Text / Hu Xian
Bat: Chinese people's inferior tragedy 100-year-old wine, a hundred years rationality, century-old servant 21st century, no need to fly back to the south
Note: The author Hu Xianyi (Hu, HSien-chin is the humanologist who stays in my country.
The study of anthropologists and psychologists show that although each member of the human society is craving, it is very different from the value of the value and the respected respected. When analyzing the emphasis on key culture and basic attitude, it must be kept in mind: Even for the most common levels in human life, each society will form different ideas.
The differences in this type of concept are often reflected in the language. But I really need to understand these concepts for their intentions, and must carefully study the situation of these concepts. The Chinese people are in studying the concept of "face" ideas, one because of the two groups of criteria to obtain reputation and stabilizing or lifting status, while understanding in the same cultural architecture How to compromise between each other.
These two groups can be distinguished by two words. As far as the literal, the meaning of both words refers to the "face" department of the body. One of them is "face", which represents a reputation in China. This is a step in step by step in life. It is also accumulated by personal efforts or deliberate operation. reputation. To get this affirmation, whether yourself must be releared in an external environment at any time. The other is the concept of "face". Although Americans have a slightly known, they have never truly understand it. This is the respect for the group's morality: this kind of person will fulfill the obligation of the response; no matter what circumstances, it will show yourself. It represents the social trust of self-determination. Once you lose it, it is difficult to continue to work properly in the community. "Face" is not only a social binding of moral standards, but also a self-restrictive power of internalization.
Since there have never been noted in the past two groups of reputation standards, this paper will analyze the two concepts in detail, and they discuss their practical applications in social situations.
In the two words "face" and "face", the latter is far from the former, and it is already possible to find it in ancient literature. As early as the 4th century BC, "face" has a symbolic meaning of the relationship between self and society; "Face" is a comparative modern noun, the earliest class of "Kangxi Dictionary" is from Yuan Dynasty (AD 1227). To 1367). This word seems to originate from northern China, and then gradually replaced "face" in the sense of the body, and has obtained some symbolic meaning. At the same time, "face" plus meaningless virtual characters "son" and develop a variety of different significance. Today, these two words are common in northern China and the central part, but the use of "face" in the middle of the Yangtze River is not as wide as it is in the north. However, although we have already understood what the "face" and "face" are all, the average person does not consciously understand the difference.
First, face
(1) "Shalling face"
"Shalling face" is the blame of groups that are not moral or socially disagreed. It is seriously damaged the social ethics. Once known for the public, it constitutes the stains of personal character, while triggering everyone's mutual blaming. Fraud, unveiled crimes, despicable behavior, wrong judgment, for the lie of private interests, there is a dereliction of behavior, back to the promise, deceive customers, there are women's husbands and girls, these It is possible to trigger some of the socially disconnected behaviors. For self, it is "shameless face".
An experience in which American is traveling in mainland China, can be used as a simple example of "shaving face". In a small village, she agreed with a farmer, using a farmer's donkey as a vehicle. When I got the agreed day, the farmer ran, his scorpion did not have a time, asked her to wait another day. Because they have already had about being in the first, he insisted that ladies would try to find another one. They argue in the hotel and then quarrel outside the courtyard. The onlookers did not speak, but some elderly people have always shaken their heads, and there is a word in the mouth. The peasant's emotions are getting higher, and they want to prove that they are right. Finally, he took the head to leave, no longer arguing, let the American lady find a donkey. The farmer has already felt that the masses did not agree. Everyone is not difficult to use the dilemma of the United States traveler, so that he thinks "shames". A criminal case that took place in Beijing in 1935 is the best example of "shaving face" severity. There is a very close relationship with a college student and a female student. He has promised to marry her, but when she finds her pregnancy, she writes the letter to deny his commitment. The girl immediately went to his dormitory to find him. After you can't stay, she immediately hanged suicide. The student was arrested immediately and was sentenced to 10 years in prison. Because his irresponsibility caused the girl to walk on the road, the public reached its extremely dissatisfied with his dissatisfaction. Suicide itself is a strongest complaint, causing many people to talk about his bad deeples, let him "lose his face." However, the public's argument is not always in the side of the law. If everyone thinks that the crime of the crime committed, although he must be punished by the law, but the public does not think that he is a person who violates moral principles for the private point, he will not "shake face".
In the above example, the victim borrows suicide to expose the character of the negative heart. In fact, it can do this more mild means. The abuse of the abuse may have a temper to the owner, attacking his inhuman behavior. The student may make his ugliness because the teacher makes mistakes. Customers discover that businessmen want to take advantage of the trading, or maybe a large group of people telling them what kind of person is this businessman. Because the businessman cherishes itself, they usually concessive customers, so as not to recruit people's side. Servants, students, customers may use the way to "share face" to protect their rights.
