Name: CAL Usage Permissions: All users use methods: cal [-mjy] [MONTH [YEAR]] Description: Display calendar. If there is only one parameter, it represents the year (1-9999), showing the annual calendar. It must be written in the year: `` Cal 89 / will not show the calendar of 1989. Use two parameters, indicating the month and year. If there is no parameter, this month's calendar is displayed. September 3rd on September 1752, the Western calendar, because most countries used a new calendar, 10 days of removal, so the monthly calendar of the month is somewhat different. It was before this. Parameter -M: Displayed on weekdays for weekly first day. -J: Displayed by Kaisa, that is, the number of days from January 1 is displayed. -y: Show this year calendar. Example: CAL: Shows the monthly calendar of this month. [root @ mylinux / root] # Date Tue aug 15 08:00:18 CST 2000 [root @ mylinux / root] # Cal August 2000 Su Mo Tu We TH fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
[root @ MYLINUX / ROOT] # CAL 2001: Show AD 2001 calendar. [root @ mylinux / root] # CAL 2001 2001 January February March Su Mo Tu We TH fr SU Mo Tu We TH fr SU Mo Tu We TH fr sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 14 15 16 14 16 17 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 28 29 29 30 31 25 26 27 2825 26 27 28 29 30 31 April May June Su Mo Tu We TH fr SU Mo Tu We TH fr sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 25 26 27 28 20 21 22 23 24 222 23 29 30 27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July August September Su Mo Tu We TH fr SA Su Mo Tu WE TH fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 222 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 31 2 3 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October November December Su Mo Tu We TH fr SU Mo Tu We TH fr SU Mo Tu We THFR SA 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 16 17 18 19 20 21 25 26 27 28 29 30 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 [root @ mylinux / root] # CAL 5 2001: Show AD 2001 May Calendar.
[root @ mylinux / root] # CAL 5 2001 May 2001 Su Mo Tu We TH fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
[root @ MYLINUX / root] #
Cal -m: The first day of week is the week, showing this month.
[root @ mylinux / root] # Cal -m August 2000 Mo Tu We TH fr SU 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 [root @ mylinux / root] #
Cal -jy: Displays the number of days from January 1st.
[root @ MYLINUX / ROOT] # Cal -jy 2000 January February Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 1 32 33 34 35 36 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 49 50 16 17 18 19 20222 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 58 59 60 30 31 March April Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon TUE Wed Thu Fri Sat 61 62 63 64 69 70 71 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 86 87 88 89 90 91 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 May June Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 122 123 124 125 126 127 153 154 155 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 156 157 158 159 166 137 138 139 140 141 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 174 171 172 177 150 151 152 177 178 179 180 181 182
July August Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 183 214 215 216 217 188 189 190 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 198 199 20020239 205 206 207 208 209 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 240 241 242 243 244 212 213 September October Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 245 246 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 247 242 253 282 283 284 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 289 290 295 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 303 304 305
November December Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat 303 333 314 315 316 338 339 344 341 342 343 344 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 352 353 358 335 332 333 334 335 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 [root @ mylinux / root] #
Name: crontab Use Permissions: All users use: crontab [-u user] filecrontab [-u user] {-l | -r | -e} Description: crontab is used to make users permed at fixed time or fixed intervals The use of the program, in other words, that is, a similar user's schedule. -u user refers to the schedule that sets the specified user. This premise is that you have to have its permissions (such as root) to specify the schedule of others. If you don't use -u user, it means to set your own schedule. Parameters: -e: Perform a text editor to set a time schedule, the contents of the IP are VI. If you want to use a different text editor, please set the Visual environment variable to specify the use of that text editor. For example, STENV Visual Joe -r: Deletes the current Turkey - List the current schedule
The format of the schedule is as follows: F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Program
Where F1 is a minute, F2 represents hours, and F3 represents the first few days in one month, and F4 represents the month, F5 represents the first few days in the week. Program represents the program to be executed. When F1 is *, the Program is executed every minute, and the F2 is * indicates that the program is executed per hour, and the remaining classes have been applied to the first time to be AB, which is executed from the first minutes to the third time, F2 is When AB is executed from paragraphs A to B, the remaining classes are pushed to * / n when the f1 is * / N, indicating that each time interval is executed once, and F2 is * / n to execute each time time interval, the remaining classes When F1 is A, B, C, ... is shown in paragraph A, B, C, ... minutes to perform, F2 is A, B, C, ... indicated first, b, c ... Hourly to be executed, the rest
Users can also store all settings first in the file file, and set the time schedule in the way in the CRONTAB FILE. Example:
Perform once a day per hour per hour / bin / ls: 0 7 * * * / bin / ls
In December, 6:00 pm every day, every 20 minutes, per 20 minutes / usr / bin / backup: 0 6-12 / 3 * 12 * / usr / bin / backup Monday to Friday every afternoon : 00 Send a letter to alex@domain.name: 0 17 * * 1-5 mail -s "hi" alex@domain.name
Every month, daily midnight 0:20, 2:20, 4:20 .... Executive Echo "Haha" 20 0-23 / 2 * * * echo "Haha"
Note: When executed in the time you specified, the system will send you a letter to you, show the program executed, if you don't want to receive such a letter, please add it in every line of empty! / dev / null 2> & 1. Name: Date Use Permissions: All users use methods:
Date [-u] [-d datestr] [-s datestr] [--UTC] [--Universal] [--date = datestr] [--SET = DATESTR] [--help] [--version] [ FORMAT] [MMDDHMM [[CC] YY] [. Ss]]
Description: Date can be used to display or set the date and time of the system, in the display, the user can set the format you want to display, the format is set to a plus number after the number of marks, where the available tag list is as follows:
Time:%: Printing% N: Next VII T: Jumping% H: Hours (00..23)% i: Hours (01..12)% K: Hours (0..23)% L : Hours (1..12)% M: Minute (00..59)% P: Display local AM or PM% R: Direct display time (12 hours, format HH: mm: ss [AP] M)%% S: From January 1, 1970, 00:00 UTC to the second few% S: second (00..61)% T: Direct display time (24 hours)% x: equivalent to% h: % M:% S% Z: Show time zone
Date:% A: Sun..SAT)% A: Sunday..saturday% B: Month (JAN..DEC)% B: January..DecEmber)% C: Direct display Date and time% D: Japan (01..31)% d: Direct display date (mm / dd / yy)% h: same% b% J: The first few days in the year (001..366)% M : Month (01..12)% u: the first day of the year (@53) (in the first day of Sunday)% W: The first day of the week (0..6 )% W: The first day of the year (00..53) (the first day of Monday)% x: Direct display (mm / dd / yy)% Y: The last two of the year Digital (00.99)% Y: Complete Year (0000..999)
If it does not start with the plus sign, it means to set the time, and the time format is MMDDHHMM [[CC] yy] [. SS], where mm is month, DD is the day, HH is hour, MM is minutes, CC is The first two digits, yy is two digits after the year, SS is the number of second number parameters: -d datestr: Display time (non-system time) set in DateStr - HELP: Display Assistive message - S DateStr: Will System Time is set to DateStr Setting Time-U: Show current Greenwich Time - Version: Display version number
Example: During the display time, the current date is displayed: Date % T% N% D
Display month and day: DATE % B% D
Display date and set time (12:34:56): Date --Date 12:34:56
Note:
When you don't want to have meaningless 0 (for example, 1999/03/07), you can insert - symbols in the mark, such as Date % - H:% - M:% - S will not be in seconds The meaning of the meaning is removed, like the original 08:09:04 will be changed to 8: 9: 4. In addition, only the permissions (such as ROOT) can set the system time.
