Append B (Appendix B) The Alpha Axp Processoralpha AXP Architecture is a 64-bit Load / Store (LOAD / STORE) RISC architecture designed for speed. All registers are 64-bit: 32 integer registers and 32 float registers. The 31st integer register and the 31st floating point register are used for NULL operations: read them get 0, write to them without any results. All instructions and memory operations (whether reading or writing) are 32 bits. As long as the specific implementation follows this architecture, different implementations are allowed. Direct instructions do not operate directly in memory: All data operations are done between registers. So, if you want to increase a counter in memory, you must first read it to a save, then write it back. Only by writing a register or memory location by a directive, and the other reads this register or memory location, the instruction can pass through interactions. A interesting feature of Alpha Ax is that it can generate a sign bit, such as whether two integers are equal, and this structure is not a status register stored in the processor, but stored in the third register. It looks quite strange, but does not rely on the status register means making it easier to perform multiple instructions for each cycle of this CPU. The instructions for use during execution are not needed to wait, if only one status register must wait. There is no direct operation for memory and many registers that have many registers are also helpful for both multiple instructions. The Alpha Axp architecture uses a series of subroutines, called the Privileged Architecture Library Code Palcode. Palcode and operating system, CPU specific implementation and system hardware of the Alpha Ax system. These subroutines provide the operating system to provide context switching, interrupting, exception, and memory management. These subroutines can be called by hardware or by call_pal instructions. Palcode is written with standard Alpha AxP assembler with some special extensions implementations, which are used to provide direct access to low-level hardware, such as registers of internal processors. Palcode is running in PAL mode, which is a privilege mode that stops some system events to send and allows the Palcode full control system physical hardware. Appendix C) Useful Web and FTP Sites (useful Web and FTP sites)
http://www.azstarnet.com/~axplinux
; This is David Mosberger-Tang'sAlpha AXP Linux web site and it is the place to go for all of the Alpha AXPHOW- TOs It also has a large number of pointers to Linux and Alpha AXPspecific information such as CPU data sheets..
http://www.redhat.com/
Red Hat's Web Site. This Has A Lot of UsefulPointers.
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu
This is The Major Site for a Lot of Free Software. The Linux Specfic Software Is Held in Pub / Linux.
http://www.intel.com
; Intel's Web Site and a Good Place To Look for Intel Chip Information.http://www.ssc.com/lj/index.html
The Linux Journal Is A Very Goodlinux Magazine and Well Worth The Year Subscription for ITS Excellentarticles.
http://www.blackdown.org/java-linux.html
This is the primary site forinfor - mation on java on linux.
ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/
; ~ ftp / pub / linux mit's linux ftp site.
ftp://ftp.cs.helsinki.fi/pub/software/linux/kernel
Linus's kernelsources.
http://www.linux.org.uk
The UK Linux User Group.
http://sunsite.unc.edu/mdw/linux.html
Home Page for the Linux Documen- Tazion Project,
http://www.digital.com
Digital Equipment Corporation's Main Web Page.
http://altavista.digital.com
Digital's Altavista Search Engine. A Verygood Place to Search for Information Withnin The Web and News Groups.
http://www.linuxhq.com
The Linux HQ Web Site Holds Up to Date Offagend Unoffical Patches As Well As Advice and Web Points That Help You Getthe Best Set of Kernel Sources Possible for Your System.
http://www.amd.com
The AMD Web Site.
http://www.cyrix.com
;.. Cyrix's web site Appendix D (Appendix D) The GNU General Public License Printed below is the GNU General Public License (the GPL or copyleft), under which Linux is licensed It is reproduced here to clear up some of theconfusion about Linux's copyright status |.. Linux is not shareware, and it is notin the public domain The bulk of the Linux kernel is copyright c 1993 by LinusTorvalds, and other software and parts of the kernel are copyrighted by their authors Thus, Linux is copyrighted, however, you may redistribute it under the terms ofthe GPL printed below. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and Distribute Verbatimcopies of this license document. but changing it is not allowed. D.1 Preamble The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended toguarantee your freedom to share and change free software {to Make Sure The Software Is Free for All ITS Uses. This General Public License Applies To Most of Thefree Software Foundation '
s software and to any other program whose authors commit tousing it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by theGNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom todistribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it , that you can change thesoftware or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do thesethings to protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbidanyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. . Theserestrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of thesoftware, or if you modify it. for example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whethergratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code And you must show themthese terms so they know their rights We protect your rights with two steps:... (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and / or modify the software. Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certainthat everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If thesoftware is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know thatwhat they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others willnot re ect on the original authors'
reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in eect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or notlicensed at all. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution andmodification follow. D.2 Terms and Conditions for Copying, Distribu- tion, and Modification 0. This License applies to any program or otherwork which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under theterms of this General Public License. The / Program ", below, refers to any suchprogram or work, and a / work based on the Program" means either the Program or Any DeriVative Work Under Copyright Law: That Is To Say, a Workcontaining The Program OR a portion of it, Either verbatim or with modificationsand / or translated Into Another Language. fter, translation isincluded without limitation in the term / modification ".) Each licensee is addressed as / you" Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are notcovered by this License;. they are outside its scope The act of running theProgram is not. restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if itscontents constitute a work based on the Program (independent ofhaving been madeby running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies Of the program '
s sourcecode as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously andappro- priately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice anddisclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this Licenseand to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Programa copy of this License along with the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, andyou may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion ofit, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, providedthat you also meet all of these conditions:. a you must cause the modified Files To Carry Prominent NoticesTating That You Change. b. You must, i., That in Whole or in part contacts or is deived from the pro gram or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License. c. If the modified program normally reads commands interactively whenrun, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use inthe most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users mayredistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how (Exception).