Because of the straightforward angry is the legitimate weapon that is weak or fraudulent, the people who can master the victims of fraud, such as the experts in the local homesick or the city, and when the status is lower, it must be carefully cautious. These physiology should be respected by the lower age and status, but if they lose their self-dignity while they make a violation of social expectations, the higher the social status is higher, he will maintain their dignity, his "face" The more it is easily injured. The poor can spend the expenditure, but if the rich person is more than a weight, there will be lost faces, but cause the public. An educated people and rude countrymen have quarrels, and it is also a loss of dignity. In addition to cumulative knowledge, education should also cultivate the character, so "Drinking ink" is more self-controlled in social behavior than people who have not been educated. Therefore, and the people who don't know will damage the dignity of self, and let him "shake face".
There is also a high level in the family, and the father of the Lord has a higher status than any young man who relying on family life, and should be received; if there is a lower person, if the disposal mistake is It will cause more unsuspects and "shame". Similarly, two boys of the same family are in the same family, one of them may achieve a high position because of marriage. After that, his behavior must be like a responsible adult, and must suppress yourself to make children, such as eating sugar and set firecrackers, these things are unmarried, they are unmarried.
Once I made him a slap in his slap because the maid was unite. Regardless of what people are rude, especially young girls have lost dignity to the maid. Since then, I have to endure my family's blame. In the eyes of other servants, I am "shameful" home. Nobody sympathize with me, the maid has not been unfair to others. This example can also be found in international politics: Before the outbreak of the Second World War, due to the UK's treaty obligation to other small countries, Zhang Bolun's palliative policy was considered extreme "shaped face" in China. In order to take into account your own interests, he is not willing to abide by the commitment to the weak country, it is not true that he is self-consideted as the most powerful empire, and it violates the desire of the British leader to be respected to the gentleman.
Therefore, the extent of "share face" will vary depending on the difference in self-status. When the public is expressing opinions, it is usually considered a factor in life that is worthy of sympathy in life, and the negligence of rich people will often be significantly under its superior social status. The use of economic advantages must be premised on non-violation of moral standards. People who have a dependent status can also use the homework that must maintain the facts of the face. Some college students often ask the first time to be in class, some tough problems, if he can't answer, and show his incompetence, his face is lost. Similarly, in the business, if the creditor cannot obtain the debtor from the tenacious debtor, he can threate the other party: If he publicly accuses the other party's irresponsible and delighted deception, the latter will lose face. Therefore, the debtor often avoids no seeing, this move is usually equal to acknowledging that they are incompetent. If the debtor pays the debt in order to take care of "Face", the creditor will be satisfied, and he has gained moral interests.
Because it realizes that there seems to have an invisible masses who are supervising self-behavior, it will ruthlessly condemn any moral things, and punish them with ridiculous, some people become extremely sensitive. Especially in the occasion of taking active may incur a defeat. It is a good example of marriage to the opposite sex: Modern China has no longer trustwed the marriage of parents, but a boy and a girl are quite familiar, he will usually hesitate before the determination of key issues, usually. Because he is afraid of rejection and the friends who have come. Similarly, the boy is very shame when pursuing girls, afraid that I have a clumsy impression in the opponent's heart, so they usually ask friends to help you introduce yourself to the girl. A young man who has failed the exam will sometimes commit suicide because of extreme shame. To learn about this level of "face", we must further explore the relationship between the concept of personality and "face" in this culture.
Western scholars often review and: Chinese people are often overheard of their achievements and status, and they sometimes even excluding hypocrisy. Some observers often think that this excessive humility is a symbol of confidence. actually not. Evaluation itself, exaggerates your own energy, so that your status is on the same way, it is likely to be treated by the cold eye. Violent behavior is disgusting, any behavior that may incur anything else, such as embarrassing and disgusting, is also true. When people who like to boast are frustrated, they will not only come to the sympathy of friends, but they will be laughtered. Those who have a good judgment of their ability to judge their "light floating"; contrary, serious, prudent assessment itself, and those who have to strive to seek thought to be "stubbed" or "steady". The previous character makes people can't trust, the latter is a good citizen and a trustworthy friend. Since a person is difficult to estimate his abilities at every point, it is impossible to predict the results of each act, so it is wise to pre-deduct its own value. As a result, individuals can constantly hear friends to praise his modest, and increase their confidence in success. I am afraid that it is considered to be "soft floating" is similar to the fear of being condemned because of behavioral inspection, so it will defeate itself, but it is convinced that people will give him higher evaluation.
It seems related to the importance of "cultivation". Since Confucius believes that before the talent that turns into a country, individuals must pass a series of training processes; scholars often emphasize that individuals must be responsible for their self-cultivation. A "no cultivation" is not considering others or likes guys who like to boast. He failed to make things else to explain his immature and unstable, which will also weaken the confidence of the entire community's work. This attitude can also be explained: Why after criticizing others, he is very lost if it is the same mistake. For example, the two of the two people make the same behavior. B may be because of nothing, maybe it is unintentionally mistaken, and its truly intention is not known. After condemning B, it shows that its insight is high, at least he knows that this behavior is very unwise. If he also commits the same mistake, his performance is not weak, which is insufficient. The concept of human nature is in China, and the cultivation of personality should be in the maturity of the soul. Unhearel, try to improve its own character, but only pay attention to others' shortcomings, just as moving the stone, the society will show the contempt of the "share face".
