UNIX family and class UNIX system in 1969, in
AT & T
of
Bell Labs
Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (they used to be a large operating system
Multics
Two developers, Multics is too large, and there is no success) for an experimental plan called space tourism, requiring an operating system. They found an idle PDP-7 machine, wrote a Multics's adaptency, officially released in 1971. This stuff is later unix the world. Multics - Unix, do you see what is it? In 1973, Dennis Ritchie renovated a UNIX in the C language he was developed, and laid the foundation of UNIX universalization. In 1976, they scattered the sixth edition of UNIX to places other than AT & T.
UC Berkeley
The person is based on UNIX 7.0, published a system called BSD and developed to version 4.4 in 1992; AT & T continues to improve their system, published commercial SYSTEM III until System V. The development of UNIX is expanded around the two mainstreams. UNIX design goals are small and beautiful: I hope to be executed on any small system, and the core is only available to some features, others will be added as needed. This has become a design philosophy of an operating system. Many companies have their own UNIX versions, but their basic characteristics are consistent: openness, multi-user, multitasking, strong function, high efficiency, rich network function. In order to overcome the Division of Unix Version on Portability, 1990
ISO
The ISO / IEC 9945-1-1990 standard has been developed, which is the entire portable operating system interface (
POSIX
The first part; the system application interface is POSIX.1. This is the interface standard of the Unix operating system. BSD current X86 platform BSD system is mostly Berkeley's 4.4 BSD Lite, which is an incomplete system that is published by the code from AT & T. The most famous
FreeBSD
(The latest version is FreeBSD 5.2 [JAN-12-2004]), there are other
NetBSD
(The latest version is NetBSD 1.6.1 [APR-21-2003]),
OpenBSD
(The latest version of OpenBSD 3.4 [NOV-1-2003]) is free and can be downloaded in the corresponding official website. Sun Solaris
Sun microsystems
The company's early operating system version Sun OS is based on BSD. In 1993, they worked with AT & T to Unix System V, and released systems called Solaris.System V Release 4, which is a Unix System V and BSD integrals. The Solaris system is mainly used on Sun's own SPARC machine, but they also released the corresponding X86 version and free. The latest test version Software Express for Solaris (12/03) [DEC -? - 2003], in the official website
download
. SCO UNIX
Santa Cruz Operation
(SCO) company UNIX mainly has two sets. On the one hand, in 1980,
Microsoft
Start developing UNIX PC version Xenix, later sold to SCO. On this basis, SCO continues to introduce AT & T technology, and later developed into the SCO Open Server series. At present, there are many of our banks, postal systems, and the latest version is SCO Open Server 5.0.7 [FEB-21-2003]. On the other hand, in 1993, AT & T put them about UNIX's entire team, technology, including copyright sales, to NOWELL
The company has unixware. In 1995, NOWELL sold this set of Dongdong to SCO, so that SCO became the unix of the unix. The SCO integrates its own technology and released Unixware 7, followed by Caldera M & A. Caldera's sign is not enough, and it is replaced by SCO. The latest version of UNIXWare is Unixware 7.1.3 [NOV-21-2002]. These
ED
Maybe you can find download. Darwindarwin is
Apple
The company Macintosh computer operating system Mac OS X's core, the first version of 1999. It is based on FreeBSD and
Mach 3.0
Technology, both are open source. Apple also adopts the open source policy to Darwin, making the release to make people free download, including X86 versions. The latest version is Darwin 7.0.1 [NOV-14-2003],
Official website
free download. Note that Darwin is not Mac OS X, less beautiful Aqua user interface. There are currently some versions of free GUI, such as
GNU-Darwin
. MINIX Due to copyright, UNIX's source is no longer applicable to teaching. In 1987, the famous Dutch computer scientist Andrew Tanenbaum has written a simplified UNIX system Minix (MINI-UNIX "to give entither. The latest version is Minix 2.0.4 [NOV-9-2003], you can go
Official website
free
download
. Linux In 1991, Finnish Student Linus Torvalds started using Minix, the features provided by Minix were dissatisfied. So he wrote a class UNIX operating system (although it is still compiled with Minix) and put it online to let people download, name it
Linux
. Linux just appeared in Tanenbaum despised because it is an integrated kernel, not MiniX's microennel adopted by the representative of advanced ideas; but due to follow
GPL
The agreement, Linux still has been thriving. 1994, Linux's first commercial release
Slackware
come out. 1996,
Nist
Computer System Lab Confirm that the Linux 1.2.13 version meets the POSIX standard. The latest stability of Linux is Linux 2.6.1 [JAN-9-2004], you can go to the official website
download
. And its distribution is all, well-known
Red Hat
,
Mandrake
,
Lycoris
Wait, there is also domestic
