To understanding
Debian system
First, what is GNU / Linux Distribution (GNU / Linux Suite)?
What is debian? Many people may have installed basic Debian systems in the steps introduced by the author, but in this problem, do you still have the same question mark in your heart? Although this article is not introducing the history of Debian, there are many basic ideas of Debian, and you will still make you understand with your shortest possible way.
We all know that the so-called GNU / Linux Distribution (Common Redhat, Mandrake, SUSE, Debian is a big suite composed of software and Linux Kernel, but because the general user is difficult to understand the complete Linux development history, Therefore, most people now put Linux with redhat, mandrake, etc., the DISTRBUTION, etc., and some people often summarize X Window System into part of Linux, which is very ridiculous, but this paper focuses from these The difference in nouns, but I hope everyone has some basic and correct cognition. The author is divided into three major categories:
Linux kernel
The operating system core, Linux belongs to multi-tasking system, which of course depends on Linux kernel, in addition to this Linux Kernel also contains many hardware drivers, but the modular design allows Linux Kernel to add or add or Deleting the module, due to such features, Linux can also be applied to the embedded system.
Basic libc, utility..etc
We also need the basic C-card library of libc, which we can develop some basic programs to help us operate, such as: LS, MV, CP .., etc.
Of course, if there is a need to add other libraries.
X Window System
A set of Unix's standard graphical window interface developed by MIT (US Mass Institute), so X development is more early than Linux, just later porting it to Linux (Xfree86), so we can use Linux X WINDOW SYSTEM Cut Discussion, usually our familiar MS Windows operating system is a system that combines the GUI and OS Kernel, which is a completely different system architecture with Linux and X. Don't get mixed.
We can make a lot of graphics related applications, such as replacing the MC with GMC (GNOME graphical interface file management software, such as Figure GMC), with Nortan Comand under the past DOS, there is X let us give your computer's visual experience More intense, want to see the pattern-like web page is also necessary to open Mozilla (or other browser) under X, so there is a graphical interface environment that makes our computer more affinity and more beautiful.
Of course, many cases are software that uses instruction efficiency than using graphical interfaces. The author surrenders, in fact, I don't have to use the GMC graphic interface archive of the GMC graphics interface; even if I entered X, I will still open an X Terminal (may be CRXVT or Is ETERM, then enjoy the fun of flying tapping instructions. But I will encounter a browsing web or sending an email, I will use Mozilla because this browsing web page and watching email have graphic assistant or pleasing. The computer is dead, the human brain is alive, so please remember that people go with a computer instead of computer slavery, so we have to use a computer.
The first two items described above can complete a basic Linux Distribution, and X is another large GRAPHIC User Interface topic. If you just take Debian as a server that provides a network service, it does not need to install X Window System, but if you imagine the author as his own Desktop, it is very necessary to have X, No X is a lot of color. In terms of Debian, of course, the above three parts of the above three parts are covered with the general commercial LINUX DISTRIBUTION Bao Mountain, which is different from the DEBIAN habits. From the most basic system, what software needs to be put on, maybe you will refute Redhat, Mandrake can also be started from the installation base system as Debian, the author absolutely agreed, but the author believes that using Debian can easily achieve such purposes. If you start reading this article, and installing Debian with the author's step, you should know the philosophy of Debian innate design.
In principle, DEBIAN is like Linux Distribution issued by other commercial companies. Plus the Linux Distribution of the Linux core plus a bunch of software portfolios. But very special is that Debian is non-profit organization, but organizational architecture is rigorous and has a complete software. Management, contributors come from all over the world, I think that at least such an organization does not have a comparison of the company's operating pressure, and it is also better to advertise all parties, so even if the economy does not have a close closure. risk.
In the DEBIAN organization, there is a very special Distribution level system, which is Stable, Testing, UnStable, and light. It can be seen from the literal, and Stable is the most stable version. UnStable is the version in the development. Many people mistakenly thought that only the software wrapped in Linux Distribution like redhat, Mandrake, and Debian must not have so many software, which is of course the concept of mistake, and the debian has more than 3,950 software, and will also Increased, because Debian is not a commercial company, the person will not be affected by the company.
