China's philosophical history 10-Taoist third stage: Zhuangzi (philosophy)
Manager Posted: 2005-03-25 09:42:34
Taoist third stage: Zhuangzi
Zhuangzi (about 369 BC for about 286), surnamed Zhuang, famous Zhou, can be considered the biggest Taoist in the pre-Qin. His life, we know very little. I only know that he is a small Mongolian (located in the Shandong Province, Henan Province) people, there is a hermit life, but his thoughts and books are very famous. "Histori" said: "Chu Wei Wang Wenzhuang Zhou Xian, so that the thick coins are welcome, so Zhuang Zhou smiles" Chu Yili: ... Sub-letter! No pollution me. ... I Ning Toy played Since its fast, there is no foreign man, life is not Shi, with the fast hope. "(" Laozi Hanfei Biography ")
Zhuangzi himself and "Zhuangzi"
At the same time, Zhuangzi and Mencius were Hui Shi's friends, but today, "Zhuangzi" was circulated, probably re-edited by AD. Guo Xiang is a big note home of "Zhuangzi". So we can't sure "Zhuangzi" which is Zhuangzi himself. In fact. "Zhuangzi" is a compilation of a work, some representative of the first phase of the Taoist, some represent the second phase, some represent the third stage. Only the thoughts of the third stage peak are really Zhuangzi's own philosophy, even they will not be written by Zhuangzi. Because, although the name of Zhuangzi can be used as a representative of the final stage of the Qincao family, but his thoughts may be the hand of his door, finally completed. For example, "Zhuangzi" has several articles to say Gong Sunlong, and Gong Sunlong is definitely later than Zhuangzi.
Get a relatively happiness method
"Zhuangzi" The first question is "Happy Tour", this article is purely a storytelling story. The thoughts contained in these stories are different grades in happiness. Free developing our natural nature, allowing us to get a relatively happiness; absolute happiness is obtained by a higher understanding of the natural nature of things.
The first one of these necessary conditions is free to develop our natural nature. In order to vote, we must fully use our natural ability. This ability is our "German", "German" is directly from "Tao". Zhuangzi is the same as Laozi's views on the road. For example, he said: "Thai has no name. There is no name, one. There is one and last. It is a good thing." ("Zhuangzi · Tiandi") So our "German" is to make us We are. Our "German", that is, the natural ability, full and free, is our natural nature and freely, this time we are happy.
Contact this free development concept, Zhuangzi has made what is the day, what is the contrast of people. He said: "Heaven, people are outside. ... The cow horse is four feet, it is said that he is the sky, wearing a cow nose is a known person." ("Zhuangzi · Autumn Water") He believes that it is everything happiness and good Root, comprehend people are all pain and evil roots. Heaven is nature, people refer to people.
The natural nature of 物 is different, and its natural ability is different. However, it is common, which is the same happiness when they fully and freely play their natural abilities. "Happy Tour" told a story of a big bird and Xiaowu. The ability of two birds is completely different. Big birds can fly nine thousands of miles, and the birds can't fly the tree from this tree. But as long as they have done them, they are doing, they are all happiness. So the natural nature of all things is not absolute, nor does it have to be absolute. "Zhuangzi" is said; "Although it is short, it is still worried. Although the crane is growing, the broken is sad. The degree of inquiry is long, and the sex is short, and there is no worries. "
Political, social philosophy
Oh, it is just a matter of "people" to do things like this. All laws, morality, institutions, and governments are all prohibited. Those who do their best to end, may be completely worth admire. They found that something is good for them, they can't wait, others have these things. But their kindness is good, but only make things worse. "Zhuangzi" "The" Zhule "is a story:" The old, the sea bird stops in Lujiao, Lu Hou Yu is in the temple, playing nine, I want to be happy, and it is too strong. Bird is dazzling Worry, I don't dare to eat, I don't dare to drink a glass, I die three days. This is also raised by the birds. It is not to raise the birds. ...... The fish is born, people die in the water. Must be different, it is good to be different. The first holy can be different, different. "Luhou treats the seabird with him as he thinks it is the most honor, it is really good. However, the result is the opposite that he expects. The government and society have put the code on individuals with their own things, and also happen. Why Zhuangzi fiercely oppose the treatment of regular government machines, and advocate the treatment of cure is the best treatment, the reason is here. He said: "Smell is in the world, not to see the world. In the same man, we are afraid of the world, and the people are also in the world. The world is still inherent, do not move Germany, there is a governance of the world? "(" Zhuangzi · in the 宥 ") is, 宥, is listening to its nature, not interfering.
