Map design and preparation (1)

xiaoxiao2021-03-06  18

Different methods of map preparation

Since the drawing object is diverse, the scale and use of the map are also different, so the data sources of various maps, representation methods and mapping methods are very different. Incident, there are mainly in the following drawings. 1.1 Field map and photogrammetry

It is a method for measuring maps using ground common measuring instruments or aerial photography and ground stereoscopic photographic measuring instruments. This method can be used to measure a large scale topographic map, water conservation, engineering plan, urban plan, and the measured map content is detailed, and the geometric precision is high. Currently, global positioning system is widely used, including ground full station, digital map and aerospace and satellite digital photographic measurement technique measuring the status. Among them, air and satellite photographic maps must have 40-60% of images overlap, while the ground and aviation and satellite photogrammetors must have a certain number of earth and level control points to perform various corrections according to the control point, and finally passed Establish an optical stereo terrain model or a digital stereoscopic model, and complete the large and medium-scale topographic graphic design by stereoscopic measurement and digital analytical gauge.

1.2 field investigation

It is to observe and analyze the observation and analysis through field real-world surveys, investigations, and investigations. Therefore, this method is also known as the wild. Some specimens (such as rocks, plants, soils, etc.) were also required to conduct indoor qualitative quantitative analysis in the field inspection and surveys, helping to be correctly divided. On the basis of wild-filled map, indoor and in-room, prepared to draw profile boundaries in the entire area. This is the main method of preparing large and medium-scale geological, geomorphology, soil, vegetation, land use and other special maps.

1.3 Data Data Map

That is to use a variety of observations data (including fixed or semi-fixed station, unfixed station, aviation or remote observation record data), statistical data (including census, economic statistics), and have been analyzed and organized. map. This is the main method of preparing geomagnetic, earthquake, meteorological climate, hydrology, ocean, environmental pollution, and various population and economic statistical maps. Among them, the weather, the hydrological feature station accumulates longer-term observation data, and such elements are generally periodic and have a certain amplitude change, so many years, sometimes supplemented by semi-positioned observation data. Data data drawing requires the indicators and diagram of the quantity characteristics of the drawing object according to the detailed level and map use of the data content, and then reasonably select the number of grades and gradient tapes, perform calculation processing and map preform.

1.4 Map Data Map

Refers to the method of preparing a map with map data. It is one of the main methods of medium and small scales maps, including:

(1) Use large and medium scale map materials to shrink the small scale maps in the same kind. It is mainly to use a large-scale topographic map and a medium-size scale map of the medium-size scale; use the large-scale scales.

(2) Data calculated by a map or other map, form a morphological map, such as ground slope chart, geomorphic cutting level, water-based density map, etc.

(3) Map of integrated map, synthesis map, or dynamic changes (change) maps are compiled using single-element analysis maps.

1.5. Text data

It is a method of preparing a map using literature (including historical materials, archaeological materials, local justice, etc.). For example, the historical earthquake record is used to prepare a historical earthquake distribution map, and the historical map of the historical and historical documentation is used, and the population distribution map of each historical period is used.

1.6 remote sensing information

It is a method of preparing a map using aviation and satellite image. It is generally used with black and white, multi-spectral sections, multi-frequency radar, infrared air or satellite images. On the basis of interior analysis, it is grounded, and various topic maps are prepared using the established image judge (interprelated). Currently, optical instrument processing such as image fake color synthesis, imaging enhancement, and density division, and optical stereo rotation, improve the accuracy of the image analysis interpretation and content translation. Take an electronic computer and image processing equipment, using digital images to automatically classify, monitor classification, or other image analysis models, and matches topographic maps or geographic basemaps, have become the main method of the various topic maps. 1.7 computing mechanism

It is a method of automatically preparing a map using a computer and some input and output devices. Generally, three basic processes are output through data input, computer processing, and graphics. Press the form of entering the information, data, data, and image information. Data can be directly entered into computer, graphics, and images must be converted by the image. Map products are typically output by a fluorescent screen display, a plotting machine, a color inkjet plotter, a color electrostatic plotter, etc. The computing mechanism map can greatly improve the drawing speed, expand the scope of the drawing, and is the main drawing method of today's information age.

This seven mapping methods are often used in conjunction. For example, the field survey drawing combines with remote sensing drawings, data mapping and computing mechanism diagram combined, the map data drawing is combined with the computing mechanism chart, and the remote sensing drawing is combined with the computing mechanism. In short, the remote sensing and computing mechanism map has become the most important mapping method today.

2. The map preparation process and phase division is regardless of the drawing method, and the general process of the map is generally included in the map design and editing preparation stage, the map programming and the preparation stage, the map tunnel stage, map system During the stages (Figure 7.1). Although the current computer map mechanism has been widely used, the computing mechanism chart has a big difference with the conventional traditional map, and the map preforming and map of the map is two, the map plate version is also greatly simplified. In particular, the map electronic publishing system makes maps, and the map is integrated with a platelet. This will be specifically described in this aspect of the "computing mechanism map and map publishing system" chapter. However, there is still a need for a regular map compilation process. Since the content of the preparation process and method in the conventional map is still applicable to a computational mechanism, it is understood that the development of problems and mapping methods in the traditional and conventional graph method technology will help further improve the level of computing machine chart. Therefore, this chapter is still introducing the routine map preparation process and methods.

2.1 Map Design and Editing Preparation Stage

It mainly completed the preparations before the map design and map formally prepared. It is generally included according to the purpose of the drawing, the selection, content, indicators, and map scales and map projections are determined; collected, analyze the editing data; understand the characteristics and distribution laws that are familiar with the drawing area or drawing object; select the representation method and Compassword symbols; determine the principles of format synthesis and the preparation process. For the topic map, it is also necessary to propose the requirements of the base map and the principles classification, and the principles of grading, and the program is determined. Finally, write a map-based design file - edit outline or map development design book, and formulate specific work plans to complete the map preparation.

2.2 Map Schedule and Texture Stage

Mainly complete the map of the map and prepare work. Generally, information processing, exhibition mathematics foundation, and coloring and clarification of map content. Map is summarized (graphic synthesis) during the preservation process, that is, the hits and summary of the map content. Of course, classification classification and grading in the editing preparation phase also include a certain map summary, but in the map of the map, the map is fully consistent. Map Bonding is a creative job, the final result of the preforming phase is the original picture of the drawing. The so-called preparation of the original picture is a formal map of the documentation requirements in terms of map content, mapping accuracy, etc. in the map content, formulation accuracy, etc. For the topic map, the author's original map is often prepared before the map is officially prepared (the author sketch) and then edited by the cartoon and completes the original picture.

2.3 Map Archive Stage

It is mainly based on the map premium requirements to complete the preparations before the printing. Including a wire cladding and symbolic, scrapbook, and a note version of the printed image (published original map) according to the printing plate requirements. Simultaneous production of color-like diagrams and points. 2.4 Map Printing Stage

Mainly complete the map plate printing. Including a copy of the original map, a renewal, a plate, a plate, a plate, a frame, and the like. At present, the computer chart and automatic version of the integrated system (computer map publishing production system) have reducing map editing, editing, concolation and platery, namely computer design, editing and automatic point color, output film, direct plate Upset printing.

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