We are all used to saying redhat, mandrake .., etc., "Linux Distribution", in fact this concept is wrong and has a biased, these distributions are just using Linux as the core, but supplemented more to Linux core Unrelated software, such as: Glibc, X Window System..etc. Among them, the GNU's software is most important, because the free software of the GNU contains the most underlying C-Funct Library (GLIBC), compiler (GCC) .., etc., Light LINUX KERNEL is unable to complete a complete system, so "GNU / Linux" is the correct name.
Third, look at the three major group systems unique to Debian with level points: Stable, Testing, UnStable
STABLE
You can guess the eighth perspective of "Stable". Yes! This is the version of Debian's foreign release. The biggest feature of this version is stable, but the relative software suite is usually not the latest version.
This version is applicable to the most stable Server settling environment, and the installed software is less.
Testing
Although the "testing" is called the beta, the facts are quite close to the "Stable" version. This version of the software is mostly in "unstable", and the developer has flown after the development of the developer, so some extent In fact, it has already been preliminary testing. Most of the software here is also quite stable, and a software kit will be new than "stable", but the software is more than "Stable" and "unsteable" The integrity of this is coming. The author strongly recommends that if you want to take Debian as a Desktop platform, "Testing" is a very good choice.
UnStable
"Unstable" is only a "beta" for me. The biggest feature here is that the software update is fast, almost always synchronized with the software, because the people who use "unsTable" must also bear higher risks. Sometimes you can encounter all the software to update all the software in an early morning, it is found that some software can't work properly, but fortunately, this situation will only last or two days, because I said "Unstable" features If the update is fast, once someone returned the problem, the maintenance person will make a correction.
If you like "play" software, if you don't care about there are some Truoables, try this version!
Third, look at the distribution of Debian software with vertical point of view: Main, Contrib, Non-Free, Non-US
Debian Distribution is a very important Linux Distribution. I said that the purity of Free is very high, "Free" is very interesting, but represents free, free two, for example, because so often cause beginners The trouble, many related books have different explanations, but the so-called "free Software" should be "free software", not "free software", what is free? Is to do anything you want to do for the software, for example: you can use, modify .. or even sell it. These are one of the characteristics of free software, but free software has no version? Actually, they will be more or less will be announced into several special copyright issuance, and the most common there are the following:
GNU General Public License (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html)
Artistic license (http://language.perl.com/misc/artistic.html)
BSD Style license (http://www.debian.org/misc/bsd.license)
Among them, the BSD license is the most elasticity and copyright issue of BSD License, and the law is not the author's expertise. If you are interested, please go directly to the relevant URL.
Since Debian's persistence of "Free" purity, sometimes some software is not free software, but quite famous, such as: mozilla, such a situation allows DEBIAN to fall into two difficulties, so Debian is made for all Software Suite (packages) Classification, under the main classification item of Debian Packages:
main
Debian Distribution is the most basic and mainly software that meets the free software specification (Packages).
Contrib
Although the software here can operate in Debian, even if it belongs to free software but most is the non-free software. Non-free
Software that does not belong to free software.
Non-US
The software in this classification comes from non-US regions, which may involve patents, encryption .. etc.
Fourth, distinguish between "Sources.List" and two basic software installation instructions: Tasksel, Apt-Get
Through the instructions in the previous section, I believe that your grading system for Debian has preliminary understanding, the overall contour is gradually obvious, but in the actual use of reality, each version is not a clear.
"Do you have a few question mark on your head? "Simply, even if I use the" Testing "version, I can still use the software in" Stable "or" UnStable ", which is not a hypothesis, an example, currently only" unsteable "to provide the latest Mozilla software, if you are using "Stable" or "Testing", you still have the latest version of Mozilla in "UnStable", how to do it? After reading "The section is modified" Sources.list "to determine the Source version", you will be clear.
Despite this, the author does not recommend using a large number of software in different levels of software, because many software have different degrees of depend between different levels, and the forced results will cause more software dependence, and the problem is generated, which ultimately affects the system stability. The entire software upgrade system is working properly.