If it is not "in the 宥" world, but in the law, the system "treatment of the world", it is like a horse, wearing a cattle. Also, growing the legs, shorting the crane legs. Tell the natural spontaneous things into people, Zhuangzi said it is "people who are in the world" ("Zhuangzi · Autumn"). Its results can only be painful and misfortune.
Zhuangzi and Laozi have advocated the rule of cure, but the reasons why. Laozi emphasizes his general principle "anti-way to move". His argument is that the more ruled, the more you can't get the result you want. Zhuangzi emphasizes the difference between heavens and people. His argument is that the more people have to die, the more painful and misfortune.
有 有 有 有 只 只 子 子 方法 方法 方法 方法 方法 方法 方法 方法 方法It is only necessary to comply with people's own natural nature, they get this relative happiness. This is what everyone can do. Zhuangzi's politics, social philosophy, is dedicated to seeing such relative happiness for everyone. Any politics, social philosophy is hoped, but it is not too much.
Affection
Relative happiness is relative because it must rely on something. This is of course true: people are very happy when they can fully and freely play natural abilities. But this kind of occlusion is hindered in many cases. For example, death, disease, old age. Therefore, the Buddha's family is old, sick, and death is three bitterness. It is not reasonable. According to Buddhist people, there is still one - bitter, it is "life" itself. therefore. It is a limited happiness that relies on full and free to play natural ability.
The people may have a lot of great disasters, the biggest big disaster is death, and there are many discussions on death in "Zhuangzi". Dear death. The arrival of death is the main source of human unfortunate. However, this fear and worry can be reduced due to the true understanding of things natural nature. There is a story in "Zhuangzi", telling the death of Laozi. Laozi's death, his friend Qin lost to hang, but cried others, said: "It is a sky, forgets it. The ancients said it is the sentence. Suitable, the husband is also. , The husband is also. A time is smooth, the mourning can not be people. The ancients said that the Emperor is the suspension of the emperor. "
人 的 的 的 的 的 的 的 的 的 的 的 的 受,. They suffer, it is "the prison of Tian Tian". The feelings caused by feelings, sometimes it is in the same way as the meat. However, people can weaken their feelings. For example, the world is rain, can't go out, adults can understand, not angry, children are often angry. The reason is that the adults understand more, which is much more angry than the angry child. As Sinoza said: "The soul understands the inevitability of all things. How big is the scope of understanding, it has a greater power control consequence in how much, not for them (" ethics ". Five parts, propositions VI). this means. In the words of the doctor, it is "reasoning". 子 I have a story. Very well explained this. Zhuangzi wife died, Hui Shi to perseve, but saw Zhuangzi squatted on the ground, drums and songs. Hui Shi said that you don't cry, it's enough, and drums and songs. Isn't it too much? "Zhuangzi; 'Other. It is the beginning of its death. I can alieken. I've been in the beginning, but there is no life, and I am not alive, but I am invisible. I am invisible. Between the mango, there is a gas, the gas is tangible, and there is a born. Today, it will change, it is the same as the spring and autumn winter and summer. People and I am sleeping in the giant room, and I am smiling (This word is not: OCR), then cry, self-righteousness, stop. "(" Zhuangzi · Zile ") Guo Epi Note:" The unclear, has been in turn, Si is in love . Push the order to the dispute. "The feelings can be offset with understanding and understanding. This is the view of Sinoa, and it is also the point of view.
