
The next dialog requires NFS server information. Enter the name or IP address of the NFS server, and the directory name containing the Red Hat Linux CD. For example, the NFS server is equipped with Red Hat Linux CD in / mnt / cdrom, in the Red Hatdirectory domain input / MNT / CDROM. If the NFS output is not a CD but an image of the Red Hat Linux installation tree, enter a directory name containing the Red HAT directory. For example, if your NFS server contains a directory / mirrors / red hat / i386 / red hat, the input / mirrors / red hat / i386 brief delay, the next dialog appears, and continues to install Red Hat Linux. <35> What is the dependency (dependency) of the RPM package installation? RPM's full name is Redhat Packages Management, when you install an RPM package with the rpm command, you will prompt you a package or .o filemust be installed by xxxxx, this is the dependency problem installed by the RPM package. The solution is very simple, follow the system prompts you have not installed the first installation. If you encounter, if you rely on B, B is also dependent on A, use parameters - Nodeps, forcing RPM does not check the dependency installation of the installation file. Novice Getting Started and Installation Configuration FAQ (4) <36> After the installation of Linux, what is the rest of the root directory? / bin: Store the most common command; / boot: Start Linux core file; / dev: device file; / etc: store various profiles; / home: user home directory; / lib: system The most basic dynamic link sharing library / MNT: Generally empty, use to mount other file systems; / proc: virtual directory, is memory mapping; / sbin: system administrator command storage directory; / usr: maximum directory, surprise application Program and file; / usr / x11r6: x-window directory; / usr / src: Linux source code; / usr / include: system header file; / usr / lib: storage common dynamic link sharing library, static archive; / usr / bin, / usr / sbin: This is a supplement to / bin, / sbin; <37> How to use VI (Vim)? You can use vi to edit a file file, which is the most popular text processing tool in UNIX, almost all UNIX machines have this editor. 1) Start VI: Execute "VI file name", start the VI in the command state, you can enter a variety of VI commands, can not be edited; 2) Storage: W, save exit: WQ, no disk exit: Q !; 3) Enter the editing status: Insert: i, new increase: a; 4) Exit Edit Status: Press ESC Key; 5) After entering the editing state, edit the edit; 6) under DOS, there are some common uses in the command state. Command: x Delete the cursor where the cursor is located; DD deletes the column where the cursor is located.
In fact, if you can do it in English, what can be more detailed than MAN VI? <38> How does Linux operate? You can use the ls -l command to list the details of the directory, which is equivalent to the DIR command of the DOS. The output of the LS command is as follows: Total 2 drwxr-xr-x 2 XU user 1024 Mar 13 0:34 Sub1 -RW-R ----- L XU User 678 JUN 15 1:45 HODO.TXT The leftmost list is File / directory permissions, D is a directory, R is readable, X is executable, W is writable. Since the second letter, every three are a group, which is the user | group | other attributes; the second column is the number of hard connection; the third column is the master information, the fourth column is the host user group The second column is the size of the space, the next is the date, the last column is the file / directory name. Here are some common file operation commands: RM: Delete file more: Browse files CP: Copy file <39> What is the 0xxxx disk error code prompt at startup? (LILO error prompt) 1,0x00 "internal error". Generated from the LILO sector reading subroutine. It may be a crucial file to rebuild the Map file. Another reason is perhaps when using the linear parameter to access the cylindrical plane exceeding 1024. 2,0x01 "illegal order". It should not happen, if it appears, means lilo to visit the hard drive that the BIOS does not support. When I organized this document, I met the mist to the L010101 ..., because he put Linux on the second IDE port (/ dev / hdc), plus the Disk parameter. 3,0x02 "Did not find address tag". Usually a media problem, try a few times. 4,0x03 "Write protection". The appearance is only when the write operation is written. 5,0x04 "Sector is not found". Typical causes is that the hard disk parameters do not match. 6, 0x06 "Activation Sequence Change". This should be a short error, try again. 7,0x07 "invalid initialization". BIOS is not properly initialized, and the hot start may be helpful. 8,0x08 "DMA is out of limits". This should not occur, restart. 9, 0x09 "DMA tries to cross the 64K boundary". This should not occur, it is recommended to ignore the Compact parameter. 10,0x0c "invalid media". This should not happen, restart to see. 11,0x10 "CRC error". The medium error was detected. It is recommended to start a few times, run the MAP installer, write the MAP file from the bad block to normal media. 12, 0x11 "ECC correction success". Read the error occurs and then correct, but LILO does not know this situation, termination of the startup process 13, 0x20 "controller error". Should not happen. 14,0x40 "Positioning failed". This may be a media problem and try again. 15,0x80 "Disk timeout". Disks or drives are not ready. The medium is broken or the disk is not turned, and if it is started from the floppy disk, it may not be closed. 16, 0XBB "BIOS error". This should not happen. If you repeatedly occur, consider removing the Compact parameter or add / cancel <40> Why can't I start X? First go to http://www.vmware.com/download/ to remove the latest version of the VMwareFor Window $, click "Next" to be installed smoothly.