When you change the system time with the root identity, please write the system time in CMOS in CLOCK -W so that the system time will continue to hold the latest correct value when it is rebooted next time. Name: SLEEP Use Permissions: All users
How to use: Sleep [--help] [--version] Number [SMHD]
Description: Sleep can be used to delay the current action for a while
Parameter Description :
--help: Display auxiliary message --Version: Display version number Number: Time length, back can be connected to S, M, H or D in seconds, m is minutes, H is hour, D is the number of days
Example: Show current time after delay in 1 minute, then display time again: Date; Sleep 1M; Date
Name: Time Use Permissions: All users
How to use: Time [Options] Command [arguments]
Description: The use of the Time command is information such as time and system resources that measure the time and system resources required for specific instructions. For example, CPU time, memory, input and the like, and the like. Special attention is required is that some information can not be displayed on Linux. This is because the allocation of some resources on Linux is not the same as the TIME instruction, so that the TIME instruction cannot be obtained.
Put on
-o or --output = file setting result Output file. This option writes the output of the Time to the specified file. If the file already exists, the system will override its content. -A or --Append cooperation -o use, will write the result to the end of the file without overwriting the original content. -f format or - format = format Sets the display mode with the Format string. When this option is not set, you will use the system preset format. However, you can use the environment variable time to set this format, so you don't have to set it once every login system. In general setting, you can use / t to indicate the jump, or use / n to refer to the wrap. Each material uses% as a preamble. If you want to use a percentage symbol in the string, use it. (People who learn C language will feel very familiar) Time instructions can display four major items, respectively:
Time Resources Memory Resources Io Resources Command Info
The detailed content is as follows:
Time Resources E Execute the time spending the instruction, the format is: [Hour]: minute: second. Note that this number does not represent the actual CPU time. e Execute the time spending the instruction, the unit is second. Note that this number does not represent the actual CPU time. The time spent on the core mode during the execution of the S command is seconds. U The time spent in the user mode during execution, the unit is second. P Execute the occupation ratio of the CPU when the command is executed. In fact, this number is the core mode plus the CPU time of the user mode divided by total time.
The maximum value of the entity memory occupied by Memory Resources m. The unit is the average value of the entity memory occupied by KB T execution, and the unit is the total amount of memory occupied by the KB K executive program (STACK DATA TEXT), and the unit is self-information of the KB D execution program. The average size of the unshared data isa, the unit is the average size of the unshared stack of the KB P executable, and the unit is the average of the shared text. The unit is a KB Z system. The size of the memory page is byte. This is the number of major memory pages of this program for the same system. The so-called main memory page error is that a memory page has been replaced into the SWAP file and has been assigned to other programs. At this point, the content of this page must be read again from the replacement. R The number of times the secondary memory page of this program is incorrect. The so-called secondary memory page error is that although the memory page has been replaced into the replacement file, it is not allocated to other programs. At this point, the content of this page is not broken, and it is not necessary to read it from the replacement. W This program is forced to interrupt (like allocated CPU time depletion). Voluntary interruption (like a number of files entered by the number of I / O execution, like a disk reading, etc.), the number of files outputted by this program R R RO of this program R This program has received Socket Message S Signal (Signal) received by this program
Command INFO C is executed with the end code of the command name X command (Exit Status)
-p or --Portability This option will automatically set the display format as: Real% e user% u sys% s The purpose is to be compatible with POSIX specifications. -v or --verbose This option lists the resources used in all programs, not only in general English statements, but also instructions. People who don't want to spend time to set or just start to contact this instruction is quite useful.
Example: Use the following instructions TIME -V PS -AUX
We can get the results of PS -AUX and the system resources taken. As listed below: User PID% CPU% MEM VSZ RSS TTY Stat Start Time Command Root 1 0.0 0.4 1096 472? S APR19 0:04 Init Root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0? SW APR19 0:00 [KFlushd] root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0? SW APR19 0:00 [KPIOD] ... root 24269 0.0 1.0 2692 996 PTS / 3 R 12:16 0:00 ps -aux
Command being timed: "ps -aux" User Time (Seconds): 0.05 System Time (Seconds): 0.06 Percent of CPU this Job Got: 68% ELAPSED (Wall Clock) Time (H: MM: SS OR M: SS): 0: 00.16 Average shared text size (kbytes): 0 Average unshared data size (kbytes): 0 Average stack size (kbytes): 0 Average total size (kbytes): 0 Maximum resident set size (kbytes): 0 Average resident set size (kbytes): 0 Major (requiring I / O) page faults: 238 Minor (reclaiming a frame) page faults: 46 Voluntary context switches: 0 Involuntary context switches: 0 Swaps: 0 File system inputs: 0 File system outputs: 0 Socket Messages SENT: 0 SOCKET MESSAGERED: 0 page size (bytes): 4096 Exit status: 0 Name: uPtime Usage Permissions: All users use mode: uptime [-v] Description: Uptime provides the following information No need other parameters:
The current time system is running to the current time connected to the number of users recently, five minutes and fifteen - system load parameters: -v Displays the version information. Example: Uptime The result is: 10:41 AM UP 5 Days, 10 min, 1 Users, Load average: 0.00, 0.00, 1.99
Name: CHFN
Use permission: All users
Usage: shell >> CHFN
Description: Provide users to change individual information for Finger and Mail UserName
example:
Shell >> CHFN Changing Finger Information for User Password: [DEL] Name []: Johnney Huang ### provides information when providing finger office []: nccu office phone []: [del] home phone []: [DEL]
Name: chsh
Use permission: All users
Usage: shell >> Chsh
Description: Change the user shell setting
example:
Shell >> Chsh Chang1 Password: [DEL] New shell [/ bin / tcsh]: ### [is currently used shell] [DEL]
Shell >> Chsh -l ### show / etc / shells archive content / bin / bash / bin / bin / bin / bin / bsh / bin / tcsh / bin / csh name: finger usage rights: All users use Method: Finger [Options] User [@address] Description: Finger allows the user to query some other user's information. The information listed is: login name user name home directory shell login status mail status .plan .project .forward where .plan, .project and .Forward are the user in his home directory. PLAN, .Project, Information in FORWARD. If there is no. The Finger directive is not limited to queries on the same server, or you can find users on a remote server. Just give an address like an e-mail address. Parameter -L multi-line display. -s single line display. This option only displays the login name, real name, terminal name, idle time, login time, office number, and phone number. This option is invalid if the user is the user of the remote server. Example: The following instructions can check the information of this machine administrator: Finger root
The results are as follows: login: root name: root directory: / root shell: / bin / bash never logged in. No mail. No plan.