Taoist believes that the saints have a complete understanding of the natural nature of all things, so ruthless. But this is not to say that he has no emotion. This rather is that he is not worried about it, and the so-called "peace" is enjoyed. For example, Sciosha: "The ignorant man is not only a disturbance of external reasons, but also has a real peace of the soul, but also lives to God, it seems that there is no knowledge of ignorance, it is also suffering, once It is no longer there, it will no longer exist. On the other hand, the people who know, it can be unhappy in the scope of him, and because of understanding himself, God, everything has certain eternal inevitability, He will always exist, always enjoy the peace of the soul. "(" Ethics ", the fifth part, proposition XLI)
In this way, the saints are never affected by world changes because of the natural nature of everything. With this method, he does not rely on the outside world, and his happiness is not limited by the outside thing. He can say that it has been absolutely happiness. This is a direction of Taoist thought, with many pessimistic and affordable atmospheres. This direction emphasizes the inevitability of the natural process, as well as the default for people in the natural process.
Get absolute happiness
But Taoist thought is another direction, which emphasizes the relativeness of all things, as well as the same as the universe. To achieve this same, people need higher levels of knowledge and understanding. From this kind of happiness, the happiness is the real absolute happiness, "Zhuangzi", "Xiaoyao", tells this kind of happiness.
In this article, after the happiness of the bird, the bird, Zhuang Zi said that there is a personal name. Can be rid of the wind. "He is a blessing, not counting, although it is awkward, it is still the waiting person." His people doing the wind, because he must rely on the wind, so his happiness is still relative to this range . Then Zhuangzi asked: "If the husband is in the heavens, the argument of the heels, with the end of the infinite, it is awesome? Therefore, it is nothing, the gods are unrestered, the saints are unknown." 子子. " The description here is a person who has already got absolute happiness. He is from people, God, saints. He is absolutely happiness because he exceeds the normal difference of things. He also surpassed his difference with the world, "I" and "Non I" difference. So he beloved. He is with a correspondence. There is nothing. There is no way, so it is reactive, the saints and correspondence, so it is not good. He may also rule the world, but his treatment is only to let people listen to their nature, do not interfere, let everyone fully and freely play his own natural ability. There is no name, saints and correspondence, so there is no name.
Limited view
This is a problem: How does a person become such a person? To answer this question, analyze the second article of "Zhuangzi": "Qi object". In the "Happy Tour", Zhuangzi discussed two levels of happiness; in "Qiology", he discussed two levels of knowledge. Our analysis begins with a lower level from the first level. In the chapter of this book, we said that Hui Shi and Zhuangzi have some similar. The lower level of knowledge discussed in China Zhuangzi, is similar to the knowledge in the "Ten Things". The beginning of "物 论" is to describe the wind. The wind blows up, there is a variety of different sounds, each has its own characteristics. "Qi object" refers to these sounds as "earth". There have been some sounds named "Scorpion". The earth and the scorpion are "Scorpio".
籁 构 构 构 构 构 构 构 构 构 构The scorpion is different from the "earth" blown by the wind, and its "words" said by people, representing the idea of humans. They expressed their affirmation and negation, indicating the views of each individual from his own special limited perspective. Since it is limited, these opinions are inevitably a one-sided. But most people, don't know that their own opinions are based on limited perspectives, always with their own opinions, as different opinions of others. "Therefore, Confucius is right and wrong, it is not, not its home.
If people have the final conclusion, they cannot decide which side is really true if they have the final conclusion. "Qi object" said: "I have made me and if I am, if I win, I am worth a winner, if it is also, I will not be evil? I won, if I don't want to win, I am also," And it is not evil? It is or too, it is also evil? The fear is also unfair? I can't know know, if I can't know it (black and very) dark. I made positive ? If the person is positive? It is already in the same way, the evil is positive! Make similar me, the same is true? Do both me, evil is correct? Make the difference, if the person is? Zheng! Make similar me, if the person is positive? Do both me and if you are, evil! "This is to say; if you tell you, you win me, I don't win you, this can prove your opinion correct? I won you, you don't win me, can this prove that my opinion is correct? Or you are in the middle, there is a person's opinion is correct, or it is correct, or it is not correct, I can't decide with you. Who is it decided? Calling the same person as your opinion, since it is the same as your opinion, how can you decide? Calling the same person as my opinion to decide. Since I have the same as my opinions, how can I decide? Calling with you, my opinions are different, since it is different from you, my opinions are different, how can I decide? Call with you, my opinion is the same person to decide, since my opinion is the same, how can I decide? This paragraph makes people's debate attitudes. It's just a common sense of the famous person to refute ordinary people, and the purpose of "Qi object" is to refute the famous family, because the name does believe that the debate can decide really true.
On the other hand, Zhuangzi believes is that non-concepts are all established in their own limited perspective. All these views are relative. "Qi object" said: "Fang Yuan is dead. Fang Di Fang students. Fang may not be, the party can not be more way. Because it is not because it is." Things are always changing, and there are many aspects. So there are many views on the same thing. As long as we say this, it is assumed to have a higher view. If we accept this assumption, there is no need to decide yourself. This argument itself explains the problem without any explanation.
Higher point of view
Accept this premise, from a higher point of view, "Qi object" is called "photo in the sky". "Photographed by the sky" is from the viewpoint of transcendence, the same point of view. Look at things. "Qi object" said: "Yes, it is also, it is also. He is also right and wrong, this is also right and wrong. If you have any hell? If you don't want it? It is said to be the road. It is the end of the ring to be infinite. It is also endless. It is also endless. Therefore, 曰: 若明. "" Ming "is" photo in the sky ". This paragraph is otherwise, "Yes" (this) and "He", in its non-opposite, like a cycle endless circle. But from the perspective of the view, it seems to stand on the center. He understands everything in the circle, but he does not participate in these sports. This is not because he is not as good, he listens to his life, but because he has transformed limited, from a higher view. In "Zhuangzi", a limited view is better than the view of the frog in the bottom of the well ("autumn water"). The frog in the bottom of the well, only the sky is only so big.
道 的 观 点 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是"Qi object" said: "It is possible. It is not too. It is the way, the appearance is the case. Evjust? However, in the case, it is not? Otherwise. All. Nothing, no matter how you don't. Therefore, it is a lifetime, and it is the same as Xi Shi, which is strange. "Everything is not the same, but" there is something "," can be ", This is the same. They are born, this is the same. Therefore, from the point of view, all things are not the same, but they are unified as a whole, that is, "pass to one". "Qi object" will then say: "The points are also, it is also. It is also destroyed. Everything is not destroyed, and it is not a." For example, use the wood to do a table, from this table's point of view This is made. From the viewpoint of the trees used, this is destroyed. However, this is destroyed, only from a limited point of view. From the perspective of the road, it is not destroyed. These differences are relative. "I" and "Non I" are also relative. From the perspective of the road, "I" and "Non-" I "are also a." Qi object "said:" The world is big in the late autumn, and Taishan is small. Mo Shouzi, and Peng Zu is. Heaven and earth and me, and everything is one. "The conclusion of Hui Shi is also available here:" Fan loves all things, and heaven and earth. "Higher level knowledge
"Qi object" then said: "It's already a one, and there is something wrong? I have a selfishness, and I have no words? One and the words are two, two and one is three, since then In the past, it was unable to get it, but it was unfortunately. Since there is no ready to three. The situation is self-satisfactory? There is no ready, because it is already. "In this paragraph," Qi object "Bihui It took a more step to discuss a higher level of knowledge. This higher knowledge is "unknowns". What is "a", this is not saying. Even incredible. Because, if a pair of it has a thought, it is said that it has become something existed outside this thought, saying. In this way, it has lost the unity of unpacking, it is actually not true "one". Hui Shi said; "The big one is less than the big one." He used these words to describe "big one", it is really a good describing, he does not know that because of "big one" is not outside, it is incredible, not saying of. Because anything, as long as you can think about it, you can say that there must be an outside, this thinking, this words are outside itself. Taoist does not, recognize "one" is incredible, not saying. Therefore, they have a real understanding of "a", which is more step more than the name. The "Qi object" also said: "Is it, anything, is that if it is also, it is not an argument. However, if you really, it is also an argument. ... forgotten the year Forget your thoughts, so that it is unique. "No Supervisory" is a person living in people. Such people not only have knowledge of "one", but also actually experience "one". This. The experience is to live in "no act" experience. He has forgotten all the differences between things, and even forgot all the differences in his own life. In his experience, there is only a chaotic "one", he lives.