Start the VM to set the relevant RAM size, drive and network card and other devices, start the virtual machine icon you set up to install Linux. Then press the Alt Ctrl button to click on the VM's menu Bar Settings item, select VMware Tools Install ..., return to the virtual machine, Mount / dev / cdrom / mnt / cdrom, you will find it under / mnt / cdrom Called vmware-linux-tools.tar.gz package. #cp /mnt/cdrom/vmware-linux-tools.tar.gz / tmp // You have no way to extrapolate #gunzip /tmp/vmware-linux-tools.tar.gz #tar in / mnt / cdrom vfx /tmp/vmware-linux-tools.tar # / tmp / vmware-linux-tools / install.pl system will prompt you to add the previous X configuration file in the back .OLD to save, recommend [Yes] #startx // If your display card has been supported, enjoy it <41> How to delete Linux? We often say that Linux has two parts. One is to delete the Linux system; additionally restore other operating systems boot program. The method that is often used is to remove the Linux partition to remove the Linux system. MS-DOS command fdisk can do this. Select Dele All Non-DOS Partition (Delete all non-MSDOS partitions) to delete the partition of the EXT2 / 3 file system format. Of course, it is highly recommended that novices use PowerQuest PartitionMagic to complete such work. Then FDISK / MBR can restore the boot program for the Window $ 95/98 / ME system. For Window $ 2000, you need to use the "Disaster Recovery Disapper" in advance, start with 2000 boot disk (soft disk disc does not matter), then repair . <42> How to use roller mouse under Linux? Generally use mouseconfig to configure your mouse, select the model of your mouse. How is invalid, try to change "Protocol" "Protocol" "Protocol" "PS / 2" in Input Device related to / etc / x11 / xf86config-4, you can use your roller after the setting is complete. <43> I have a Linux ISO installation file, what should I install? You can use the ISO installation file in two ways. The first is to engrave the ISO file to the disc and then install it from the optical drive (see the front); the second is to install directly from the hard disk. First use the software Winiso (assuming your download platform is M $ Window $) to copy the loadin.exe, autoboot.bat and the entire autoboot directory to the same directory where the ISO installation file is stored (strong suggestions). In the root directory), then start with the MS-DOS boot disk, after running the autoboot.bat file, you can specify the location of the installation medium based on the prompt. <44> I am in the 8.4G extensive Linux system, what does LILO can't boot? Some BIOS cannot recognize a hard disk greater than 8.4G, and the old LILO cannot identify the system kernel (kenerl) that is greater than 1024 cylindrical. It is therefore possible that the problem is: LILO is loaded into the MBR, and the hard disk partition prepared for Linux is outside the cylinder of 1024, so Linux cannot be booted.