We have said that any violations of moral norms and doing uninhabined behaviors will devalue personal character. After feeling the loss of dignity, you can symbolically expressed in "shackles". I am afraid that "shackles" will keep their individuals consciously, it maintains moral value and demonstrates the power of social constraints. Unmthical behaviors, such as speculators, only criticize others without checking yourself, due to lack of judgment, it may be blamed by the "shackles". The feeling of "shame" is very strong. It does not only trigger the condemnation of society, and it will also make the society lose confidence in the character. Many daily activities in Chinese are all based on trust. Since the social confidence is very important to the self-operation, "shame" has become a specific concern, and its influence on the self-nervous system is even more intense than the actual fear.
Another statement of "shaving face" is "shame". The "person" is mainly referred to as "personality" and "shameless" will be probably replaced by "shame".
Here are other uses of "face", but they are not as important as "shameless face".
(2) "Give someone to someone"
Self usually belongs to a close integration and a group with him. His family, friends group, and his boss will pay attention to his success or failure. So individuals are not just "throwing your own face." The public humiliation or smirk will will affect the family reputation. Young men and women will be severely responsible for the unspeakable things, because this "lost their face." In the case of the above-mentioned abandoned marriage contract, the woman's family feels strong and insisted on severe punishment. The reason why they feel "shameful" is because the girl's suicide is showing the rash of her behavior. The student's behalf is not properly caused, and it is "the face of the school". Many Chinese people feel particularly embarrassed when they encounter Americans, and they are worried that they may "lose their faces" in unintentional violations.
The elders often use this statement to motivate young people to work hard, follow the rules. "Don't lose our face!" Don't just put "face" in the heart of young people, and let them understand that their families have a common responsibility for their behavior. He must keep in mind that his moral must match its family status. This kind of saying occasionally can be used to joke. A boy with an approximately 11-year-old boy said in order to improve his own position, saying that he was 3-year-old prostitute: "You always like to use these odd doors to show off themselves. You are really lost my face." Wearing a singularity The same bad, therefore will be treated in a noble society.
Outside the family, the teacher is also partially responsible for the success or failure of the students. The so-called "teacher" refers to people who are training themselves, whether he is a professor, craftsman or other person who is elected to teach young people; the teacher will only care for the latter Welfare and achievements. If a person "throws his teacher's face", it shows that the teacher is incompetent, then his self will feel ashamed.
If self-serious violation of social norms, it will only be a shadow on his own character and family's reputation, and it will also be doubtful: whether there is a good judgment in his life. Force and fairness. In other words, the extent of "shame" is not only dependent on the severity of personal fault or failure, but also has different significance to others different from self-affliction. (3) "Don't face"
This is a strict accusability, meaning that you don't care about the society, and he will get private interests in violation of moral standards. Social restrictions have nothing to do with this person, because he does not put the rules of the game at all. What's more, if someone "Don't face", his relatives cannot predict his words and deeds. Unless it is forced to the environment, few people are willing to deal with this person.
It should be understood that this statement is mainly to be inexpensive to others, and it is usually considered to be exclusive for traditional customs, but it is not "shaped face". Hanging the sheep head selling dog meat or hoarding business people, the people who have a heart is a heartless person, for the benefit of the money, private city Hui's politicians, use boyfriend and even sell youthful girls, and those such as those such as "don't face", sometimes It can also be said to be "no face".
Since this person is generally impossible to use the law, the public may not be public. But once they encounter unfavorable situations, the society will stand by and unwilling to give morality and material support. They can't rely on the network of social relationships to help them solve, because they have already been trapped in a violation of moral standards. In fact, society will even think that their failure or unfortunate is a receivable of social morality.
"Don't face" is a saying that I often hear when quarreas: "You know that you don't want to justify it, don't you face it?" "If you don't make mistakes, don't face people are you!" Mutual accusation. The most serious situation is that the low status is used in high status. As mentioned earlier, some students like to raise questions to "test" new lecturers. Once, a new teacher could not give a satisfactory answer. After the student ended his test, he still did not want to come over. The students are very welcome: "He doesn't want faces" and then leave. Of course this is very extreme example. If you have sufficient reasons, you can implement this kind of resistance, and you can't show your face. Students may also succeed in blocking the lecturer from lecturing this university.
Sometimes, "Don't face" also has humorous meaning. After people get to the elderly, the customs and moral constraints used to standardize young people have become relaxed. For young people, diet and enjoyment will suffer from unscad, and it is much more tolerant to the elderly. Society knows: They are kind people, and they are willing to forgive some small weaknesses. So when he wants to indulge himself, you can use "I can don't have to face" as a truth. Although this statement is only circulating in Shandong, the elderly have more freedom to deviate from the custom, but is a typical fact. This is not to say that "face" no longer has constraints for the elderly, but mean that society has a self-cultivation of self-cultivation, and it will not happen because he neglects the custom.