Name: Last Use Permissions: All users use methods: shell >> Last [options] Description: Show the system to start the message from the beginning of each month
Parameter -R 省 Hostname's field-Num preview before NUM UserName display username login message TTY Login message Contains Terminal code
example:
SHELL >> Last -R -2 Johnney PTS / 1 MON AUG 14 20:42 Still Logged in Johnney PTS / 0 MON AUG 14 19:59 Still Logged in
WTMP Begins Tue Aug 1 09:01:10 2000 ### / var / log / wtmp
SHELL >> Last-2 Minery Minery PTS / 0 140.119.217.115 Mon Aug 14 18:37 - 18:40 (00:03) Minery PTS / 0 140.119.217.115 Mon Aug 14 17:22 - 17:24 (00:02 )
WTMP Begins Tue Aug 1 09:01:10 2000
Name: login
This order will not be done! Oh, I am not here, I'm here, I have a beautiful youth ^ _ ^ Name: passwd usage rights: All users use methods: passwd [-k] [-l] [-u [-f]] [-D] [ -S] [username] Description: Used to change the user's password
Parameters: -k -l -u -f -d Close the user's password authentication function, the user will not be able to enter a password when logging in, only the user who has the root privilege can be used. -S Displays the password of the specified user Certification species, only users with root privileges can be used.
[username] Specifies the account name.
Name: WHO Use Weight: All users can use: WHO - [husfv] [user] Description: There are those users in the display system being on, the displayed data contains the user ID, the terminal used, From the other side, online time, lag time, CPU usage, action, etc. Parameters:
-h: Do not display the title column -u: Do not display the user's action / work-S: Use a short format to display -f: Do not display the user's online location -V: display program version
Name: CAT Use Permissions: All users use mode: cat [-abeensttuv] [--help] [--Version] filename Description: Connect the file to the basic output (screen or plus> filename to another) Parameters: -N or --Number is similar to the number of rows numbers -b or -number-nonblank and -n of all outputs, but it is encountered for blank lines - Square In a row of two consecutive lines, it is changed to a line -V or -show-nonprinting example: cat -n textfile1> textfile2 Enter the textfile2 file with the line number after entering textfile2 CAT -B TextFile1 TEXTFILE2 >> TextFile2 adds the file number of TextFile1 and TextFile2 (blank line does not add), attached to the textFile3 name: CD Use Permissions: All users use mode: CD [DirName] Description: Transform work catalog to Dirname. The DiRName representation can be an absolute path or relative path. If the directory name is omitted, transform to the user's Home Directory (that is, the directory where Login is located). In addition, "~" is also expressed as HOME DIRECTORY, "." Means the current directory, ".." indicates the current directory of the current directory location. Example: Jump to / usr / bin /: CD / usr / bin jumps to its own home Directory: CD ~ Skip to the current two layers of the current directory: CD ../ .. instruction name: CHMOD Usage Permissions: All users How to use: chmod [-cfvr] [--help] [--Version] mode file ... Description: Linux / UNIX file access rights are divided into three levels: file owners, groups, others. Using CHMOD how to control the file is accessed by others. Parameters: Mode: Permissions set strings, formats are as follows: [Ugoa ...] [[ - =] [, ...], where u indicates the owner of the file, g represents With the owner of the file belongs to the same group (Group), o represents the other people, and A means that these are all. Represents increased permissions, indicates cancellation, = indicates unique setting permissions. R indicates that readable, W represents written, x represents executable, X represents only when the file is a subdirectory or the file has been set to be executed.
-c: If this file authority does have changed, it is displayed in the change action -f: If this file authority cannot be changed, do not display the error message-V: Display permission change - R: All files in current directory Permissions change with the subdirectory (that is, changed by a manual way) - HELP: Display auxiliary instructions --Version: Display version example: Set file file1.txt to everyone can read: chmod ugo R file1.txt Sets the file file1.txt to be read: chmod a r file1.txt Sets file file1.txt and file2.txt owner, with its own same group can write However, others cannot be written: Chmod Ug W, OW file1.txt file2.txt Sets EX1.py to only this file owner can be executed: chmod u x ex1.py will be in current directory All archives and subdirectories are available to anyone: ChMOD -R A R * Also CHMOD can also use numbers to indicate rights such as CHMOD 777 File syntax: chmod abc files, B, C each as a number The permissions of User, Group, and Other, respectively. R = 4, w = 2, x = 1 To RWX attribute 4 2 1 = 7; to RW-attribute 4 2 = 6; if the R-X property is 4 1 = 7. Example: chmod a = rwx file and chmod 777 File effect The same CHMOD UG = RWX, o = x file and chmod 771 File effect The same uses CHMOD 4755 filename to make this program with root permission command name: chown use permission: root use Method: chmod [-cfhvr] [--help] [--Version] User [: group] file ... Description: Linux / UNIX is multi-person multi-work system, all of which have owners. Use Chown to change the owners of the file. In general, this instruction only is used by the system administrator (root), and the general user has no permissions to change someone else's file owner, and there is no permission to change the owner of its own files to others. Only the system administrator (root) has such permissions. Parameters: User: New Archive owner's user IDGroup: New Archive owner's user group (group) -c: If the file owner does have changed, the change action is displayed - F: If this file owns Unable to be changed, do not display the error message - h: only for the link (LINK), not the Link real pointing file -V: Display the owner's change details - R: All files in current directory The subdirectory is changed (ie, changed one by one) - Help: Display auxiliary instructions - Version: Display version example: Set the owner of the file file1.txt User Jessie: Chown Jessie: Users file1.txt Set all the files in the current directory with the owner of the subdirectory Lamport: chmod -r Lamport: Users * Name: CP Usage Permissions: All users use methods: CP [Options] Source Dest CP [Options] Source ... Directory Description: Copy a file to another file or copy several files to another directory. Parameters: -a copies the status of file status, permissions, etc.
-r If the Source contains a directory name, the files in the directory are also copied to the destination. -f If the destination already has the same file, it is deleted before the replication is removed. Example: Copy the file aaa (already existing) and name BBB: CP AAA BBB copies all C language to the finished subdirectory: CP * .c finished Name: CUT Usage Permissions: All User Usage: CUT - CNUM1-NUM2 FILENAME Description: Shows the text that counts Num1 to Num2 from the beginning. Example: Shell >> Cat Example Test2 this is test1 shell >> Cut -c0-6 example ## print 200 Test2 THIS I Name: Find Usage: Find User Description: Combine Expression in the archive system The file is listed. You can refer to a combination of different information such as the name, category, time, size, permissions, etc., only fully matched. Find determines the Path and Expression on the following rules, first on the command - (), the previous part is PATH, after which is Expression. If Path is a null string, use the current path, if Expression is a empty string, using -print to use the options you can use in the Expression (Expression) for more than twenty or thirty, here only the most common part is described. -mount, -XDEV: Only check and specify files under the same archive system, avoid listing files in other file systems - Amin N: Reads in the past N - Annewer File: More than file file Night-read file -Atime N: Files read in the past N: CMIN N: Changed in the past N: -cnewer file: file updated than file file - CTIME N: in the past N Sky-modified file -empty: empty file-gid n or -group name: gid is n or group name is name -ipath p, -path p: path name complies with P's file, IPath ignores case-write- Name name, -iname name: The file name is compliant with the file. INAME ignores uppercase-size N: The file size is n unit, b represents the block of 512-bit yuan group, c represents the number of words, and K means kilo bytes, W is two bit groups. -type C: The file type is C file. D: Directory C: Dictionarized Device Archive B: Block Device Archive P: Total Site F: General Archive L: Symbol Connection S: Socket -Pid N: Process ID This file You can use () Separate the arithmetic And use the following operations. Exp1 -and Exp2! EXPR-NOT EXP1 -OR EXP2 EXP1, EXP2 Example: List of all extended files in the current directory and its subdirectory is C.
# Find. -name "* .c" lists all the general files in its underlying directory, lists the current directory and its subdirectory all the files updated in the current directory and its subdirectory. # Find . -ctime -20 Name: Less Use Permissions: All Users User: Less [option] FileName Description: LESS's role is very similar to more, can be used to browse the text file, the different is Less allows the user to go Roll back to browse some parties that have been seen, because LESS did not read the entire file at the beginning, so when you encounter a large file, it is fast than the general instrument editor (such as vi). Example: Name: LN Use Permissions: All users use mode: ln [options] Source Dist, where Option is: [-BDFINSVF] [-S backup-suffix] [-V {numbered, existing, Simple}] --help] [--version] [-] Instructions: Linux / UNIX archive system, there is a so-called link, we can treat it as an alias of the file, and the link can be divided into two types: hard Hard Link and Soft Tie (Symbolic Link), the hard link means that a file can have multiple names, while the soft link method is a special file, the content of this file is to another file. . Hard links are in the same archive system, while soft links can span different archive systems. The LN Source Dist is a link (dist) to SOURCE, as for the use of the hard link or soft link, is determined by the parameter. Whether it is a hard link or soft link, it will not copy a copy of the original file, and will only take a very small amount of disk space. Parameters: -f: The link will first delete the file with the DIST: Allow the system administrator hard link to your directory -i: Inquire about the file when deleting the file with the DIST. When performing soft link, the Dist is treated as a general file-S: Symbolic link -V: The file name is displayed before the connection is previously overwritten or deleted. Backup - Suffix: Plus the backup files with a SUFFIX word tail - VMETHOD: Specify the backup method - HELP: Display auxiliary instructions --Version: Display version example: Set the file yy a Symbolic link: zz ln - S Yy ZZ generates a Hard Link: ZZ LN YY XX Name: Locate User Permissions: Locate [-q] [-d] [--database =] locate [-r] Regexp =] locate [-qv] [-o] [--output =] locate [-e] [-f] <[- l] [-c] <[- u] [-u]> locate [-VH ] [--Version] [--help] Description: Locate allows users to quickly search for specified files in the archive system. Its method is to build a database including all file names and paths in the system, and then only query this database when looking for, without having to go deep into the archive system. In a general distribution, the establishment of the database is placed automatically in the contab. General users can use the form of # locate your_file_name when using.
Parameters: -u -u Establish a database, -U will start with the root directory, and -U can specify the starting position. -e will exclude the range of findings. -l if it is 1. Start safe mode. In safe mode, the user will not see the file that is not available. This will slow down because Locate must obtain the permission information of the file in the actual archive system. -f Examples of specific archives systems, for example, we have not to put the files in the proc archive system in the database. -q quiet mode does not display any error messages. -N is displayed to display an output. -r Use a regular arithmetic condition for the condition. -o Specifies the name of the stock. -d to specify the path of the database - H Display Auxiliary Message-V Display More News - V Display Program Version Message Example: Locate ChDRV: Find all files called ChDRV Locate -n 100 a.out: Look for all called A. OUT file, but only 100 Locate -u: Establishment Database Name: LS Use Permissions: All users use mode: ls [-alrtafr] [Name ...] Description: Display content under the specified work directory ( List the files and subdirectories included in the current work directory). Parameters: -a Displays all files and directories (LS instead of starting the file name or directory name "." Is considered hidden file, not listed) -l In addition to the file name, file type, permission, owned , The size of the file is detailed -R -R to display the file in the opposite order (original in English alphabetical order) -t sequence-t 同 -A, but not listed "." (Current Directory) and ".." (parent directory) -f plus a symbol after listed; for example, the executable is added "*", the directory is added "/", if there is a file in the directory, Then the following files are also sequentially listed in the example: list all the names at the beginning of the current working directory, and the more advances behind: ls -ltr s * list all directory and archive details of the / bin directory : ls -lr / bin lists all files and directories in the current work directory; directory after "/", executable files after the name is added "*": LS -AF name: more Use Permissions: All users use Mode: more [-dlfpcsu] [-num] [ / pattern] [ LineNum] [filenames ..] Description: Similar to CAT, but will make the user's page-page reading with a page display, and the most basic The instruction is to press the blank key (SPACE) to display the next page, press the BCK page to display, and there is also the function of the search string (similar to VI), the instruction file in use, please Press H.