Solution: Maybe you have already installed Linux, don't delete it, you can use it! Ok, now start: 1. Use partitionMagic5.0 to start a 10M EXT2 partition, format it in the beginning of the first hard disk. It is best to prepare the partition prepared for Linux, and save the trouble. 2. Boot and RESCUE disk boot system with loadlin or linux. Mount 10m partition - / dev / hda1, suppose I use boot and rescue disk, Mount to / MNT / TMP. Copy / Boot / * and kernel image files to / dev / hda1 in the same directory, edit /etc/lilo.conf, plus the / dev / hda1 MOUNT path before all directories, and install LILO to / DEV / HDA1. Change to boot = / dev / hda1 in boot / map image = / boot/mlinuz-2.2.13 in lilo.coot/boot.b mess INSTALL = / mnt/tmp/boot/boot.b Message = / mnt / tmp / boot / bootmsg map = / mnt / tmp / boot / map image = / mnt/tmp/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.13 call lilo -v Command, reinstall LILO. Note: In fact, today, today's release Linux tape, the above method is really "very" old. You only need to add LBA32 in lilo.conf, you can use GRUB ~ Beautiful use <45> how to set the resolution of the graphical interface? There are two ways: Executing the Xconfigurator plenary screen. Then choose OK Enter, and the program automatically finds the graphics. OK, the display list appears, select the display type, or select the Custom from defining a display. Next, select the memory size, and one window that appears later is the configuration of the identification clock, and the NO Clockchip Setting is selected. Then OK, then select three groups of color and resolution, then select OK Enter, then test it. The last Yes and NO are asking you to get directly to X for the next time. Yes ok again.
Or directly change / etc / x11 / xf86config-4 and / etc / x11 / xf86config file! Use the right key to the above file, select the high-level editor (of course, you can edit it with the vi command in the command line), modify the last few lines of the file: Modes "800x600" --- is a visual resolution Virtual 800 600 --- How to set the refresh rate of the graphical interface for the size of the virtual desktop <46> (Note: Please be careful!) If you use redhat, your x window profile is / etc / x11 / xf86config slackware's x window profile is / etc / xf86config in that file you will see like this things: # 640x400 @ 70 Hz, 31.5 kHz hsync Modeline "640x400" 25.175 640 664 760 800 400 409 411 450 # 640x480 @ 60 Hz, 31.5 kHz hsync Modeline "640x480" 25.175 640 664 760 800 480 491 493 525 # 800x600 @ 56 Hz, 35.15 kHz hsync ModeLine "800x600" 36 800 824 896 1024 600 601 603 625 # 1024x768 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 35.5 kHz hsync Modeline "1024x768" 44.9 1024 1048 1208 1264 768 776 784 817 Interlace # 640x480 @ 72 Hz, 36.5 kHz hsync Modeline "640x480" 31.5 640 680 720 864 480 488 491 521 # 800x600 @ 60 Hz, 37.8 kHz hsync Modeline "800x600" 40 800 840 968 1056 600 601 605 628 hsync vsync # 800x600 @ 72 Hz, 48.0 kHz hsync modeline "800x600" 50 800 856 976 1040 600 637 643 666 hsync vsync # 1024x768 @ 60 Hz, 48.4 kHz hsync modeline "1024x768" 65 1024 1032 1176 1344 768 771 777 806 -hsync -vsync # 1024x768 @ 70 Hz, 56.5 KHZ HSYNC Modeline "1024x768" 75 1024 1048 1184 1328 768 77 1 777 806 -hsync -vsync # 1280x1024 @ 87 Hz interlaced, 51 kHz hsync Modeline "1280x1024" 80 1280 1296 1512 1568 1024 1025 1037 1165 Interlace # 1024x768 @ 76 Hz, 62.5 kHz hsync Modeline "1024x768" 85 1024 1032 1152 1360 768 784 787 823 # 1280x1024 @ 61 HZ, 64.2 KHZ HSYNC Modeline "1280x1024"
110 1280 1328 1512 1712 1024 1025 1028 1054 # 1280x1024 @ 74 Hz, 78.85 kHz hsync Modeline "1280x1024" 135 1280 1312 1456 1712 1024 1027 1030 1064 # 1280x1024 @ 76 Hz, 81.13 kHz hsync Modeline "1280x1024" 135 1280 1312 1416 1664 1024 1027 1030 1064 These things control the settings of this display card, such as the following row, the resolution is 1280x1024, the refresh rate is 76 Hz, the flush frequency is 81.13 kHz # 1280x1024 @ 76 Hz, 81.13 khz hsync below Specific setting card: Modeline "1280x1024" 135 1280 1312 1416 1664 1024 1027 1030 1064 The significance of each item in this line is as follows: (from left to right) mode line, resolution, pixel frequency (MHz), each line The clock cycle of the image, the