On the other end of the age layer, children do not have to be strictly restricted by "face". The child's words and deeds have been behaving more than their actual age, and the boy who is eight or nine-year-old is still robbed. It will be ridiculed. "You don't have a face like this, but no one will really. Teenagers have a considerable degree of consciousness of "face", and they will blame each other "do not face" when quarreling, but their feelings have not yet developed.
(4) "No face"
This statement can now be almost universal with "do not face". This is probably the most severe condemnation for individuals. For example, when the country is crispy, people who become treason have been accused as the fundamental "no face", which means that this person has abandoned the basic obligations of people. Similarly, treating religious beliefs as stepping stone, as a person who is promoted or with people who take material interests, and "no face" in the eyes. The "don't face" and "no face" analyzed here are more strong than "shackles". Some people may have a "loss of face" because of ignorance or experience, and "shackles"; at this time, the word "shackles" is just let the parties know that he has made mistakes. "Don't face" emphasizes the personal will, and someone deliberately excludes "face" to consider. "No face" may be the most stringent in the three: self have lost the feeling of "face", even if he violates moral norms, he is not careless.
When the "shaped face" is universal, there is no passport. It can be determined that at least in the 4th century BC, "no face" has been circulated. At that time, the use of the word "face" was not fixed, and the general purpose is an older word "face". There are two examples in history.
In the end of Zhou Dynasty, the feudal princes were hegemon. Under the prime minister, Qi Qigong finally became the hegemony of the princes. At the end of Shang Zhong, advised Qi Quangong from the court. Qi Qi promised, but later found that he couldn't you have them. After the power of the people, it was designed to overthrow Qi Qigong. Finally, the rebels captured the palace. After Qi Qigong was exiled, the fallen to eat. When he remembered the advice of Zhaobiazhong and heard himself, he couldn't help but sorrow: "The dead is ignorant. If the dead is known, what do I see Master in the ground?"
After the Qin Dynasty was overwhelmed in 207 BC, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang were the most powerful in the struggle of the world, and finally failed. After several defeat, Xiang Yu's army finally surrounded by the enemy group. He knew that he had already went, and he led a team of cavalry to break through, under the enemy, and he fled to the Wujiang side. The local place is headed to meet and tell him how to escape safely. If he returns to Jiangdong's hometown, he may be able to come to the East Mountain. He replied: "I have come out with the Jiangdong Baxi Children. If I can't afford to defeat, even if Jiang Dong's father pity me, even I am Wang, what else, what else, I see Jiang Dong, the old?"
In the above two examples, "face" means "face" and "eyes", and it is still widely used in China in China, but it has been replaced by "face" in northern China. Before the birth, Xiang Yu believes in full: he will win the world. He did not only disappoint those people who trust their talents, and they sacrificed all the young people in the defeat of his negative command.
"I don't have a face to see someone", when I feel that this statement is often used when it is disappointing because of itself. Exhausted his father's hard money, misappropriating public funds, abandoning the country or boss's trusted officials, failed to perform the subordinates of the superior order, because the officers who defeated the defeat, and the leaders of others fail, all Maybe I feel "they don't have face" to see their elders or boss. At this point, you don't have to face public public opinion; even if you only have a person present, or even a person doesn't have, he may also have a sense of disappointing others.
This phenomenon shows complete internalization of social constraints. Self-usually practiced him in the minds to be recognized by society to save their "face".
(5) "Faces and Thin"
The meaning of "skin thick" is a bit similar to "don't face", but it is more euphemistic. Its symbolism is that the skin is still on the face, but it is difficult to use the social deny to penetrate it. This means indifference to the public's unstead, or young people despise the elders to add social moral standards. When the friend constantly suggests that his behavior has passed more than the number of people, and the self is not very unpredictable, this sentence can be used in this sentence. A small example is that there is a guest for a long time. Although the hostess is trying to make her understand that the owner hopes that she is still indifferent. After the other party left, the hostess said to me: "The woman's face is thick!" Chinese people attach great importance to hospitality; they try to avoid letting guests feel unpopular. Therefore, what extent can be made by friendship, and it is entirely to experience himself. Face-thin people are quite sensitive to the foresses of the outside world. They often spend many minds to maintain a good reputation. However, some people's face is too thin, and friends at least the least criticism will make them feel unpleasant. A friend told me when I argued with political career: I have to make a lot of things that violate the conscience. Many scholars were ordered to be a public office, and they could not be able to win. At this time, he will admit: his face is too thin, not suitable for the political circles.
However, in general, society still likes people who are thin, because they compare social norms.
As can be seen from the above discussion: Visiting "face" is a true concern, "shaking face" will bring strong humiliation to self. Since people who don't pay attention to "face" often ignore social constraints, society often gives him the biggest pressure, attempting to instill him to infuse "face" awareness.