The author's personal use is "Testing" version, but because some individual software such as Mozilla, GIMP, etc., it is unable to use some "unsTable" software, and use it so far, there is no big Troubles, my suggestion is Software close to the system, such as: glibc, xfree86, more be careful, because these software is more than half of it, a non-possession system may have to rebuild!
Determine the Source version by modifying "Sources.list"
How to determine how the installed software belongs? The method is quite easy, and all information is recorded in the "/etc/apt/sources.list" text file.
The set format of the Sources.List file is very simple, as follows:
DEB URI Distribution [Component1] [ComponNent2] [...]
Describe the details of each option:
DEB
There are only two ways of writing, namely "DEB" and "DEB-SRC", respectively, indicating that the server is pointed to the server location of the Software Suite stored in the Binary format (compiled ", which is Sources format. (Including the original code Software Suite) Software Suite server location.
In short, usually we just want to install the software without wanting to recompile it, just fill in "DEB" in this column, if you want to get the original code of a software, you have to join " DEB-SRC ", of course, can be written in both lines, as follows:
Deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian Stable Main Contrib Non-Free
Deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian Stable Main Contrib Non-Free
Uri (Universal Resource Identifier)
The URI refers to the source of the software suite, which can be a location (file) within the system, can be a CD-ROM (CDROM), which can be a network remote location (http, ftp) .., etc., when you When the APT-GET command, you will go to these locations to search for the software database. In summary, there are a total of several parameters such as File, CDROM, HTTP, FTP, COPY, RSH, SSH, and more common parameters are as follows: file
Can be a directory on your system, as follows:
Deb file: / home / motor / debian Stable Main Contrib Non-Free
You can also be your mount to the remote NFS Server in your own system, as follows:
DEB FILE: / MNT / NFS-Server Stable Main Contrib Non-Free
CDROM
Here, it is the position of the optical disk on the optical discs, for example:
DEB CDROM: / DISTS Stable Main Contrib Non-Free
HTTP
Transfer through HTTP protocol, for example:
Deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian Stable Main Contrib Non-Free
FTP is transmitted through the protocol of FTP, for example:
Deb ftp://ftp.us.debian.org/debian Stable Main Contrib Non-Free
It is worth mentioning that it is very flexible through such a mechanism. The source location can be almost any corner on the network. It is not necessarily the debian Office platform, and the Personal. DEB software suite can also be opened to the network. People use, for example, the current Debian official "Stable" version of Linux kernel is not the latest version, and Bunk netizen helps to make the latest version of Keernel for debian package, and provide "deb http://people.debian.org / Bunk / debian potato main 」This private location, we can add this location in the" /etc/apt/sources.list "setting file, and then achieve BUNK by" APT-GET UPDATE ". For Debian's kernel package (currently in Testing has the latest Kernel, there is no need to install it through other sources). For more detailed KERNEL upgrade methods, please refer to Debian upgrade KERNEL is easy.
Such sharing mechanism is great! Because Debian official has certain regulations for software screening, if a software can't enter Debian's package tree, we don't want to install by Source Tallball, we can make us still Use Debian's good software management mechanism and you can use additional software.
Distribution
The parameters can be divided into "stable", "testing", "unstable", detailed definitions, please refer to the three-duty group system unique to the Debian: Stable, Testing, UNSTABLE section.
Component parameters are divided into "main", "constrib", "non-us", "non-free" detailed definition, please refer to the distribution of Debian software in a vertical point of view: Main, Contrib, Non-Free, Non- US section.
After understanding the writing specification of "Sources.List", we can reach the demand for different versions via modifying this file, for example under the "Stable" version, we change the software server recorded by "Sources.List" content to "unsteable" Yes, as follows: # See Sources.list (5) for more information, especial
# Remember That You Can Only Use HTTP, FTP OR File Uris
# CDROMS Are Managed Through The Apt-CDROM TOOL.
#deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian Stable Main Contrib Non-Free
#deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-us stable / non-us main control
#deb http://security.debian.org Stable / Updates Main Contrib Non-Free
# Uncomment if you want the apt-get source function to work
# deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main control non-free
# Deb-src http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-us stable non-us
Deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ Stable Main Non-Free Contrib
Deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ Stable Main Non-Free Contrib
Deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-us stable / non-us main control Non-Free
DEB-SRC http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-us stable / non-us main contrib Non-Free
Change to:
# See Sources.list (5) for more information, especial
# Remember That You Can Only Use HTTP, FTP OR File Uris
# CDROMS Are Managed Through The Apt-CDROM TOOL.
#deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian Stable Main Contrib Non-Free
#deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-us stable / non-us main control
#deb http://security.debian.org Stable / Updates Main Contrib Non-Free
# Uncomment if you want the apt-get source function to work
# deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main control non-free
# Deb-src http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-us stable non-us
Deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ unsteable main non-free contrib
DEB-SRC http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ unstebile main non-free controldeb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-us unsteable / non-us main control Non-Free
DEB-SRC http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-us unsteable / non-us main contrib Non-Free
In this way, even if you are in the environment of Debian "Stable", you can also install the software in Debian "UnStable" through "APT-GET Directive".
Some considerations about "Sources.List"
Despite "Sources.List", we can make us simultaneously obtain different versions of software, but there must be special reminding everyone, in addition to the "Sources.list" file, "Sources.List" file, in the first time, in addition to the first installation of "Sources.List" files This file will also be modified to "Sources.List.Testing" to "Testing", and "Sources.List.unstable" pointing to "Unstable", if you need to install other versions, you only need to replace the original "Sources.List "Cooperate with the" APT-GET "instruction.
If you insist on maintaining a "Sources.List" file is also possible, please remember a principle, if your "Sources.list" contains "Stable", "Testing", "Unstable" three sources The system will be dominated by the latest version. In other words, it is almost equal to setting to "unsteable" because the new old "unstening" is new "Stable".
As so much, you don't need to mix it, because the system always recognizes the latest, actually doing this to use the "Testing" version of the most common, this is three versions of "Testing" The least, so sometimes the software "should" "should" "should", the author will suggest, "Stable" and "Testing" mixed, so if you want to install the software is not "testing" Testing In the forehead, the system can also go to "stable" to search, if you still can't find it, you can affirm that Debian is not included in the software.
If you decide to use the "Testing" version as the author, please remember not to add "unsteable" server source to your "Sources.List", because once the update is complete, your system has also become "unsteable" version , Remember! Remember!
At the end, it is the author's "Testing Sources.List":
# See Sources.list (5) for more information, especial
# Remember That You Can Only Use HTTP, FTP OR File Uris
# CDROMS Are Managed Through The Apt-CDROM TOOL.
Deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian Testing main Contrib Non-Free
DEB http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-us testing / non-us main contrib Non-Free
Deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian testing main control/deb-src http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-us testing / non-us main control Non- Free
#for gnome
#deb http://spidermonkey.ximian.com/distributions/debian unsteable main
#deb http://red-carpet.ximian.com/debian testing main
Taiwan Debian Mirror Site List
I know that every friend's network quality is not the same, and the author takes the US speed is not bad, but there must be more friends who have difficulties in the United States, don't matter, don't be discouraged, you can try the Taiwan Mirror Station under the bottom:
Talented river
DEB http://ftp.tku.edu.tw/os/linux/distributions/debian/ testing main non-free contrib
Deb http://ftp.tku.edu.tw/os/linux/distributions/debian/non-us testing / non-us main non-free contrib
Debian Taiwan
Deb http://debian.linux.org.tw/debian Woody Main Non-Free Contrib
Deb http://debian.linux.org.tw/debian-non-us woody / non-us main non-free contrib
Zhongshan
Deb ftp://ftp.nsysu.edu.tw/linux/debian/ Testing Main Contrib Non-Free
Deb ftp://ftp.nsysu.edu.tw/linux/debian/debian-non-us testing / non-us main control
APT-GET instruction operation
I often dance with my friends "To learn Debian as long as I learn the APT-GET this instruction." Of course, this is a joke, it is absolutely impossible to be so simple, but I will say that after you have completely installed it, I will wait until your debian system is completely installed. You will be as degraded like me to only "Apt-Get Update; Apt-Get Upgrade" instructions every day. :-)
In Debian, the software is installed, removed, and the upgrade is completely relying on the DPKG instruction (for more detailed introduction, please refer to the DPKG section), the DPKG instruction is very powerful, but it is relatively complicated. Causes the inconvenience, therefore currently derived a number of Front end software management programs (please refer to the number of DPKG Front End Software Manager section) to help us simplify the steps of software management, and "APT-GET" is I am most familiar with a set of instruction programs that are most popular in Debian users. Now also transplant "APT-GET" to other GNU / Linux Distribution (Note).