red flag
Wait, the corresponding official website can find the download of these releases. -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------ DOS and its successor Dosdos are DISDOSTEM. In 1973, the technical genius Cary Killdal and two partners have developed the first disk operating system CP / M, which is the most influential 8-bit operating system in the early 1980s. On this basis, the Tim Patterson of Seattle Computer Products (SCP) has started to develop QDos in 1978. Since then, the 16-bit microcomputer experimental operating system 86-DOS has been successfully developed. 1980, IBM
Company launches new model IBM PC, adopted
Intel
8086 CPU requires a 16-bit operating system. They and Killdal discussed the CP / M operating system uncomfortable, so Microsoft organically multiplied. Time is urgent, if Microsoft is unrealistic, if it is unrealistic, find the right to use the SCP to buy DOS. Finally, MS-DOS defeated CP / M, in 1981, which speps the MS-DOS 1.0 and IBM PC prepared in half a year at the IT interface, but its compatibility is still suspected in the industry. In 1987, MS-DOS 3.3 was released, and its popularization established the dominant status of MS-DOS. The last version of MS-DOS is MS-DOS 6.22 [May-31-1994], which is a quite mature system. Later DOS integrated into Windows 9x, you can see its shadow in Windows command line mode. After Microsoft gradually alienates DOS, IBM continues to develop their own PC-DOS, the final version is PC-DOS 2000 [May-29-1998]. In addition, some people developed to be compatible with MS-DOS, such as FREEDOS. It uses the development of 1988
DOS-C
The latest version is Freedos Beta9 Pre-Release 3 [SEP-28-2003],
Official website
free
download
. Windows 1970, United States
Xerox
The company has established a famous research institute Palo Alto Research Center. One of the founders of Apple, Steve Jobs visited the research center, I saw the ALTO prototype that supported the GRAPHICAL User Interfaces and the three-way mouse, which sets their own GUI system research and development. In 1983, the first GUI system Apple Lisa has been developed. The second year's Apple Macintosh is the world's first successful commercial GUI system. At that time, Apple only developed the GUI system on the microcomputer, so I provided opportunities for Microsoft Development Windows. Microsoft announced the development of Windows in the spring of 1983, hoping that it is a standard GUI operating system based on Intel X86 micro-processing chip computers. Due to various reasons, Windows's delivery time is postponed, and it has become a laughter. Until November 20, 1985, window system Windows 1.0 that can be implemented at the same time can be officially launched. The monopoly of Microsoft in the operating system was launched in May 1990. WINDOWS 3.0. A more stable Windows 3.1 was a year later. In May 1993, Microsoft released Windows NT, mainly for the network and server market. The new generation of operating systems in August 1995 is the first version that does not require users to pre-installed MS-DOS. This is a milestone in the history of Microsoft development, and a milestone in the history of operating system development. Based on Windows 9X kernel for Windows Millennium Edition [SEP-14-2000], Windows Latest Edition based on Windows NT kernel is Windows Server 2003 [APR-14-2003], and next-generation product Windows Longhorn. OS / 2 Early OS / 2 OS / 2 derived from multitasking DOS version, Microsoft began researching multitasking DOS version in 1983. However, due to the problem of 80286 CPU design, OS / 2 cannot support DOS programs from 286 protection mode. This problem is almost made OS / 2 fetal dead belly, and then the study of OS / 2 has been relatively slow. This system has also been known for a few degrees until April 1987 is OS / 2. In 1991, Microsoft announced the research and development of OS / 2 due to its huge success in Windows. OS / 2 2.0 is therefore extended, despite the performance of performance, the sales volume is still not as good as Windows 3.1, the light of OS / 2 has been masked by Windows. In 1996, IBM released OS / 2 WARP 4, and then announced not to continue to develop. OS / 2 enthusiasts are reluctant to see such an outstanding operating system, after a hard work, Serenity Systems
The company has achieved IBM's authorization to continue to develop OS / 2, and new products are named
ECOMSTATION