The main criteria of "face" include the various virtues who should have in the gentleman. Occasionally negligence will be ridiculed and have been sure to "share face"; repeated commitment will arisely lead to strong unsuspects, even leading to the entire community to clarify the boundaries. When you realize that "share face", the confidence of society has been damaged by the confidence of personal character. It will cause personal dangers that are despised and isolated, so you can have a strong restrictive role in individuals.
Second, face
Although "face" is also a substantive and a symbolic meaning, "face" is developed to develop a wide range of significance, substantive and symbols.
1. "Face" is originally finished in physiology. This usage can still be found in a combination such as both faces and faces. The look is also the meaning of the face, but except for the combination of the face, it is rarely used by the English nouns Looks (outside). The face is also appearing in some common idioms, such as facial blossoms and white scholars, which refers to scholars who are reading.
2. "Surface" may be the surface of the object, such as the surface is the appearance, the desktop is the surface of the table, and the ground is the surface of the earth.
3. "Face" may refer to the direction, such as east or west.
4. "Face" may also be referred to aspects such as front and opposite.
In the above combination, "face" represents a specific concept. Its symbolic meaning includes:
1. Social "aspect", such as eight-sided exquisite independence, no matter where you can get along with different people.
2. It may refer to people face-to-face, such as meeting or face.
3. "Decent" is also good. At this time, the concept of beauty and society is a combination; the appearance of the appearance can say that there is "decent", but the action is generous and the performance is very "decent."
4. As mentioned earlier, China is still using face, and some areas use faces. In the Yangtze River Basin, the face is often used to replace the face.
5. "Guardian". Self-should have a reputation, you must consider your own face. Therefore, the home of the scholars will put a grand birthday banquet for the birthday of the parents, while playing the day of playing for local people to appreciate. Social appreciation increases his face.
Self, sometimes you have to worry about the face of others. For example, he wants to avoid the neighbors of his neighbors, so as not to cause any discussion. Especially when the students are poor, teachers often have concerns. The performance of a certain employee may be prone to Chen, but because of the face of his family, the boss will leave him and give him an opportunity to improve. Sometimes, taking into account the face of others directly violates the benefits of society or the parties themselves. Obviously, there are too many teachers who are not able to correct students, and the executive director or family leader who concerned will also find that he lacks authority. That's why we can find countless examples in Chinese literature, praise individuals don't care, and make your duties.
6. "It's not good to see": This kind is to describe the feeling of the individual in the face of the society. This is related to the concept of face. In fact, the face also has the same usage. But this statement is much smaller than the shame. The latter usually refers to a violation of moral standards, "not good to face" is due to negligence and violates some custom, and whether personal character is not well coordinated. Self feeling that your reputation is subject to some level of damage, but there will be a strong sense of shame and social isolation.
7. "Increase the face": Increasing the way faces include contributing to public welfare organizations, helping people who don't have direct relationships to solve their own difficulties, sign their own names in important documents or Chen lovers, set up schools, orphanage and many more. These moves allow individuals to attract the public's attention and get positive comments. This public will definitely increase your "face."
8. "Subjects": Two people to compete for the son of the feast, surpass each other with the banquet hospital or show off the wealth, and anything possible to obtain public favorable evaluation. The university team is also trying to increase "face" to the alma mater.
9. "Giving the face": Action Action adds B's reputation in front of others. There are many ways to give the face: praise B, emphasize the title of B, emphasize the title of B, respect for his recommendations (even if Ah is not true), these are methods of increasing someone. In other words, they can make the face of Both B look good.
In many cases, give social silent people with an important function of motivating them more efforts. For example, outstanding scientists praised their students' research and encourage the latter to work more.
Sapporting others usually give people a feeling of "no face." People who are in the distance refuse to meet an unknown person or do not want to promise his request, it will not give the latter face, which may make him feel self-defeating. Although some people will delay in this form of self-expansion, they are truly cultivated and respected by society, they will be cautious and do not want to despise others.
It is not necessarily subject to social agreed. Sometimes, a person who is insufficient is selected or assigned to a new position, people may criticize this practice, but the people who are old in the world will say: "He is also a well-known scholar, so they decided to give him face!" Someone It may also take the irony: "Everyone knows that Zhang San can't compete for that work, but he is a classmate, so someone wants to give him a little face." Or, "The guy is really I hate. We may wish to give him a face, so that he shuts it. "
10. "Facade": Food a face. I have revealed someone's mistake, and even Zhang Yang himself is unable to arouse the public, so even if it does not constitute a "shaped face", it will make each other feel that the face is not good. In this example, the former is directly questioned by the latter's character, that is, "don't give him any face." Any cultivated people will avoid this, so as not to hurt the self-esteem of the parties. Do not make any comments, it can make the latter feel that his fault does not attract people, his reputation can also keep loss.
When you are in a high-level official, you usually accept secret investigations and trials. The public does not know the whole process, so there is no comment, and the official can leave a little face.