Perhaps you have been "distinguished version" Sources.List "and two basic software installation instructions: tasksel, Apt-get" dizzy, but the author believes that you understand this section. After the "APT-GET" directive introduced, there must be "suddenly open", "Mournington's opening".
"APT-GET" instructions are very simple, listen to comparison options and parameters, to get the most complete information, please "man Apt-get". Note!! Execute the "APT-GET" instruction to be executed as "root"!
APT-GET UPDATE
Software database synchronization:
This is the starting point of the "APT-GET" instruction. Before you issue any "APT-Get" related software installation or upgrade instruction, you must first "APT-GET UPDATE" instructions, which will allow the system to set up "Sources.List" Software source server locations in the document, so that software database comparison movements can be known to know if the software installed on the current system is consistent with the software version of the server on the server. If it is inconsistent, the updated version can be upgraded or installed. The next "APT-GET Install, Apt-Get Upgrade, Apt-Get Dist-Upgrade .." can then complete the follow-up action.
APT-GET INSTALL
Software Installation:
Installing software is most fear is the dependence of the software, the relationship, in the "preface", also mentioned the annoying experience of other GNU / Linux Distribution used in the past, but the installation software in Debian is a very pleasant thing. As long as the "Apt-Get Install" one-line command is simple and easy to complete, all dependence, the Debian will help us take care, you have to do "Say Yes".
Apt-Get Remove
Software removal:
Like Install, DEBIAN will help you process dependence issues when you remove the software.
APT-GET UPGRADE
software upgrade:
It is difficult for us to conscientiously worry about whether there is a new version of dozens or even hundreds of software installed on the system. Now, as long as this instruction Debian will automatically find all new version of the software suite and upgrade one by one.
example:
Under the end, the author performs the "APT-GET UPGRADE" system report search situation and asks if the screen is agreed to upgrade:
APT-GET DIST-UPGRADE
System Upgrade:
When transfers the entire system, if "Stable" is converted to "Testing", or the system is running for a while, it should be smart to deal with many software dependence, repellency problems.
DIST-UPGRADE
APT-GET SOURCE
If you want to get the original code of a software suite, you can reach this instruction.
Apt-get clean
We will first download the "/ var / cache / APT / Archive /" / "/" directory through any software installed by the APT-GET / APT / Archive / Partial / ", generally preset APT-GET is installed. After the software, it will not kill the ".deb" under the above position. After a while, you feel that the system space is not enough, you can automatically clean the system with "APT-GET CLEAN".
Apt-get autoclean
Similar to "Apt-Get Clean", the APT-GET will automatically delete the ".deb" file of the software after the installation is complete.
APT-GET CHECK
Apt-get is not a million, sometimes there will be problems, as with the figure Broken, you can diagnose the problem with "Apt-Get Check" when you encounter problems.
Apt-Get Remove --Purge `Deborphan` (Clear system redundant library)
When you use Debian for a while, if you are installing, remove the software will have a residual library in the system, because when you install the software, Debian installed additional library in accordance with the software dependent characteristics, but when you remove it When the software, the LIBRARY installed in the initial part is not necessarily removed. After a long time, the system will have residual library. At this time, you can use this line instruction to remove the useless library in the system to ensure the cleaning of the system. . Other common auxiliary options:
-f (-fix-broker)
If you can't install it, try the "-f" parameter.
-d (-download-only)
Only download ".deb" without installing, the downloaded file will be stored under "/ var / cache / APT / Archives /".
Example: "Apt-Get -D Install ATERM".
--Purge
This parameter will help you remove the software that you want to remove the software.
Example: "Apt-Get --Purge Remove ATERM".