row synchronization (blanking) pulse, the end of the clock cycle of the row synchronization (blanking) pulse, the number of clock cycles of each line, the number of images of each frame, the scan line started by the frame synchronization pulse Number, the number of scan lines ended in the frame synchronization pulse, the scan line of each frame. Adjusting these numbers You can maximize your display cards and displays, for example, your display card has a megaby memory, you can set it to 1152x900 resolution. It is necessary to carefully check the scanning frequency allowed by your monitor, and some monitors will burn the scanning transistor after receiving excessive scan sync pulses. The next question is what is the like of the figures in your display card. For example, the above line requires 135MHz, but your card is only 125 megaw, what should I do? Also, the 135 is changed to 125 with Emacs or VI. If you have multiple modes lines in your profile, you can use the lower mode rows of other frequencies to be sealed, leaving only the frequency you want to change the frequency. . Of course, you can also use XvidTune software with XF86 to adjust the newbies and install FAQ (5) <47> My 256M memory is not all used by Linux, what should I do? You can join a line Append = "MEM = 256M" transfer parameter to the system in your system boot program configuration file (see / Boot/grub/grub.conf) to send parameters to the system for Linux Fully identify your big memory. <48> When installing the system, prompt XXX XXX Signal 11 Error then interrupts how to do? *** Signal 11 Error Tip may be because of hardware errors in your system bus memory. Memory hardware errors may be caused by executable files, or the system's hardware issues (such as the ability of the CD-ROM drive). Please find the latest version of the image file. If you still can't resolve the problem, try to close the CPU cache in the BIOS or turn your memory position or change your memory.
*** First install Linux and then load Window $ XP, after startup with the Linux Bootdisk floppy disk, the following prompt appears: ... Mounting root FileSystem VFS: Cant Find Ext3 FileSystem on dev IDE0 (3,7) moun: error 22 mounting ext3 pivotroot : pivot_root (/ sysroot, / sysroot / initrd) failed: 2 Freeing Unuse KERNEL MEMORY 280K FREED KERNEL PANIC: No Init Found. Try Passing Init = Option To Kernel. What should I do? This is because XP has changed the partition table after installation. You can start the computer with Linux bootdisk when you installed, then boot: add a "Linux root = / dev / hdyx" (Note: Y is A, B, C, D, X is natural), you can be in syslinux A sentence in the head prompt is found in the line), because the partition table has been changed, so you can pass the position of the boot disk default / root as a parameter to the kernel, this time the value of x should be (x-1 or x 1). After starting, you will find that you can't activate SWAP, there is no relationship, you can modify / etc / fstab, and add "(/ dev / hdyx) swap swap default 0 0" X value plus 1 or minus 1, prior you only Need MOUNT, the system will tell you "It Seems A Swap". Finally, you have to recover the multi-system booting with LILO or GRUB, remember to change the items in the / root location 哟 ~, there is also the most important thing, don't forget to re-mkbootdisk - DEVICE / DEV / FD0 XX XX-X is a new bootdisk! <49> I missed the production boot disk during installation, what should I do if I want to do BootDisk? Command uname -a allows you to see how much your system is, generally expressed as ... kernel 2.x.xx-xx ..., then you can put a blank (of course, there is data) ,) The floppy disk is placed in the floppy drive, don't get used to soft drive! Direct command mkbootdisk - DEvice / dev / fd0 2.x.xx-xx is OK. <50> How to recursively delete all subdirectories in a directory? The RM -RF command can recursively delete all directory files in a directory without any hints (strong requirement that the ROOT users should use this command!). <51> I have installed WINDOW $ 2000 / XP, now I still want to install Linux, what should I do? A: If you already know how to install Linux (of course, don't know, please see the front of FAQ), you are fearful to have some problems when booting.