Don't touch the reputation of others, don't ruin the reputation of others, it is very important, because even if he is sin, it has lost its reputation for many years, and it is difficult to endure for individuals. If we expect him to change it, you should leave some faces to make mistakes. In other words, we must "give him a self-new opportunity". For example, someone has no future in the political stage, but it can't just put him into the cold palace. It is usually made to serve as an inexpensive job, or a position that is good to listen to the right. These examples selected from the political circle show that the more popular people are sensitive to the face. But even in daily lives, it is not a good thing to blame others. Many experience shows that public offenses are disclosed and destroying their reputation, often cause tragedy.
From the above discussion, it can be seen very clearly: this kind of cautious practice is mainly to avoid any initiatives or words that may make others self-invisibility; rather than improving personal self-esteems to ensure its excellent performance. This has echoed each other with a principle commonly used in family education. To encourage children to find excellent character, he must treat him as a person, or deliver him more than its age.
People who have a superior status in society, there is often a word of Jiuding between the same words, so he should "give face to others", this attitude is often referred to as "metrics", different from The amount of instruments carried out at a counted by people when people get along.
12. "Be face": It is necessary to rely on the sale or loot to get a reputation. People who want to face will try their best to show better than their actual situation, more talented, have a better social relationship or more noble character. In Chinese, it is closest to English "To Save Face" (face).
Based on customs, the father should give his daughter a dowry of his identity. However, because the wedding is the most important ceremony in life, a person who wants to face will do its best, take out the most rushing dowry, even if it will make him on the back of the debts, Don't hesitate. Because this can increase his "face".
The following story can be used to illustrate this. After the Revolution of 1911, many of the people's people lost their privileges. Although education, many people can't make a living, many people have become extremely poor. But they still have to keep the dignity of the aristocrat. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, one day, a Manchman entered a teahouse, and his stomach is very hungry, but the money is only enough to buy a small sesame cake. Such a small piece of sesame cake is simply a hungry belly, he is eager to drop the sesame chilly shot on the table. He really wants to pick them, and I am afraid to lose face in front of everyone. He immediately came up with a smart idea: with a pen, in the mouth as ink, writing on the table, taking this action to put the sesame seeds into the mouth. Some debris fall into the table, he must find another way. So he pretended to be angry, first took the table with palms, and then shocked the debris, then continued to write, and the remaining debris was sent to the mouth. This story is in the death of the people's people, which seems to be the common weaknesses of the people around the world.
As we all know, people who lack education or insufficient ability, will be affirmative in the unexpected community once they have achieved a certain social status. There is a humble person, finally served as the police of the police director of a certain city. He is very eager to show his relationship between himself and the senior head, so he bought a calligraphy reel written by Zeng Guofan. He will take the name of the reel and then write his name. I hope that people think that he is a friend of Zeng Guofan. However, he didn't know that Zeng Guofan has died before he was born.
The "face" statement can also be applied to international politics. In the Second World War, there was a New York reporter report: Hitler condemned the Soviet Union to use only old equipment in the Wennish war, and left the best weapon to deal with Germany. He is obvious to get rid of the face for yourself, unfortunately, this defense is anger Finnish, because this is equal to that they are a bad warrior. They feel that their faces are damaged, so the group displays Hitler's statement. Hitler is very "facing face" in front of his own people, but I forgot to give the Allies "Face". 13. "Dressing": A license is not very respectful, but in order to enlighten the good feelings of the latter, the Hie will show a certain degree of respect, just make the latter will not feel unpleasant. The following is an international political example: One day, there is a Chinese student saying: In the War of China, the British has been in the face of Chinese people, they encourage China to continue to fight, will do some promises when necessary, but Only provide substantial assistance. This statement understands that this student has no confidence in the sincerity of the UK. In order to protect the other party, the self often hide his actual idea, even if he must be responsible for his opinion, it is also. Therefore, when commented a book, the book reviewer, perhaps it was a bad thing, but if the author was a celebrity or a book reviewer friend, he had to express his views. Friend's friends do not agree with this approach, and know his motivation is the face of this writer. Needless to say, this statement indicates a mean of unique power. For example, the executive head of the first place, may not be able to see some people in the local social leader, but in order to express modest, he is also perfunctive.
14. "Face": This statement is very similar to "considerations".
15. "No face": It means that the self-owned reputation is not enough to reach a target. For some special factors, someone wants to meet a special person, but because there is no famous gas in the circle, I will arrange a more popular friend.
16. "We have faces" or "everyone has faces." The "we" in the first statement, including the object of the dialogue. The face here represents a friendship between individuals can trust. Therefore, if A and B have a face, he can determine that B will give him friendly assistance when necessary, and B is in front of the people, will also increase his face. This relationship emphasizes that the rookie is coming, so someone is more and more of the circle of "face", the more they can pass the dilemma.