Parameters: -Num The number of rows -D prompt users, display [Press Space to Continue, Q to Quit.] Below the screen, if the user presses the wrong button, [Press H for instructions.] Instead of Beep-L cancels the number of function -f calculating rows when the special font ^ L (paper feed character) is met, the number of rows after the actual line, not the number of rows after the automatic wrap (some single line words It will be extended to two rows or more.) -P does not display each page in a row, but first cleared the screen, then display the content-C and -p, the difference is to display the content and then clear other Old Data-S When there is a blank line with two consecutive lines, the blank line-U does not display the lower quotation marks (depending on the TERMINAL specified by the environment variable TERM) / in each file display Search for the string (Pattern), then start displaying from the string NUM Start displaying filenames from the NUM row to display files to display the contents of the content, can be used as a number of quotable examples: more -s testfile Displays the file content of Testfile If there are two consecutive lines of blank lines display in a row of blank lines. More 20 Testfile starts the contents of Testfile from the 20th line. Name: MV Use Permissions: All users use methods: mv [options] Source Dest MV [options] Source ... Directory Description: Move a file to another file, or move several files to another directory. Parameters: -i If the destination already has the same name file, first ask if the old file is overwritten. Example: Move the file aaa to bbb: MV AAA BBB Moves all C language to the finished subdirectory: mv -i * .c Name: RM Use Permissions: All users use: rm [options] name .. Description: Delete files and directories. Parameters: -i to ask for confirmation one by one before deletion. -f even if the original file property is set to read, it is also directly deleted without one by one. -r Detects the directory and below. Example: Delete all C language programming; before the deletion, check the confirmation: rm -i * .c Delete all files in the finished subdirectory and subdirectory: RM -R Finished Name: RMDIR Use Permissions: In the current directory, appropriate permissions All users use methods: rmdir [-p] DIRNAME Description: Delete empty directories. Parameters :-P is that when the subdirector is deleted, it will also be deleted by the way. Example: Delete the subdirectory named AAA in the working directory: RMDIR AAA deletes a subdirectory called Test in the BBB directory in the working directory. If the Test is deleted, the BBB directory is empty, then BBB is also deleted. RMDIR -P BBB / TEST Name: Split Use Permissions: All users use methods: split [option]]] Description: Split a file into several. From the INPUT division output into a fixed-size file, its file name is prefixaa, prefixab ...; prefix preset value `x.
If there is no input file or `-, you will be read from the standard input. Parameters: -b, --bytes = size size value is the size of each output file, in BYTE. -C, --Line-bytes = Size In each output, the maximum number of BYTEs in a single line. -L, --Lines = Number Number value is the number of column numbers for each output. -Number is the same as -l number. --verbose is printed before each output file is opened, and the quoted information is printed to the standard error output. --Help Displays the auxiliary information and then leave. --Version lists the published items and then leave. Size can join the unit: b represents 512, K represents 1k, M represents 1 meg. Example: Postgressql Large Database Backup and Recycling: Because Postgres allows the form to pass the maximum capacity of your system file, you may have problems with the table dump to a single file, using Split to file file segmentation. % pg_dump dbname | split -b 1m - filename.dump. Reloading% createDb dbname% cat filename.dump. * | PGSQL DBNAME Name: Touch Usage Permissions: All users User: Touch [-ACFM] [-r Reference -file] [--file = reference-file] [-t mmddhhmm [[cc] yy]] [-d time] [--date = Time] [--Time = {Atime, Access, USE , Mtime, Modify}] [--NO-CREATE] [--HELP] [--Version] File1 [file2 ...] Description: Touch Directive changes the time record of the file. LS -L can display the time record of the file. Parameters: a Changing the read time record of the file. m change the modification time record of the file. C If the purpose file does not exist, it will not establish a new file. Like -No-Create. F is not used, is to retain to compatibility with other UNIX systems. r Use the reference file time record, like the effect of thefile. D Setting time and date, you can use a variety of different formats. T Time Record of the file is set, the format is the same as the DATE instruction. --NO-CREATE does not establish a new file. --Help lists the instruction format. --Version lists this message. Example: The easiest way of use is changed to the current time when the file is recorded. If the file does not exist, a new file will be established. Touch File Touch File1 File2 changed File's time record to 18:39, BC, twom. Time format can refer to the Date directive, at least you need to enter MMDDHHMM, which is the time of months and minutes. Touch -c -t 05061803 file touch -c -t 050618032000 file change the file time records to ReferenceFile. Touch -R Referencefile File changed the time record of File to 18:3:39 on May 6, two thousand years old. Time can be used in AM, PM or 24-hour format, and other formats can be used in other formats such as 6 May 2000.
Touch -d "6:03 PM" File Touch -d "05/06/2000" File Touch -d "6:03 PM 05/06/2000" File Name: AT Usage Permissions: All users use methods: AT -V [ -q queue] [-f file] [-f file] [-f file] Time Description: AT allows the user to specify a certain time or instruction in Time, Time's format is HH: mm in which HH is hour, mm is minute And even you can specify AM, PM, Midnight, Noon, Teatime (is 4 pm). If you want to specify the time in more than a day, you can use mmddyy or mm / dd / yy format, where mm is minute, DD is the day, yy refers to the year. In addition, the user can even use the NOW time interval to elastic designation time, where the time interval can be minutes, hours, days, weeks, and the user can specify Today or Tomorrow to represent today or tomorrow. When the time is specified and press Enter, the AT will enter the conversation mode and ask for input instructions or programs. When you press CTRL D, press Ctrl D to complete all the actions, as for the result of the execution, will be sent back to your account . Parameters: -v: Printing No. Published No. -Q: Use the specified 伫 伫 (Queue) to store, the data of the AT is stored in the so-called queue, the user can use multiple queue at the same time, and the Queue's number A, B, C ... Z and A, B, ... Z Total 52 - M: Even if the program / instruction does not have output results, send it to the user -f file: read in advance Command file. Users do not have to use the conversation mode to enter, first write all the specified first to the file once again read -L: List all the specified (the user can also use ATQ directly without AT -L) -D : Delete the specified (the user can use ATRM directly without using AT -D) -V: List all the specified examples that have been completed but have not been removed: 5 pm after three days of execution / bin / ls: AT 5PM 3 days / bin / ls three weeks later 5 pm on 5 pm / BIN / LS: AT 5PM 2 Weeks / Bin / LS Tomorrow 17:20 Execution / bin / date: at 17:20 Tomorrow / BIN / date 1999 The last day of the last day printed the end of world! At 23:59 12/31/1999 echo the end of world! Note: Sendmail uses an action that is converted by the user name in / etc / aliases. When sendmail receives a letter to XXX, it will be given to another by the content of the AliaSS file. This feature creates a user who is only valid in the letters system. For example, Mailing List uses this feature. In MailingList, we may create a mailingList called Redlinux@link.ecpi.edu, but actually doesn't have a user named RedLinux. The actual AliaSS file is to receive the Mailing List processing of the Mailing List processing.
/ etc / aliases is a file file, Sendmail requires a binary format /etc/aliases.db. NEWALIASES's functional is to convert / etc / aliases into a repository that SENDMAIL can understand. Example: # NewaliaSs The following command will do the same thing, # sendmail -bi related commands: mail, mailq, newaliases, sendmail Name: Mail Name: Mail Usage Permissions: All users use mode: mail [-iinv] [-s Subject] [- C cc-addr] [-b bcc-addr] User1 [user 2 ...] Description: Mail is not only an instruction, Mail is also an email program, but people who use Mail to read the letter should be very small! For system managers, Mail is useful, because managers can write to Script with Mail, regularly send some memorandum of reminder systems. Parameters: I ignore the interrupt signal of TTY. (Interrupt) I forced to set up interactive mode. (Interactive) V lists the message, such as the location, state, etc. of the send letter, etc. (Verbose) N Do not read the mail.rc setting file. S Mail title. C CC mail address. B BCC email address. Example: Getting the letters to one or more email addresses, because no other options are added, the user must enter the contents of the title and the letter. User2 does not have a host position, it will be given to the user2 user of the mail server. Mail user1@email.address mail user1@email.address user2 Sending the content of mail.txt to user2 simultaneously CC to USER1. If you set this line instruction to cronjob, you can send a memo to the system user. Mail -s Title - C User1 User2 NEWALIASES's functional is to convert / etc / aliases into a repository that SENDMAIL can understand. Parameters: No parameters. Example: # Newaliase The following command will do the same thing, # sendmail -bi related commands: mail, mailq, newaliases, sendmail Name: Talk User Permissions: All users use mode: Talk Person [TTYNAME] Description: Pair with other users Talking Parameters: Person: Prepare the user account, if the user can enter Person@machine.name ttyname on other machines: If the user has more than two TTY connectors, you can choose the right TTY newspaper example. 1: Talking to the user Rollaend on the machine, then Rollaend only one connection: Talk Rollaend Next is the ROLLAEND response, if rollaend accepts, Rollaend Enter the `Talk Jzlee` Talk, end press CTRL C example. 2: Talk to the user rolland on Linuxfab.cx, use PTS / 2 to talk: Talk RollaEnd@linuxfab.cx PTS / 2 is the next is the RollaEnd response, if rolland Accepted, Rollaend Enter the `Talk Jzlee @ Jzlee.home`, you can start talking, please press Ctrl C to pay attention: If the word of the screen appears abnormal character, try to update the screen screen in Ctrl L. Name: WALL Use Permissions: All users use mode: Wall [message] Use instructions: Wall transmits the message to each MESG to set the User's online user. When using the terminal interface as a standard income, the message needs to be added with EOF (usually using Ctrl D) Example: Communication "Hi" gives each user: Wall Hi Name: Write Use Permissions: All Use Way: Write User [TTYNAME] Description: Communication to other user parameters: user: Prepared message TTYNAME: If the user has more than two TTY connectors, you can choose the right TTY biography. Message example. 1: The message is given to Rolland. At this time, Rolland has only one connection: Write RollaEnd Next is to play the message, follow the Ctrl C example. 2: Communication to rollaend, the connection between ROLLAEND has PTS / 2, PTS / 3: Write RollaEnd PTS / 2 Next is to hit the message, press CTRL C Note: If the other party sets MESG N, the interpretation will not be passed to the other party name: KILL use permission: All users use methods: kill [-s signal | -p] [-a] pid ... kill -l [signal] Description: KILL sends a specific signal (Signal) to the stroke ID according to the stroke of the PID according to the signal To do a specific action, if there is no designation, the preset is the signal parameters of the termination (TERM): -s (Signal): Among them, the signal is HUP (1), Kill (9), TERM (15), respectively Represents, cut off, end; detailed signals can be printed with kill -l -p: PID, does not send signal -L (Signal): list all available signal name: Treading PID 323 (KILL): Kill -9 323 Running the PID 456 Running (Restart): Kill-Hup 456 Name: NICE Usage Permissions: All Users User Way: Nice [-n Adjustment] [-adjustment] [- Adjustment = Adjustment] [--help] [--Version] [Command [Arg ...]] Description: Execute the program with a changed priority, if the program is not specified, the current schedule priority is printed , Deactivated Adjus TMENT is 10, the range is -20 (highest priority) to 19 (minimum preferred preface) parameters: -n adjustment, -adjustment, --Adjustment = Adjustment, all Adjustment - HELP display for this original priority Message -Version Display Version Information Example: Pretinate the priority of the LS 1 and execute: Nice -n 1 LS adds the priority sequence of the LS and executes: NICE LS adds the priority of the LS 10 and performs Note: Priority ( Priority) For the work system to determine the parameters assigned by the CPU, Linux uses the "Round-Robin" to do the CPU schedule, the higher the priority, the more CPUs that may be obtained. Name: PS Usage Permissions: All users use mode: PS [options] [--help] Description: Show the dynamic parameters of the moment: PS [Options] Dynamic parameters: PS is very large, only a few common parameters are listed here and Ondering Introduction Meaning-A List All Tour-W Display Widening You can display more information -au Show more detailed information -AUX Display all stroke Au (x) output format containing other users: user pid% CPU% MEM VSZ RSS TTY Stat Start Time Command User: PID% PID: PID% CPU: User CPU Usage% MEM: Occupied Memory Use VSZ: Occupable Virtual Memory Size RSS: The Memory Size TTY: The secondary device number of the terminal: D: Uninterrupted stationary (Pipe □ 缜 B performs I / O action) R: is being executed S: Static state T: Pause to execute Z: No, it is temporarily unable to eliminate W: Not enough memory page can be assigned <: high-priority stroke N: low priority stroke L: There is a memory paging assignment and lock in memory (instant system or Ai / o) Start: Time Time Time: Execute Time Command: Examples of Directive: Ps Pid Tty Time CMD 2791 TTYP0 00:00:00 TCSH 3092 TTYP0 00:00:00 PS% PS -A PID Tty Time cmd 1? 00:00:03 init 2? 00:00:00 Kflushd 3? 00:00:00 kpiod 4? 00:00:00 kswapd 5? 00:00:00 MDRECoveryd .......% PS -AUX User PID% CPU% MEM VSZ RSS TTY Stat Start Time Command Root 1 0.0 0.7 1096 472? S Sep10 0:03 Init [3] root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0? SW SEP10 0:00 [KFlushd] root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0? SW SEP10 0:00 [KPIOD] root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0? SW SEP10 0 : 00 [KSWAPD] ........ Name: PStree Use Permissions: All users use methods: pstree [-a] [-c] [-h | -hpid] [-l] [-n] [ -p] [-u] [-g | -u] [PID | User] PStree -V Description: Display all the strokes in a tree map, the tree map will be pid (if you have specified) or in init The basic stroke is root (root) if there is a specified user ID, the tree map only shows the stroke parameters owned by the user: -a Displays the full instructions and parameters of the stroke, if it is replaced by the memory body The stroke will add parentheses -c if there is a rebounded stroke name, separately list (preset value is added in front * Example: PStree Init - - AMD | -APMD | -ATD | -HTTPD-- -10 * [httpd]% PStree -P init (1) - - AMD (447) | -APMD (105) | -ATD (339)% PSTREE -C INIT - - AMD | -APMD | -ATD | HTTPD - - httpd | |-httpd | | - httpd .... Name: Renice Usage Permissions: All users use mode: renice priority [[-p] pid ...] [[-g] PGRP ...] [[-U] user ...] Description: Re-specify the priority of one or more strokes (one or more of the parameters will be determined according to the parameters) parameters :-P PID Re-specifies the id for the stroke of the PID -G PGRP to re-specify the stroke The Group (one or more) of the group (one or more) of the PROCESS group (one or more) priority preface exemplary: Example of the stroke owner is the stroke of the stroke owner is the stroke and the stroke of the stroke ID of 987 and 32 DAEMON and ROOT priority numbers plus 1: renice 1 987 --u daemon root -p 32 Note: Each stroke has a unique ID Name: TOP Usage Permissions: All users How to use: TOP [-] [D device] [q] [c] [s] [s] [i] [n] [b] Description: Dynamic parameters of Process in instant display: D: Change the displayed update speed, or Is in the conversation instruction column (Interactive Command) Press SQ: No delayed display speed, if the user has the superuser permission, TOP will perform C: switch display mode with the highest priority, there are two modes, First, only the name of the executive file is displayed, the other is to display the full path and the name S: cumulative mode, the CPU Time of the DEAD CHILD Process, the CPU Time, which will be accumulated S: Safety mode, will talk Cancellation, avoid potential crisis i: No idle (IDLE) or useless (Zombie) stroke N: update number, will exit Top B: batch file mode after completion, use "N" parameter to use It can be used to output the results of TOP to the archive: display update ten times and exits after the update; Top -n 10 users will not use the conversation instruction to the stroke command: top -s will update the update to display the quaduper results To the name of Top.log: Top -n 2 -b Name (code) function / Description ALRM 14 Leaves HUP 1 Leaving INT 2 Leaving KILL 9 Leaving PIPE 13 Leaving PROW PROW TERM 15 Leaving USR1 Leaving USR2 Leaving VTALRM Leaving STKFLT Leaving / Only I386, M68K, ARM and PPC hardware unused leaves / only for I386, M68K, ARM, and PPC hardware TSTP stop / generating behavior TTIN stop / generating behavior Ttou stop / generate behavior of behavior stoP stop / forcing shutdown Conta from the new start / if the stop state is started from the new, otherwise ignore the PWR ignore / ignore Winch in some systems ignore CHLD ignore ABRT 6 core FPE 8 core ILL 4 core Quit 3 core SEGV 11 core Trap 5 core SYS core / perhaps Undepended EMT core / perhaps unplanned BUS core / core failure XCPU core / core failure XFSZ core / core failure example: Stop all programs Skill -kill -V PTS / * on the PTY device to stop three users User1, User2, user3 skill -stop user1 user2 user3 other related commands: kill name: EXPR Usage Permissions: All users ### string length shell >> expr length "this is a test" 14 ### Digital commercial shell> > EXPR 14% 9 5 ### From location Crapen Strings shell >> Expr Substr "this is a test" 3 5 is is ### Digital String Only The First Character Shell >> Expr Index "Testforthegame" E 2 ### String Real Reproduce Shell >> EXPR Quote THISATESTFORMELA THISATSTFORMELA Name: TR ### 1. More than one side, do all uppercase files under the directory to lowercase file name? There seems to be many ways, "TR" is one of them One: #! / Bin / sh dir = "/ tmp / TestDir"; files = `FIND $ dir -type f`; for i in $ files do dir_name =` Dirname $ I`; ori_filename = `basename $ I` NEW_FILENAME =` Echo $ Ori_FileName | TR [: Upper:] [: Lower:] `> / dev / null; #ec $ dir_name / $ ori_filename $ dir_name / $ new_filename done ### 2. 自己 试 试 ... Lowercase to Uppercase Tr Abcdef ... [DEL] Abcde ... [DEL ] Tr Az Az Tr [: Lower:] [: Upper:] Shell >> Echo "this is a test" | TR AZ AZ> WWW shell >> Cat WWW this is a test ### 3. Remove the words do not want Strings Shell >> Tr -d this ### Remove the Test this Man MAN Test E ### 4. Replace Strings Shell >> Tr - "THIS" "TEST" THIS TEST TH TE DIS: CLEAR Purpose: Clear the screen. How to use: Enter clear on Console. Name: Reset, Tset How to Use: Tset [-iqqrs] [-] [-e ch] [-i ch] [-k ch] [-m mapping] [Terminal] Instructions: Reset actually and tset is a command It uses its use of setting the status of the terminal. In general, this command will automatically determine the current terminal of the current terminal from the environment variable, command column, or other configuration. If the specified type is?, This program will ask the user to enter the terms of the terminal. Soft drive slices Because this program sets back the terminal back to the original state, in addition to the use of login, when the system terminal enters some strange state because the program is not properly executed, you can also reset the terminal O For example, if you accidentally use the CAT directive to the terminal, it will often have a terminal that does not respond to the keyboard input or responds to some strange characters. You can reply to the original state with RESET. Parameters: -p Displays the terminal category on the screen, but does not make the set action. This command can be used to achieve the category of the current terminal. -e ch Associates the ERASE unit into a CH -I CH to set the interrupt character into ch -K CH will delete the character of the row to set a CH -I to do the set action. If there is no option -Q, ERASE , The current value of the interrupt and deletion of the character will still be sent to the screen. -Q Do not display ERASE, interrupt, and delete the value of the character to the screen. -r Prints the terminal machine class on the screen. -s Send the typed string of the command to the TERM to the terminal, usually in .login or .profile example: Let the user enter a terminal model and set the terminal to the type. Preset status. # RESET? Set the ERASE CET to set the concol-h # reset -e ^ b Display the string of settings on the screen # reset -s Erase IS Control-B (^ b). Kill IS Control-u (^ U). Interrupt is control-c (^ c). Term = xterm; Name: compress usage rights: All users use methods: compress [-dfvcv] [-b maxbits] [file ...] Description: compress is a Pretty ancient UNIX file compression instructions, the compressed file will add a .z extended file name to distinguish an uncompressed file, and the compressed file can be decompressed in uncompress. To press the plurality of files into a compressed file, you must first turn the archive Tar and then compress. Since Gzip can generate more ideal compression ratios, the general people have changed more Gzip to archive compression tools. Parameters: c Output Results to standard output devices (General referred to screen) F Forced writing files, if the