Suppose you don't want GRUB or LILO to destroy your WinLoader without putting the boot assembly ("no installation", instead of being installed in the first sector!), If you have trusted GRUB or LILO, please restart on your computer. After using the boot disk you installed when you installed Linux, log in to root # GRUB-INSTALL / DEV / HDA // Install GRUB, assume your hard disk location is IDE0 # lilo -v // Install Lilo, if you own Any version of GRUB is not recommended for newcomers. LILO if you know that third-party software can boot the Linux system bootstrap installed in the First Seig, and you have installed GRUB or LILO on the first sector, then you It should also be understood that 2K / XP is allowed to provide a multi-system boot mirroring in the root location where the system disk is located. Start with your Linux boot disk, then log in to the root # mount -t vfat / dev / hda1 / mnt / vfat // put the C disk on any hanging point # DD if = / dev / hda4 BS = 512 Count = 1 of = / mnt / vfat / linux.lnx // Assuming your boot on / dev / hda4 # umount / mnt / vfat boot into 2000 / XP, modify the boot.ini file (XP can directly in the system properties Edit) Add a C: /Linux.lnx= "My Linux Loader Here" save exit, start you will see WinLoader to boot Linux next time. <52> My KDE has chosen Chinese, why do Chinese seem to have some question mark in the FAT partition, what should I do? Edit your / etc / fstab file Add a line / dev / hda1 / mnt / c vfat IoCharset = GB2312, umask = 0, CodePage = 936 0 0 hangs your C drive. Of course, since you can of course use the same interactive command to realize Chinese identification on the CD # mount -t iso9600 -o iocharset = GB2312, umask = 0, CODEPAGE = 936 / dev / cdrom / mnt / cdrom < 53> What should I do if I can't be soft? It is also a problem with the APM settings in your BIOS, but we can now discuss the system's problem, use the halt -p command If you can shut down smoothly, please modify your /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt file Message = "HALTING SYSTEM ..." Command = "HALT" change this line's Halt command to "Halt -P", save exit. <54> How to guide multiple Linux systems? A: It is very difficult to use LILO boot multi Linux system (in fact the third-party boot program is also very good). The following describes how to use GRUB to boot multiple Linux systems on the same hard disk. The configuration file used by GRUB is grub.conf. # More /boot/grub/grub.conf // You can see your grub's detailed configuration file and then you will find that it is actually a very simple thing to boot to the multi-Linux system on the same hard disk. It should be noted that when you install the second Linux, don't load any Linux system bootstrap (LILO / GRUB)! Because you will boot it using the first Linux boot program. After the installation is complete, just copy the guidance item in the GRUB once, modify its details parameters OK.