17. "And I have a face": This statement is very similar to the previous statement. For example, someone needs to find someone to talk to the upper division for him, and I happen to be very familiar with this boss. He "and I have a face", I won't refuse to help him. Therefore, his subordinates will try to ask me to talk about his boss. If the obligation contained in this statement, it may destroy the secular etiquette. In practical practices, a person rarely presents such a relationship. Sometimes, individuals will use this statement to put pressure on someone. For example, please ask someone to have dinner, and the other party is interested in refuse, then the individual may say: "Don't I don't have this little face?" Although it is a joke, it is not easy. thing.
18. "Look at my face" or "respect my face": Individual usually uses this kind of saying to persuade the two orientations of fighting or quarrel. The Chinese did not have the concept of "fair basin", and it is already acknowledging that there is no reason, once a battle, both parties are more powerful, regardless of who is not. Therefore, after the quarrel is lost, the intermediary (mostly the older age) will immediately appear, pull the two, tell them the truth until they stop. In order to let him talk more effectively, he will ask both to "see my face" and stop quarrel. In order to be the interests of the parties, this appeal is not ignored by people who have the status. 19. "The face of someone": someone wants to use this statement when using his relationship with a reputation in society. When you find a job, you will often mention someone as a introducer. Even if there is only one side between them, but because the latter is very high, the opportunity he is admitted is thus increased. On the other hand, most people are also happy to be a introducer of others, because this is an excellent standard for testing their reputation. Although he is not familiar with someone, a famous person is willing to promise to recommend the other party's character. A specific example is: a famous industrialist finds that its distant house is called his son to seek the head. When the industrialist's son heard the news, he was responsible. His nephew will climb with him, it is
Because he has a position in society. Since everyone has no loss, why bother to remove this young man's scam?
20. "Face things": This is used to explain the personal way to take the move, purely to keep your face, or give others face. For example, an annoying young man also column named a member of a banquet. Because his father is a senior official, the banquet owner must maintain a good relationship with the latter, this is "face things". Another example, the New Year's Day, someone thinks it is necessary to give the boss to the year, because this is also "face things".
"Face" is usually something that personal is not willing. However, in order to maintain a reputation and expand social relationships, individuals are still not doing. On the other hand, an intimate friend may ask individuals to make some sacrifices or pay certain considerations. Personally promised without any objection, this is self-feeling, not face things.
Third, conclusion
The examples mentioned above illustrate the two concepts of "face" and "face", and the relationship between self and its environment. Both represent the group's respect for individuals, but they have different standards.
"Face" refers to the confidence of society to individual moral character. The concept of sin is not completely known in Chinese culture, but it does not have a significant position. The hypothetical assumptions require individuals to abrasive their own character in accordance with their own talents and status requirements. Ignoring the standards of this behavior will make the group doubt individual morality, and even doubt what he is good. This "shackles" will protect ourselves outside the society of the gentleman, so that he is isolated and uneasy. "Face" is not only in conjunction, and it also constitutes an intrinsic restriction power. Everyone should have seen that the maintenance or loss of "face" is in whole. Although the feeling of being lost, although it is strong, but for individuals, "face" has formed an unsearable entity. In some extreme examples, I realized that my behavior was condemned by the group's norms, and even the way to commit suicide.
"Face" and "face" are very different, it can be borrowed, strive, add, perfuncture, these words are gradually increased. Its establishment is the first to use high, wealth, power and talent, and then use a means to develop social relationships between some current flows, while avoiding making possible active actions. The society gives "face" value is also double. On the one hand, it refers to the reputation obtained by the legitimate path, which is represented; on the other hand, it suggests a "self-expanding" desire. Although moral standards are the basis for assessing the value of the individual, but individuals can still use self-expansion as a driving force for further potential. When discussing the different reactions of "no face" and "no face", "face" and "face" are already different. The former is the most serious insult, which involves the integrity of personal moral character. The latter only means that self cannot appear, and it is also available. It is worth emphasizing again that "face" is not "not face". The foregoing says that the latter means that individuals intend to contempt for moral norms in order to obtain substantive benefits. "Be face" is to improve or maintain a reputation that exceeds the actual status. In this case, the hidden motivation behind the personal action is revealed, and he will take care of his "face". From a personal point of view, lack of impact or persuading the ability of its integrity, can't make them believe that he is the building of the building, it is worth regrettling, but this is not like the society to lose confidence in his character. Self-esteem caused a serious blow.
The "face" is the basic element of the character. It is also one of the conditions that determine the "face". Once the face is lost, the face is difficult to maintain. Due to this intricate relationship, the concept of face and the concept of face have overlap. It is intentionally to lose face, but also say that it does not consider a certain face. Sensitive people think that it is very shameful, and it is often "not good to see him or her face" in the foreigner. In addition, because the customs across the country have some degree of difference, some kind of behavior will lead to shame or loss, and its distribution is also very different. Therefore, "face" and "face" are not two completely independent concepts. However, they clearly refer to two different standards that are used to evaluate personal behavior.