描 语 语 描 描 是 是...................... He is truly independent, so his happiness is absolute.
Here we see this here, how to finally solve the inherent engrave of the predecessor. This problem is how to avoid it. However, in the real saints, this is no longer a problem. For example, "Zhuangzi" said: "The family is also the same. It is also one of the things. The four hundred parts will be dust, and the dead end will be staying up all night, but Mo. Slide, and if you have a blessing? "(" Tianzi Fang ") is like this, Zhuangzi is just a way to cancel the problem to solve the problem of Qin Daojia. This is really solving the problem with philosophy. Philosophy does not report any facts, so you can't use specific, physical methods to solve any problems. For example, it can neither make people feel dead, and they can't make people get rich. However, it can give people a point of view, from this point of view, it can be seen that life and death is equal. From a practical point of view, philosophy is useless. Philosophy can give us a point of view, and the views may be useful. With "Zhuangzi", this is "useless use" ("human world"). Sbinosa said that in a certain sense, a known person "exists forever." This is also what Zhuangzi said. Saints, or people, with "Big One", is the universe one. Since the universe always exists, the saints will always exist: "Zhuangzi"'s "Big Master" said: "The husband is in the boat in the gully, Tibetan mountains, it is said to be solid. However, the night is strong, I don't know, I'm too big, I still have something. If the husband is in the world, it is not necessary to come; it is the big feelings of the whole thing. ...... The delegation will not survive the things. " It is in this sense that the sage "exists forever".
Methodology
In order to combine with "Big", the saints must exceed and forget the difference between things. The way to do this is "abdicating". This is also a way to seek "internal". According to common sense, the task of knowledge is to make a difference; knowing a thing is to know that it is different from other things. So the abandonment means forgetting these differences. Everything I have forgotten, there is only one chaotic whole, this is the big one. The saints arrived in this realm, it can be said that there is another higher level of knowledge, and the Taoist called "I don't know". There are many places in "Zhuangzi" to tell the way to forget the difference. For example, "Big Master" is a fictional conversation with Confucius and his favorite disciple: "Yan Hui: 'Retreat.' Ni Ni: 'What is it?': 'Missing矣. ':' Can. Just also. 'It's a day reply.:' Roide. What is it? ':' Music music. ':' 可 矣, I'm also. 'It's a day reply.:' Roide. ':' What is it? ':' 曰 曰 回 坐 矣 矣. '蹴 蹴;' What is to sit for? 'Yan Hui: '堕 体, 黜 黜 离 知 知 知 大 于 曰 通 通 坐 也 曰 也 无 也 也 也 也 也 也 也 也 无 也 无 也 无 也 无 无 也 也 也 也 也 也 也 也 也 也 也 也 也 也 也 也 也 也 也 也"
回 回 方法 方法 方法 方法 方法 方法 方法 方法 道 道 道 道 道 道 道 道 道 道 道 道 方法 道 道. The result of the abdicating is no knowledge. But "ignorance" is different from "I don't know". The "ignorant" state is the original ignorant state. And "I don't know" is to be reached after a known phase. The former is the product of nature, the latter is the creation of the spirit.
Different from this, some people are very clear. They use the "Forget" to express the decision of their methods, which is very deep. The sage is not a person who keeps the original ignorant state. They have a rich knowledge in a period, which can make a variety of differences, just later forgetting them. They differ from the original ignorant people, and the courageous people are as big as those who have lost their consciousness.