if the Program itself is interactivebut does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.) These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. Ifidentifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can bereasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then thisLicense, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute themas separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of awhole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licenseesextend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of whowrote it. Thus, it is not the intent of this section to Claim Rights or ContemiRely By You; Rather, The Intent Is To EXERCISE The in Control The Distribution of Derivative or Collective Works based ONTHE PROGR am. In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Programwith the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of astorage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scopeof this License. 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:. a Accompany it with the complete Corresponding Machine-Readablesource Code, Which Must Be Distributed Under The Terms of Sections 1 and 2above ON A Medium Customarily Used for Software Interchange
or, b. Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physicallyperforming source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of thecorrespond- ing source code, To Be Distributed Under The Terms of Sections 1 and 2 Above ON A Medium Customarily Used for Software Interchange
or, c. Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer todis- tribute corresponding source code. (This alternative isallowed onlyfor noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program inobject code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsectionb above.) The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work formaking modifications to it. for an executable work, complete source codemeans all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associatedinterface defi- nition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation andinstallation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source orbinary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of theoperating System On Which The Executable Runs, Unless That Component Itselfcompanies The Executable. if Distribution of Executable or Object Code Is Made by Offerin gaccess to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy thesource code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, eventhough third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the objectcode. 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Programexcept as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automaticallyterminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have receivedcopies, or rights, From You Under this license Will NOT HAVE Their LicensesterMinated So Long As Such Parties Remain in Full Compliance. 5. You Are Not Required to Accept this license,
since you have notsigned it. How- ever, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute theProgram or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law ifyou donot ac- cept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing ormodifying the Program or works based on it. 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on theProgram), the recipient automatically receives a license from the originallicensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise ofthe rights granted herein. You are not responsible for Enforcing Compliance Bythird Parties to this license. 7. iv ), Conditions areimposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) thatcontradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditionsof this License. If you can not distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously yourobligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as aconsequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patentlicense would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you,
then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely fromdistribution of the Program. If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable underany par- ticular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to applyand the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe anypatents or other property right claims or to contest validity ofany such claims;. this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the . free softwaredistribution system, which isimplemented by public license practices Many peoplehave made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributedthrough that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; itis up to the author / donor to decide if he or she is willing to Distribute SoftwareThrough Any Other System and a licensee cannot Impose That choice. this section interface is intended to make thorous clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License. 8. If the distribution and / or use of the Program is restricted incertain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyrightholder who places the Program under this License may add an explicitgeographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so thatdistribution is permit- ted only in or among countries not thus excluded. in such case, thisLicense incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised And / or newversions of the general public license from time to time. Such New Versions Will Besimilar in Spirit To The Present Version,
but may differ in detail to address newproblems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Programspecifies a version number of this License which applies to it and / any laterversion ", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of thatversion or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If theProgram does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose anyversion ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other freeprograms whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask forpermission for software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation;. we sometimes make exceptions for this Ourdecision will be guided by the two goals of. Preserving The Free Status of AllDerivatives of Our Free Software and of Promoting The Sharing and Reuse of SoftwareGeneleL. No Warranty 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMIT- TED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND / OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM / AS IS "WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIM- iTED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE Defective, You Assitution, Repair or Correc- Tion. 12. in no Event unless to in Writing Will Any Copyright Holder,
OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND / OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, IN- CLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUEN- TIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM ( INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH . DAMAGES END oF TERMS aND CONDITIONS D.3 Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatestpossible use to the public, the best way toachieve this is to make itfree software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms to do so, attach the following notices to the program It is safest toattach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey theexclusion of warranty;.. and each file s . Hould have at least the / copyright "line and a pointer to where the full notice is found hone line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.i Copyright c 19yy hname of authori This program is free software; you can redistribute it and / or modifyit under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version This program is distributed in the hope that it. Will BE USEful,
butWITH- OUT ANY WARRANTY;.. without even the implied warranty of MER- CHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE See the GNU General Public License for more details You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public Licensealong with this program; if not , write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and papermail. If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like thiswhen it starts in an interactive mode:. Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w 'This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c 'for details. The hypothetical commands` show w' and `show c 'should show theappropriate parts of the General Public License. of course, the commands you use may be called something other than` show w' and `show c The Could Eve n bemouse-clicks or menu items {whatever suits your program. You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) oryour school, if any, to sign a / copyright disclaimer "for the program, if necessary.Here is a sample; alter the names: Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision '(which makes passes at compilers) written by JamesHacker hsignature of Ty Cooni, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice This General Public. License Does Not Permit Incorporation Your Programinto Pro- Prietary Programs. If Your Program Is A Subroutine Library,
you mayconsider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. Ifthis is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of thisLicense. Glossary (noun table) Argument Functions and routines are passed arguments to process. ARP Address Resolution Protocol. Used to translate IP addresses intophysical hardware addresses. Ascii American Standard code for Information Interchange. Each letter of the alphabet is represented by an 8 bit code. Ascii is most often used tostore written characters. Bit A single bit of data that represents either 1 or 0 (on or off). Bottom Half Handler Handlers for work queued within the kernel. Byte 8 bits of data, C A high level programming language. Most of the Linux kernel is written in C. CPU Central Processing Unit. The Main Engine of The Computer, See Alsomicro- Processor and Processor. Data Structure This Is A Set of Data In Memory Comprised of Fields, Device Driver The Software Controlling a Particular dev ice, forexample the NCR 810 device driver controls the NCR 810 SCSI device. DMA Direct Memory Access. ELF Executable and Linkable Format. This object file format designedby the Unix System Laboratories is now firmly established as the most commonlyused format in Linux. EIDE Extended IDE . Executable image A structured file containing machine instructions anddata. This file can be loaded into a process's virtual memory and executed.See also program. Function A piece of software that performs an action. For example,
returning the bigger of two numbers. IDE Integrated Disk Electronics. Image See executable image. IP Internet Protocol. IPC Interprocess Communiction. Interface A standard way of calling routines and passing datastructures. For example, the interface between two layers of code might be expressedin terms of routines that pass and return a particular data structure. Linux'sVFS is a good example of an interface. IRQ Interrupt Request Queue. ISA Industry Standard Architecture. This is a standard, although nowrather dated, data bus interface for system components such as oppy disk drivers. Kernel Module A dynamically loaded kernel function such as afilesystem or a device driver. Kilobyte A thousand bytes of data, often written as Kbyte, Megabyte A million bytes of data, often written as Mbyte, Microprocessor A very integrated CPU. Most modern CPUS Aremicroprocessors. Moductions in The Form of Either Assembly Language Instructions or A High Level Language Like C. Object file A fille containing machine code and data that has not yetbeen linked with other object files or libraries to become an executable image. Page Physical memory is divided up into equal sized pages. Pointer A location in memory that contains the address of anotherlocation in memory, Process This is an entity which can execute programs. A process could be thought of as a program in action. Processor Short for Microprocessor, equivalent toCPU. PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect. A standard describing how theperipheral components of a computer system may be Connected together. Peripheral An Intelligent Processor That Does Work On Behalf of Thasing, An IDE Controller Chip,
Program A coherent set of CPU instructions that performs a task, such as printing / hello world ". See also executable image. Protocol A protocol is a networking language used to transferapplication data between two cooperating processes or network layers. Register A location within a chip , used to store information orinstructions. Routine Similar to a function except that, strictly speaking, routinesdo not return values. SCSI Small Computer Systems interface. Shell This is a program which acts as an interface between the operating system and a human user. Also called a command shell, the most commonly usedshell in Linux is the bash shell. SMP Symmetrical multiprocessing. Systems with more than one processorwhich fairly share the work amongst those processors. socket A socket represents one end of a network connection, Linuxsupports the BSD socket interface. Software CPU INSTRUCTIONS (Both Assembler and High Level Languageslike C) And Data. Mostly Interchangable with Program. System V A variant ofUnix TM produced in 1983, which included, amongst other things, System V IPC mechanisms. TCP Transmission Control Protocol. Task Queue A mechanism for deferring work in the Linux kernel. UDP User Datagram Protocol. Virtual memory A hardware and software mechanism for making thephysical memory in a system appear larger than it actually is. bibliography (References) [1] Richard L. Sites. Alpha Architecture Reference Manual DigitalPress [2] Matt Welsh and Lar Kaufman. Running Linux O'Reilly & Associates, Inc,