The importance of "face" and "face" is different from the social environment in which individuals. Everyone who grows in any community can have an honesty, integrity "face"; but "face" will vary depending on the family status, individual relationship, and self-influence of others. In the tight societies, everyone knows the minimum requirements of everyone. Anyone who does not fulfill its role should make unsubstantial social life. For example, if the Lord is not responsible, add the burden of the feeding family in his relatives or neighbors, this is not responsible behavior, will make people suspect whether he has the ability to maintain its position. Therefore, the society has identified: people who are not trusted to "light float", because this kind of person does not pay attention to their duties and obligations, and the concern of "face" is not enough. At the same time, small farmers, stores, workers, etc. also know that "stable" people are more reliable, because they pay attention to their "face" is very fuss with secular wealth. They know that as long as they maintain honest "face", they can get a help of friends.
Therefore, in the operation of "face" in society, as a means ensures self-social and economic security and maintaining self-esteem. It is mainly to make the society form a certain view of its moral product. Personal must live in the same place for a long time. If a "share" is happening, change the residence to make your individual in a new environment, so that he gets rid of the memory of the lingering. Therefore, for those who pay for their respect for their respective people, the city full of job opportunities has become a popular refuge. However, even after the city, the individual finds a stable job, the "face" standard still exists. When the craftsman collects comseasters, they will try to understand his door to people and his family. When the company hires accounting, it will ask the candidates to find a status to ensure its good conduct. So a custom is that anyone wants to find a job, or if you want to do business in the place where you leave your hometown, you must first find a good store in your hometown and issue a written guarantee. Others can know: When this person is in his hometown, how big is the level of "face".
In order to achieve the trust of others, even the poorest farmers or workers should try to maintain their "face". Although he can't get "face" because of the head, he can make it cautious, so that there is no stain in your own character. In this way, it can guarantee that he can find a job when you need it. When you suffer, you can get symptoms when you can't get a dispute, and when you must go to the outside, you will be willing to recommend him. Local employers.
The Chinese class's personal foundation is better, and there are many opportunities to climb up, but he must be cautious to fell from the social ladder. At this point, "Face" is still quite important, but for self, "face" becomes a more serious problem. Because he knows, you can increase your reputation as much as possible, you can step by step by step. In order to use various opportunities in society, he must try to show your own talent, expand its own interaction, and strictly following the customs of society. He climbed height on the social ladder, and more people stared at his career, and he needs to try to give people a good impression. Of course, he must try to avoid shaking face. If some people suspect the integrity of their moral character, the dignity in social groups will decrease. Any politician, lawyer, doctor or scholar must first establish a face before enhancing its social status.
At the mall, although "face" is the main consideration, "face" has its importance. Once society is sure that someone is working, be good, and his reputation may be far more than his meager assets. His creditors know that he will do our best to repay the debt in order to keep social respect. Until the world, why do Chinese businessmen who are cautiously known often do not have written contracts, the reason is here.
People who care about "face" are more trustworthy. Because for them, "face" is more expensive than wealth. However, some businessmen are unscrupulous. The liquidity of the urban population makes these unscrupulous businessmen to make a clear violation of moral norms. Many people hate business people, because they excessively emphasize the motivation of pursuing interests. Everyone always feels: the people who are profitable will not care about their morality. Only when the supply and demand trust each other and is satisfactory, the business can prosper. In Chinese society, individuals can see a part of their reputation for "face"; for example, in the example of the above-mentioned business transactions, both the merchants will be attacked by all walks of life.
Even in just as the right society, "face" is also very valued. The thief behavior is usually caused by hunger and despair. Some of the wrongdies have defined laws, but they have not lost their sense of justice. They only grab more people who wealth, sometimes even helping the poor. Before the Second World War, there was a thief in Beiping because he was robbed and a lot of noise. This kind of person certainly said that "face" can't talk, but its behavior shows their respect for morality. It can be seen that they are under the environment, they are not a thief, they are not "not face". We have discussed the importance of "face" on personality assessment, as well as "face" how to make individual social status. The middle class must do everything we can maintain "face" and increase reputation. Most of the upper society is promoted by the middle class, and the senior executives of the government must also make "face" and "face" unremitting struggles. Some ministers feel that when they are unobstructed, they will even end their own lives in their hands. However, among the leaders of the head, especially in a very period, many people often pay more than "face". Speculators often do not hit the means, dodge society is not difficult to build their own reputation. They believe that once the wealth is in the hands, the power is holding, the status is stable, the "face" will have a strong to make people dare to criticize their moral products. The early warlords in the Republic of China are very good examples. Each of them holds military power, in order to search for wealth, but they are not willing to know, the method is to attract many politicians to design the tax system. They found that the situation of chaos is the opportunity they are most prone to the head, so they are not asking for the moral standards of society. So after they were annihilated, all walks of life in the society were not happy. These warlords believe that they can borrow money and force to maintain status and reputation, but they caught the contempt of the country with their faces.
Adapted from the "face" Press: China Renmin University Press author: Hu Jin Hwang