destination already exists, it will be overwritten (force) the message executed by the program on the screen (Verbose) B The upper limit of the number of common strings is set, and the value can be set to 9 to 16 BITS with bit yuan. Since the value is, the more common strings that can be used, the larger the compression ratio, so the preset value 16 bits (bits) D will extract the compressed file to extract the V-list information example: Source.dat compression Source.dat.z, if Source.dat.z already exists, the content is covered by the compressed file. Compress -f Source.dat compresses Source.dat into source.dat.z, and prints the compression ratio. -v and -f can use compress -vf source.dat to output the compressed data. Dat.z can change the compressed file name. The larger the value of the target -c source.dat> target.dat.z -b, the larger the compression ratio, the range is 9-16, the preset value is 16. Compress -b 12 Source.dat decompresses Source.dat.z into source.dat. If the file already exists, the user presses Y to determine the coverage file, if you use the -DF program, you will automatically cover the file. Since the system will automatically join .Z is an extended file name, Source.dat will automatically be treated as Source.dat.z. Compress -d source.dat compress -d source.dat.z Name: LPD Usage Permissions: All users use mode: LPD [-l] [#port] LPD is a resident printing machine management program, it will / etc / printcap content to manage local or distal printers. Each printer defined in / etc / printcap must have a corresponding directory in / var / lpd. In the directory, a copy of the CF starts in a directory indicates a printing work waiting to be sent to the appropriate device. This file is usually generated by the LPR. LPR and LPD constitute a system that can work offline. When you use LPR, the printing machine does not need to be available immediately, and no existence. LPD automatically monitors the status of the printing machine. When the press is online, the file will be sent immediately. This has to wait for the previous work to complete the previous job. Parameters: -l: Display some unlocated messages on the standard output. #port: In general, LPD uses GetServByName to get the appropriate TCP / IP Port, you can use this parameter to force LPD to use the specified port. Example: This program is usually performed at the beginning of the system from the program in /etc/rc.d. Name LPQ effect: Displays unfinished work LPQ [L] [P] [User] in the listing machine, will display an item that is not completed by the list of list managers managed by the LPD. Sample Example 1. Show all work in the LP list machine # lpq -plrank Owner Job Files Total Size1st Root 238 (Standard Input) 1428646 BYTES Related Functions LPR, LPC, LPD Name: LPR Usage Permissions: All users use : Lpr [-pprinter] Sends the file or sent by the standard input to the printing machine, the printing machine management process LPD will give this file to the appropriate program or device processing. The LPR can be used to process the material to be sent to the local or distal host. Parameters: -pprinter: Send the data to the specified printer PRINTER, the preset value is LP. Example: Send www.c and kkk.c to the printer LP. LPR-PLP www.c kkk.c Name: LPRM Role: Remove a work by the print machine to rewind usage / usr / limited l u []] 印 表 表 表 表 印 表 表 表 表 印 印 表 表 表 表 说明Will be placed in the printing machine, this command can be used to cancel the work of the printing machine. Since each printer has a separate storage, you can use the -P command to set the printed machine you want to function. If there is no setting, the system preset press will be used. This command checks if the user has enough permissions to delete the specified file. In general, only the owner of the file or the system administrator has this permission. Example Removing the PRM -PPrinter 1123 in the printing machine HPPrinter Working PRM -PPrinter 1123 Remove the LPRM 1011 Name 1011 in the preset press: FDFormat Use Permissions: FDFormat [-n ] DEVICE Instructions: Low-order formatting of the specified soft disc device. When using this instruction to format the floppy disk, it is best to specify the following device: / dev / fd0d360 soft drive machine A:, the magnetic piece is 360kb floppy drive / DEV / FD0H1440 soft drive machine A:, the magnetic disk is 1.4MB floppy drive / DEV / FD1H1200 floppy drive B:, the magnetic disk is 1.2MB floppy drive if used is a device like / dev / fd0, if the floppy drive inside is not standard capacity, formatting may fail. In this case, the user can specify the necessary parameters first with the setFDPRM instruction. Parameters: -N Close the confirmation function. This option closes the formatted confirmation step. Example: FDFORMAT-N / DEV / FD0H1440 The magnetic disk formatted into a 1.4MB magnetic sheet. And the confirmation step is omitted. Name: MFORMAT Usage Permissions: All users use methods: mformat [-t cylinders] [-h heads] [-S sectors] [-l volume_label] [-f] [-i fsver-sion] [-s sizecode] [ -2 Sectors_ON_TRACK_0] [-M Software_sector_size] [-A] [-X] [-C] [-H Hidden_sectors] [-r root_sector] [-b boot_sector] [-0 rate_on_track_0] [-A RATE_ON_THER_TRACKS] [-1] [-K] Drive: DOS archive system is established on a magnetic sheet that has already been low-level formatted. If you open the parameters of the USE_2M when compiling MTools, the partial parameters associated with the 2M format will work. Otherwise these parameters (like S, 2, 1, m) do not act. Parameters: Synlider Number-H Head (HEAD) Number of Magnetic Area - S -L Tag -f of each magnetic track -f The soft-driven format is FAT32 format, but this parameter is still in the experiment. -I Sets the version number in the FAT32. This is of course still in the experiment. -S magnetic area size code, calculated the number of magnetic regions of the sector = 2 ^ (size code 7) -C magnetne (Cluster). If the given number causes the number of magnets that exceed the FAT table, MFORMAT will automatically enhance the number of magnetic regions. -s -M mouncing magnetic area size. This number is the magnetic area size returned by the system. Usually the same as the actual size. -A If this parameter is added, MFormat generates a set of ATARI systems to this soft disc. -X Format the flop to XDF format. Before use, you must use the XDFCOPY instruction to make a low-order formatting action. -C Generates a floppical image file (Disk image) that can be installed with an MS-DOS archive system. Of course, this parameter is meaningless to a physical flop drive. -H hidden the number of magnetic regions. This is usually suitable for the split area of the formatting the hard drive because there is a segmentation table in front of a divided area. This parameter is not tested, it can not be used. -n Wash Drive Sequence Number -R Root Directory Size, the unit is the number of magnetic regions. This parameter is only valid for FAT12 and FAT16. -B uses the specified file or the power-on magnetic area of the device as the boot magnetic area of this flap or division area. Of course, the hardware parameters are faded. -k Try to maintain the original boot magnetic area.