. The latest version is eComstation 1.1 [May-23-2003], you can find downloads on the ED. -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------ Other commercial operating system NetWare 1981, hardware company Novell Data Systems boss Jack Messman saw three college graduation young people playing a "snipe" called "snipes" The game is the same game played on different machines. It is a online game for today. His keen business mind allowed him to hire these three people immediately, developed a system called NetWare to achieve information between different machine information. At that time, there were also similar actions, and Novell's success benefited from their product and IBM PC. NetWare has been brilliant in the 1980s, and now is now under the Windows NT Server series in the downhill road. The latest version is a NetWare 6.5 [AUG-15-2003] with some open source software. Beosbeos appeared at the 1996 computer show, it was created by some departing Apple engineers in accordance with the "Media Operating System" design concept, and is then transplanted to the X86 platform. Due to the operation of the operation, Beos announced the development of BEOS. In 2001, the BEOS development team was acquired by Palm, the official version of BeOS was over, and the final release was a 2000 BEOS 5, including commercial Pro version and free Personal version. Thereafter, many people made a free development version on the basis of Beos 5 Personal Edition, such as Beos Max Edition.
,
Beos Developer Edition
You can go to the corresponding official website to download. The BEOS 5.1 in the development of the development is called DANO to flow online.
YellowTab
The company issued the subsequent version of the BEOS 1.0 RC-1 [NOV-3-2003] on this basis. Also there is a fan of enthusiasts
Openbeos
Attempting to write and the system similar to the BeOS. QNX Two Canadian Gordon Bell and Dan Dodge established Quantum Software Systems in 1980, which wrote a system called Qunix (Quick Unix) on the IBM PC in accordance with some of the university era, until AT & T The lawyer's letter came to change the name to QNX. QNX has successfully implemented multitasking in the officially released version 1.0, and the Middle-year MICROSOFT annually announced that their new version of DOS will be the true multitasking system, QNX has been opened in major companies. . After POSIX appears, the QNX has been rewritten, on the one hand, avoiding the embarrassment of being accused of user interface and Unix, on the other hand, has made some improvements while maintaining characteristics, making it better. In order to compete with Microsoft, the name is renamed
Qnx Software Systems
The company also launched NEUTRINO versions based on micronucleuclear technology, which makes QNX have broad prospects in embedded applications. QNX's latest version is QNX Neutrino RTOS Version 6.2.1 [APR-7-2003], domestic
Official website
Non-commercial version
download
. B-Right / VB-Right / V is based on
Tron
The operating system of the architecture. In 1984, the relevant departments of Japan officially launched TRON projects to meet the needs of real-time processing capabilities in computers. Btron is a sub-structure in Tron's interactive interaction, which involves design specifications for multi-tasking real-time operating systems related to Personal Computers, Workstations, and Handheld Computer. The earliest Btron concept-based machine was posted in 1985. Personal Media
In 1994, the company issued a 16-bit operating system 1B / V1, 1998, which was running on the X86 platform, from 32-bit B-Right / V. The latest version of this series is B-Right / V R4.101 [JAN-7-2004], also known as
Super Chinese word 4
. Plan9 & Infernoplan 9 and Inferno These two operating systems are from UNIX's hometown Bell Labs, currently
Vita Nuova
The company is responsible for issuing. Bell Labs saw a fundamental defect in Unix, it was difficult to adapt to the new idea that appeared after it was born, and the PLAN 9 was started in the late 1980s. Such a system has many innovations for distributed applications while absorbing the strengths of UNIX design ideas. PLAN 9 is issued for the first time in 1993, which is still mainly used for research purposes, the latest version of Plan 9 Fourth Edition [APR-27-2002],
Official website
free
download
. Inferno is the distributed operating system developed in the late 1990s. It is different from PLAN 9 that it can not only operate independently, but also act as an application to run on many other platforms. Inferno is a commercial software, the latest version is Infeildno 4th Edition [Jun-14-2003]. TSX-32TSX-32 is a historic operating system, 1975
S & H Computer Systems
The company has developed multi-user and multitasking TSX operating system for PDP-11 machines; it is updated to TSX-Plus several years later. In 1989, the 32-bit version of TSX-32 began to support the X86 platform. Now it is TSX-32 Version 6.30 [Jun -? - 2003], S & H provides its trial version
download
. Theos started from 1977
Theos Software
The company developed by the company is one of the earliest multi-user multitasking operating systems on a personal computer. The latest version of theos Corona 5.0140 [APR-18-2003] can be available from the Internet
download
But the authorization code is required before installation. -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------ As an amateur hobby, these operating systems are completed by a group of people or several people using the spare time, but this does not mean They are amateur. Most of them are free, but they do not have an open source. Amigaos simulator Amigaos itself is running
Amiga
The machine is currently using such models. There are a lot of Amiga simulators on the X86 platform, from Germany.