I wrote my grub.conf, let's take a look. # ... # This symbol is used to comment down # ... # boot = / dev / hda default = 0 timeout = 99 splashimage = (hd0, 6) /boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz # this is a one The beginning of the guidance, guide the small red cap Title Redhat Linux 7.3 root (HDA0, 5) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.18-3 Ro root = / dev / hda6 initrd /boot/initrd-2.4.18-3.img # below The parameters of the boot item, please Mount to the area to view the record, otherwise you can't boot! # Guide xteam Title Xteam Linux 2.4 root (hda0, 7) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.8 tM Ro root = / dev / hda8 init_boot/initrd-2.4.8 itra.img # Boot Mandrake Title Mandrake Linux 8.0 Root (HDA0 , 8) kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.16-3mdk Ro Root = / dev / hda9 initrd /boot/initrd-2.4.16-3mdk.img # Boot Window $ TITLE Microsoft WINDOW $ 2K Pro / Data Center Rootnoverified (HD0 0) CHAINLOADER 1 will be restarted and then the multi-start item can be seen. I wish you all good luck. <55> After replacing the new sound card, why root can be SNDCONFIG, and ordinary users can't vote in KDE? Because your system's ordinary user is still old profile, you only need to delete the old profile of the system users (usually in the .kde implicit directory), then restart the KDE settings. In fact, if you have a status bar, icon problem, etc., you can use it as long as RM-ROOT users!) This method is also available under GNOM. <56> How to open the hard disk 32-bit DMA mode (improve hard disk efficiency)? A: Command HDPARM can adjust the various efficiency modes of the hard disk. HDPARM-C 1 -K 1 -d 1 / dev / hda can be opened (in order to be down, Linux is not open). If you want to achieve such an effect when your computer starts, add this sentence in the /etc/rc.local file. Novice Getting Started and Installation Configuration FAQ (6) <57> Linux all system boot service is 1, Alsasound ALSA Sound Card Driver Support. The ALSA sound card driver was originally written for a sound card Gravis Ultrasound (GUS), which was clearly excellent, so the author started to write drivers for the general sound card. ALSA and OSS / Free and OSS / Linux are compatible, but have their own interfaces, even better than OSS. 2, AMD runs the Automount Elf program, which automatically installs some local devices and NFS file systems if necessary. 3. APMD APMD is used to monitor the system's electricity status, and write related information through Syslogd to the log. It can also be used to shut down when the power is insufficient. 4. ARPWATCH This program is mainly used to maintain the correspondence between the Ethernet physical address and the IP address. 5, Atalk AppleTalk Wizard. Be careful not to run the program in the background, the data structure of the program must be initialized for a certain period of time before running other processes. 6. ATD runs the task scheduled by the user with the AT command.
Batch tasks are also run when the system load is relatively low. 7, Autofs automatically reprints the file system when you need it, and automatically uninstall when you don't need it. 8. Bootparamd This service allows the old Sun workstation to start from Linux network, which is rarely used with RARP, basically being replaced by bootp and DHCP. 9. CROND CRON is a traditional program under UNIX, which periodically runs the user scheduling task. Compared to traditional UNIX versions, ViXie versions have added a lot of properties, and more secure and simpler. 10. DHCPD This wizard provides access support for dynamic host control protocols (Dynamic Host Control Protocol). 11, Gated Gated provides network routing function support through a database. It supports various route protocols, including RIP versions 1 and 2, DCN Hello protocol, OSPF version 2, and EGP versions 2 to 4. 12. GPM GPM provides mice support for Linux programs such as MC (Midnight Commander). It also supports copy, paste operation, and pop-up menu under the console. 13. HTTPD HTTP is a famous WWW server that can be used to provide HTML files and CGI dynamic content services. 14, inetd Internet Operation Server. Monitor the network's needs of various services that are managed, and start the corresponding service programs when necessary. Typically, inetd managed programs include Telnet, FTP, RSH, and Rlogin. Turning off inetd also closes these services managed by it. 15. Innd Inn is the most popular user group news server. It allows you to build a local news server. Configure a certain difficulty, you can read the / usr / doc / inn * document first. 16. The keytable function is to reprint the keyboard mapping table that you speak in / etc / sysconfig / keyboards, which can be selected by the KbdConfig tool. You should make the program in an activation state. 17. LDAP LDAP represents Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, implements industry standards for directory access protocols. 18, LinuxConf LinuxConf is a valid system configuration tool under Linux, which allows remote operation. 19, LPD LPD is the system print daemon, responsible for submitting LPRs to the print job. 20. The MCSERV MIDNIGHT COMMANDER service process allows users on the remote machine to operate the native files through the Midnight Commander File Manager. The service process uses PAM to verify the user, and "user name / password" needs to be given to verify. 21, MySQL a quick and efficient and reliable light SQL database engine. 22. Named Domain Name Server, resolve the Internet hostname to the IP address of the points. 23, Netfs is responsible for loading / unloading NFS, Samba, NCP (NetWare) file systems. 24. NetWork activates / closes the various network interfaces at startup. 25. NFS NFS is a popular file sharing protocol based on TCP / IP network. This service provides NFS file sharing services, which are configured in the / etc / exports file. 26. NSCD This service is responsible for password and group query and buffer query results. If your system has a relatively slow service (such as NIS and NIS ), you should start the service. 27. PCMCIA PCMCIA is mainly used to support laptops. 28, PortMap Portmap is used to support RPC connections, RPC is used for NFS and NIS and other services. 29, PostgreSQL PostgreSQL Relational Database Engine. 30. ProftPD ProftPD is a Flexible FTP daemon under UNIX. 31. RADVD routing broadcast procedures. 32. Random Save and recover the high quality random number generator of the system, which is provided by some random behavior of the system. 33. Routed This daemon supports automatic IP routing table maintenance of the RIP protocol.
