1.ping:
Ping also displays the TTL (Time to Live existence time) value, you can calculate how many routers have passed through the TTL value: Source site TTL start value (ie, the number of two multipliers to returning TTL slightly larger ) - The TTL value is returned. For example, returning a TTL value of 119, then it is possible to estimate the TTL start value of 128, and the source location to the target location to pass 9 router network segments (128-119); if the TTL value is 246, The TTL start value is 256, and the source location to the target location to pass 9 router network segments.
A typical detection order and corresponding possible fault: ping 127.0.0.1-- This ping command is sent to the IP software of the local computer, which never exits the computer. If this does not do this, it means that there is some most basic issues for the installation or running of TCP / IP. Ping Native IP - This command is sent to the IP address configured by your computer, and your computer should have a response to the ping command. If not, there is a problem with the local configuration or installation. This issue occurs, LAN users disconnect the network cable and resend the command. If the network is turned off, this command is correct, then another computer may have the same IP address. Ping LAN Other IPs - This command should leave your computer, reach other computers through the NIC and network cable, return. Received a return response indicates that the NIC and the carrier in the local network operate correctly. But if you receive 0 feedback answers, then the subnet mask (when subnet split, the network part of the IP address and the host part) is incorrect or the network card configuration error or the cable system has problems. Ping Gateway IP - This command If the answer is correct, it indicates that the gateway router in the LAN is running and can make a response. Ping Remote IP - If you receive 4 answers, the default gateway is used to successfully use. For dial-up users, they represent the accessible Internet (but do not rule out the ISP DNS). Ping localhost - localhost is a network reserved name of the system, which is an alias of 127.0.0.1, each of which should be able to convert the name into this address. If there is no such band, there is a problem in the host file (/ windows / host). pingwww.yahoo.com - Perform a PIN ... address for this domain name, usually via the DNS server if there is a failure here, the IP address of the DNS server is incorrect or the DNS server is faulty (for dial-up users, some ISP does not need to set up DNS servers). By the way: You can also use this command to implement the switching function of the domain name on the IP address.
The common parameter option for the ping command PING IP -T - Continuously performs the ping command until the user is interrupted by the user in Ctrl C. Ping IP -L 2000 - Specifies the length of the data in the ping command to 2000 bytes instead of the default 32 bytes. PING IP -N - Performs a ping command for a specific number of times.
2.NetStat:
Some common options for NetStat: NetStat -s - This option can display its statistics in accordance with each protocol. If your application (such as a web browser) runs slower, or if you cannot display data such as the web page, you can use this option to see the information displayed. You need to carefully check the rows of statistics, find the keywords of the error, and then determine the problem. NetStat-E - This option is used to display statistics about Ethernet. It lists the items that include the total number of bytes of the transmitted datagram, the number of errors, the number of deletions, the number of datagrams, and the number of broadcasts. These statistics have both transmitted data reports, as well as the number of received data. This option can be used to count some basic network traffic). NetStat -R - This option can display information about the routing table, similar to the information you see when the Route print command is used later. In addition to displaying valid routing, it also displays currently valid connections. NetStat -a-- This option displays a list of all valid connection information, including the established connection (ESTABLISHED), which also includes those connections to the Listening request. NetStat -N - Displays all established effective connections. 3.ipconfig:
ipconfig - Do not take any parameter options when using IPConfig, then display IP addresses, subnet masks, and default network values ipconfig / all, IPCONFIG can be used for each configured interface. The DNS and WINS servers displays the additional information (such as IP addresses, etc.) it is configured and to be used, and display the physical address (MAC) built into the local network card. If the IP address is rented from the DHCP server, IPConfig will display the DHCP server's IP address and rental addresses expect the date of failure (for details on the DHCP server, please refer to other NT server books or ask your network management IPConfig / Release and IPConfig / Renew - This is two additional options that can only work on a computer that leases its IP address to the DHCP server. If you enter ipconfig / release, then the rental IP address of all interfaces is re-delivered to DHCP Server (return to return IP address). If you enter ipconfig / renew, the local computer will try to get in touch with the DHCP server and rent an IP address. Note that the network card will be re-given the same IP address as previously given in most cases.