Haage & Partner Computer GmbH
Release
Amigaos XL
One of them is one of the successful operations, it is possible to run separately from other operating systems, compatible with AmiGaOS 3.9. It is divided into two kinds of Amithlon and Amigaxl for QNX, installation methods and performance varying; unfortunately, the original author has announced no longer developing its subsequent versions. In 1993, when Amiga was first showed, some of its lovers established AOS projects, intended to fix the 疵 in Amigaos, enhanced people's recognition to it; in 1995, Aaron Digul was officially prepared by AROS. To today, AROS, which is compatible with Amigaos 3.1 has been able to run in many models including X86 platforms. AROS has a new trial version almost every day, the nearest stable version is AROS [NOV-25-2003], the official website
Have
download
. Skyosskyos is the most eye-catching one in the 2003 similar operating system. It has a multi-processor support, virtual memory, multi-task multi-threaded function, more refreshing is its beautiful GUI system Skygi. The first SKYOS system was released at the end of 1997, the latest SKYOS V4.0A [AUG-19-2003] can
Official website
download
. Its two major developers Robert Szeleney and Kelly Rush were born in 1980 and 1981, respectively. SyllableSyllable is initiated by some Atheos developers in June 2002, which is a continuation of Atheos. Atheos is a X86-based operating system written by Kurt Skauen, its interface is a bit like Beos and Amigaos. After the development of the ATHEO, most third-party developers turned to Syllable. Syllable has become a relatively mature open source desktop system, the latest version is syllable 0.5.2 [JAN-3-2004],
Official website
download
. Reactos In 1996, a team called FreeWin95 tried to break Microsoft's monopoly, writing a replica of Windows 95. After several twists, 1998 this project was officially launched by Jason Filby, renamed Reactos, and the target also changed to analog Windows NT system. The latest version is ReactOS 0.1.5 [NOV-20-2003],
Official website
download
. MenuetosMenuetos is a 32-bit operating system developed by the British Software Engineer Ville Mikael Turjanma, completely written by X86 assembly language in 2000. The latest version is menueetos 0.75 [NOV-13-2003],
Official website
download
. Since all assembly languages are all used, although Menuetos is only used on a floppy disk, there is still a very complete function. Triangleostriangleos was a 32-bit operating system written by C and compilation of 18-year-old Dutch Wim Cools with C and compilation. In its
Official website
Have the latest Triangleos 0.0.3 [APR-30-2003]
download
, Installed on the floppy disk. Visopsysvisopsys are developed by Canadian Andrew Mclaughlin, with unique GUI, open source. The latest Visopsys 0.33 [JAN-11-2004]
Official website
download
. Storm OSSTORM OS is developed by Lithuania in 2002, with a simple GUI, mounted on a floppy disk. The latest version is Storm OS 0.14A [DEC-03-2003], from
Official website
download
. -------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- ---------------- The operating system in the laboratory has been developed by laboratory in colleges and universities, such as Germany DROPS.
Wait, no longer given one by one.