RIP is primarily used on a small network, and the big network needs a complicated protocol. 34. The RSTATD RSTAT protocol allows users on the network to obtain performance parameters of each machine on the same network. 35. RUSERSD This service allows network users to locate other users on the same network. 36. The RwallD Rwall protocol allows remote users to send messages to terminals active in the same system, similar to Wall local behavior. 37. RWHOD allows remote users to get a list of all logged in users on the machine running the RWHo wizard, similar to finger. 38, Sendmail famous famous mail server. 39. SMB launches and closes the SMBD and NMBD wizards to provide SMB network services. 40. The Guardian Spirit of SNMPD Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). 41. Syslog syslog is a mechanism provided by operating systems, and daemons typically use this mechanism to write various information to each system log file. This service should usually start. 42, XFS X font servers. 43, YPBIND NIS / YP client daemon. If you need to use the NIS / YP machine, start this service, otherwise, close this service. 44, YppAsswd allows NIS users to modify passwords. Run on the server in the NIS domain. The client program is also called yppasswd. 45, an implementation of the YPSERV standard NIS / YP network protocol. Allow host names, usernames, and other information to be distributed across the network. Run on the NIS server, the client does not need. Novice Getting Started and Installation Configuration FAQ (7) <58> What Linux resources do you have on the Internet? On the Internet, there are many websites in Linux, in which the more excellent Chinese websites are: 1) www.linuxaid.com.cn: there is a Linux Forum, online Q & A, knowledge base, online training, solution and other columns;] 2) Www.linuxforum.net: Here you should be the most popular Linux Forum; 3) www.lslnet.com/linux: is an updated Linux topic website; 4) www.linuxbyte.com: is a better Linux Website; 5) www.clinuxdevelop.org: China Linux Development Alliance; 6) Clyan.hongNet.com: Linux Database Application Guide. <59> Redhat Linux 7.0 and Linux 2.4 which version is high? I have recently introduced the latest version of Linux. What is the latest version of Linux? And many Linux beginners are using the Redhat Linux version 7.0. Which version is higher? In fact, these two version numbers are different! RedHat Linux is a release of the Linux kernel and Linux's common supporting software, the application bundled together, 7.0 is the version number of this release. LINUX 2.4 refers to the version of the Linux kernel. The Linux core is maintained by Linus. Its version number is generally composed of two to three parts, for example, the most stable 2.4.18: 1) The first 2 is the main version number, which is generally more stable during one period; The second 4 is the secondary version number. If it is an even number, the representative is a formal version. If it is an odd number, the representative is the beta version during the development process. When it is officially out of 2.4, 2.3.x is the test used in the developer. The version number; 3) The last 18 is a modification number, such as 2.4.18 is a small modification of 2.4.17.
This special version of the nomenclature is to facilitate developing in the Internet. <60> Install Linux, what is the requirements for hardware? Linux is very low for hardware requirements, can run on the IBM PC on 386 CPUs, 8M or more memory. However, due to insufficient support for equipment manufacturers, Linux is not very good for many new equipment, and the driver of new equipment is always one step. <61> What is needed to install Linux? 1) Collect system data: Record the memory size, CDROM interface type, SCSI card model, network card model, mouse type, graphics chip group, clock chip, memory size and other related information; 2) Check CMOS settings, turn off viral development, set it Starting from the optical drive; 3) If your Linux installation disk cannot be started from starting, it is necessary to make a boot disk; 4) Take a hard disk space for Linux installation, preferably 1G <62> how to configure Linux boot manager LILO? Modify the /etc/lilo.conf file as needed, then execute / sbin / lilo allows the settings to take effect. Here is an example of a lilo.conf file: boot = / dev / hda map = / boot / map install = / boot / boot.b prompt timeout = 50 default = linux image = / boot / vmlinuz-2.2.5-15 label = Linux root = / dev / hda1 initrd = / boot / initrd-2.2.5-15.img read-only other = / dev / hda2 label = windows, Timeout is used to set the LILO waiting input time, here If you don't choose 5 seconds, you will enter the default; the default option is used to specify which system that is started by default; Image Section is used to specify the launch information of Linux, including the startup position, name - Linux; Other Sections to specify the startup information of other operating systems , Including start position, name. <63> Is there a MP3 playback tool under Linux? There are many MP3 playback tools under Linux, where the MPG123 should be the most classic, which can be used in the console. MP3 playback software in many graphical interfaces uses this program to play MP3. Below is some of its basic parameters introduction: -a Device Set the sound device used, preset to / dev / audio or / dev / dsp - @ file from the file file to read the MP3 file name list to play - Z Random Place If you just want to play one or two songs, or play a song in a whole directory, you can use the MPG123 to be a good choice. If it is a complicated function, if you want to select a specific MP3 file within a multi-directory, then You may need to write Script to execute. <64> How do I check Linux hard drive usage? In the Linux environment, you can use the DF command to view the use of the hard disk.
Below is a DF -T -H (-t parameter: display file system type, -h parameter to display information with high readability) command input instance: FileSystem Type Size Used Avail Use% MOUNTEDON / DEV / HDA1 EXT2 7.5G 4.7G 2.5G 65% / / DEV / HDA2 EXT2 653M 6.6M 613M 1% / Root / DEV / HDB1 EXT2 7.5G 3.5G 3.7G 49% / USR <65> How to manage processes? The process is an execution of the program. You can use "PS -AUXW" to list the details of the process currently executing, including process ID numbers in each process. You can terminate this process through the "Kill Process ID". <66> How to manage users under Linux? If you want to add a user: 1) Log in with root, then execute "AddUser User Account Name 2) Execute" PasswD User Account Name "to set a password for this user account. Execute "UserDel User Account" to delete a user; execute the "GroupAdd User Group Name" Add a user group; execute the "GroupDel User Group Name" to delete a user group; <67> How to make a Linux boot disk? Under Linux, there is a tool MkBootDisk to make a system boot disk: 1) View the system version, can be seen by LS / USR / SRC; 2) Insert an empty floppy disk; 3) Execute "mkbootdisk --verbose 2.2.5 "<68> How to use Linux remote? We can use Telnet, Rlogin, RSH, RCP and other commands to implement remote use Linux, but this method is clearly transmitted in the transmission process, so it is possible to bring many unsafe factors. Therefore, you should try to avoid remote use root account login systems. <69> How to build a safe remote login? Using SSH to achieve secure remote login because SSH implements encryption of data transmission. 1) Get the SSH-1.26.tar.gz file from ftp.cs.htu.fi/pub/SSH; 2) Unlock this package with TAR XVPF SSH-1.26.tar.gz; 3) to the unlocked directory / USR /LOCAL/SRC/SSH 1.26 directory execution ./configure; 4) Perform make and make install to complete compilation and installation. 5) You can use SSH to create a secure remote connection with a server installed SSH. <70> How to run a planned task? It is much more familiar to planning tasks in Windows, which can complete some tasks at some simple settings. In the maintenance of Linux systems, we can also need to perform some tasks regularly. This can be used: 1) AT command: It can read the instructions in the keyboard or file, then execute in the specified time; 2) crontab wait : Perform some tasks by setting its profile.