4.ARP (Address Conversion Protocol):
ORP is an important TCP / IP protocol and is used to determine the physical address of the network card corresponding to the IP address. Practical ARP commands, you can view current content in the ARP cache of local computers or another computer. In addition, use the ARP command, you can also use the static network card physical / IP address, you might use this way for the default gateway and local server, etc., help to reduce the network. The amount of information. According to the default setting, the project in the ARP cache is dynamic. Whenever a data report for a specified location is sent, the ARP will automatically add the item when there is no current project in the cache. Once the cache project is entered, they have begun to go to the failure state. For example, in a Windows NT network, if you do not use it after entering the project, the physical / IP address pair will fail within 2 to 10 minutes. Therefore, if the project is rare or at all in the ARP cache, please don't be strange, you can add it through another computer or router's PING command. So, when you need to view the contents of the cache via the ARP command, please take the computer first PIN (you can't send the ping command). Common Commands Options: ARP -A or ARP -G - All items used in the cache. The result of the -a and -g parameters is the same, and -g has always been an option to display all items in the ARP cache in the UNIX platform, and Windows is ARP -A (-A can be considered ALL, That is, all the meaning), but it can also accept comparing traditional -g options. ARP -A IP - If you have multiple NIC, use the ARP -A plus the IP address of the interface, you can display only the ARP cache item related to the interface. ARP -S IP Physical Address - You can manually enter a static project from the ARP cache. The project will remain active during the computer boot process, or when an error occurs, the manually configured physical address will automatically update the item. ARP -D IP - Use this command to manually delete a static project. 5.Tracert:
USAGE: Tracert [-d] [-h maximum_hops] [-j host-list] [-w timeout] target_name
Options: -d Do not resolve addresses to hostnames -h maximum_hops Maximum number of hops to search for target -j host-list Loose source route along host-list -w timeout Wait timeout milliseconds for each reply....
6.Route:
Most hosts are generally located on a network segment that is only connected to a router. Since there is only one router, there is no problem that uses which router to publish the datagram to the remote computer, the IP address of the router can be entered as the default gateway of all computers on the network segment. However, when there are two or more routers on the network, you don't have to rely on the default gateway. In fact, you may want to pass some of the remote IP addresses through a particular router, while other remote IPs are passed through another router. In this case, you need the corresponding routing information, which is stored in the routing table, each host and each router comes with its own unique routing table. Most routers use specialized routing protocols to exchange and dynamically update the routing table between the routers. However, in some cases, it must be manually added to the router and the routing table on the host. Route is used to display, manually add and modify routing table items. General Usage: ROUTE PRINT - This command is used to display the current item in the routing table, and the output results on the single router network segment are shown in Figure 12, since the network card is configured with the IP address, all of these items are automatically added of. Route Add - Use this command to add a pathway project to the routing table. For example, if you want to set a route to the destination network 209.98.32.33, there is a 5 router network segment, first go through a router on the local network, the device IP is 202.96.123.5, the subnet mask is 255.255.255.224 Then you should enter the following command: Route Add 209.98.32.33 Mask 255.255.255.224 202.96.123.5 Metric 5 Route Change - You can use this command to modify the transmission route of the data, however, you can't use this command to change the purpose of the data . The following example can change the route of the data to another router, which uses a more straight path containing 3 network segments: Route Add 209.98.32.33 Mask 255.255.255.224 202.96.123.250 Metric 3route delete - Use this command from Routing the route. For example: Route delete 209.98.32.33
7.NBTSTAT:
nbtstat (NetBIOS statistics on TCP / IP) utility is used to provide statistics about NetBIOS. With NetBIOS, you can view NetBIOS name forms on your local computer or remote computer. Common options: nbtstat -n - Displays the local name and service program nbtstat -c-- this command is used to display the contents of the NetBIOS name cache. The NetBIOS name cache is used to inch the NetBIOS name and IP address pair of other computers that have recently communicated with this computer. NBTSTAT -R - This command is used to clear and reload the NetBIOS name cache. NBTSTAT -A IP - Displays the physical address and name list of another computer via IP, what you display is like the other computer running NBTSTAT-N, name NBTSTAT -S IP - display another IP address of the Practical IP address. Computer NetBIOS connection table.
8.net:
