Wang Qingpu "Chinese History Research" 1997 No. 1, transferred from ivory tower
Max Weber concluded by the study of the world religion: between social status and the tendency to accept the tendency to different religious world views, there is an obvious clear connection. This connection mainly depends on the acceptor's choice of religious doctrine [1]. However, in the history of Chinese religion, religious selection of religions is not entirely on the teachings. Analysis of classifications and adult motives of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Northern Dynasties, and we can find that the religious system has played a lot to the choice of believers. It can be said that it is a key factor in determining the social class of the vocational authorities. We know that the same is believers, but the degree of intervention of religion is different, at least three levels can be distinguished. The first category is a professional clergy person, they have set, explained and propaganda, hosted a variety of religious rituals, and religion is their lives, they are the most determined defenders and pillars of religion. The second category is a sincere belonger, the core of its ideological concept is the basis of architecture on the basis of religious concepts, and they participate in various religious activities regularly, and actively participate in the deposit. The third category is a general belief. They simply be swined in religious, accepted some views of religion in a certain level of ideology, occasionally participating in religious rituals; even as a fashion, as a life. Investigate the identity of professional clergy in Buddhism and Taoism in the Eastern Han Dynasty in the Wei, Jin, Southern Dynasties, and its class is very obvious. This type of class is not only between the two religions, but also in different stages of the same religion. Therefore, the difference is not due to the significant difference between Buddhism and Taoism in the teachings, but because both are in the religious system. There are different indispensable. To the later stage of Nort-North, Taoism imitated Buddhist monastery system to establish his own uterine system, the social differences between the two teachings of the Buddhist two education gradually narrowed.
One
The composition of Buddhist clef in the Eastern Han Dynasty in the Eastern Han Dynasty is not a constant, which has changed with the development of Buddhist organization and ruler Buddhist policies. During the Han Wei period, professional monks were basically constructed from foreign monks from the Western region. From the 17th monks of the Han Wei period recorded by "Gao Shuang Chuan", almost all foreigners [2]. This aspect is due to the government's policy restrictions. According to the "Jin Shu", the "Art · Buddha Tu Cheng" said that the king of stone tiger said: "The Buddha, the god of the foreign countries, the Non-Hua, should have a temper. The Han Dynasty is the first pass, only Listening to the Western Region, the temple is in the god, and the Han people will not come out. Wei Chengli is the precedent. "[3] On the other hand, the Buddhist economic organization system has not yet been perfect, the Buddhist monk has not yet obtained The privilege. Time to two Jin, with the extensive broadcast of government ban, the extensive stream of Buddhist beliefs, the further improvement of Buddhist organizations, and the situation of Chinese people has gradually increased. The class composition of the Buddhist monks during the two Jin Dynasties, showing more complicated situations. According to the "Sakyama Square", "teaching", the West Jin Dynasty, the number of two Beijing monk is more than 3,700, to the Eastern Jin, the Ni Ni number of Ni Ni. Among them, it seems that it is a monk with the first class of the Jin Dynasty. [4], such as the sorrow, "The word is deep, surnamed Wang, Zhen people, Jin Yuxi Wuchang County, Dow Town," [5] Xumao, " The name of the name Wang, Zhen people, Jin Qi, the brother, "[6]. Release (Sepa-big stone): "The surname Fu, the Northern Muyang people, the Jinhe Duanlan is the Yuanzi." [7] Although it is inversely adding, this is not credible. According to the "Jin Shu", the sixty-five "Wang Gui", Wang Gui has two people, "Ying, open, less and guide, the time is told by Tongfang Too true, with the label than Deng Bo Road," There is no mention that there is a brother who has been a hunt. As for the sorrow, "Shi Shuo Xin" and German Articles "mentioned him, odd:" I don't know why the common name, the cover is also. "Seeing is not Wang Dun's brother, whether it is also worthy of the clothes. Because in the Jin Dynasty, he attaches great importance to the Social Society in the county. Zhu'an often goes between the high door, and the game is very wide. In order to be with the crown of the children, it is very likely to be a rudder, self-raising. In fact, most of the monks of the two people are still in the cold door, such as guardians, "Date, Zhang Yongmen, Lu Shuqin, and poor" [8] 僧, "surname Wang name, word Xuanzong People in Dongguan also. Although there are less holes, and Tianzi Xi, "[9] 僧 敷" [10] The family economy is also universally embarrassed. Such as Shi Zhao, "Jing Zhao people, the poor of the poor is in the commission." [11] 昙 昙: "The surname Zhuo, Nanyang people, the promotion of the soldiers, the Ministry of Military, the sake of the sake, live in the poverty, amusement Graves. "[12] and there are many of them to lose their parents' orphans. The most famous example is the named Dao'an:" The surname Wei, the family of the world, the morning and lost, and the foreign brother. ... Going to 12th. "[13] The other is as good as the intention:" Dunhuang people, less shade, uncle, the filial piety, if the mother is twelve, the 12th from the year, Shenglan Gong is Disciple. "[14] 法 旷:" The surname is 睪, the next singer, the residence of Wu Xing, the elder, the two pro, after the post, the mother is filial, and the family is unfortunate, often plowing the rumor, "[15] "Interpretation," Lantian people, ... Endose lost two pro, after the post, the mother is filial.
The poor is alive, and the hands are self-painted. ... Best 20, postpartum death, funeral, affordable. "[16] There are still some although they can't disconnect as orphans, but they have not been taken care of their parents, and ultimately converted to Buddha. Such as Shi Huiyuan," The year thirteen followed the Muslo, ...... I will hold a lot of money with my brother. "[17] The reason why monks have a few categories. The first category has a very incident in life, common for disease and death, may also be a mysterious incident, leading to the generation or change of beliefs. 叔兰, "This day, he is a hunting, after the death, the desire for the fruit, because of the transfority of specialization, Chong Qi. "[18] 僧 度," Alien with the mother, filial piety. " Ask Yang De Shen, ... not reached, 苕 华 母, 之, 苕 苕 父,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Du Min is impermanent, suddenly understanding, but the custom home, renamed 度. "[19] The second category is called by Gao Shuang. 昙 昙," Because he said, "Light", ... 深 悟, the relief from the road, the Victory is a teacher. "[20] 道生," value of sand mantle, 改 依 依 依 依 受 受 受 受 受 家.. 为. 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家 家Survey Weijia, the first pregnant woman, that is, high. For example, I will wish to pray for the mother, and I hope that the door is not very visible. Mother, pseudo-Qin Hong, the three years (401) dreams that the Vatican is full of room, and it feels pregnant. By the four years (402) Born on February 8th ... The 12th issue of the year. I have not been in the past ... "[22] Obviously, the mother and long son of Shi Xuan high have a major impact on him. The fourth category is the impact of fashionance. Such as Zhao Zheng," the word "word, Luoyang water, or 曰 阴人." Eighteen is a pseudo-Qin copyright, and then moved to Huang Manglang, Wu Wei is too guarded. ...... After the Guanzhong Dharma, it is willing to go out, (苻), and has undertaken. And after dying, Fang Yi Zhi, renamed the complex. "[23] However, more people have been due to economic reasons. We have said above, a large part of the monks is orphans, they have been homoked, that is, many monks have their own life, and the world is not formally formed. I have chosen Buddhism as my life career before, which is obviously not because of the conversion caused by beliefs. From the persevere, there is a lot of phenomena in the outstanding person, they choose to have a concession, becoming a professional monk, at least It can guarantee the lowest living conditions and go up. Of course, the dust of the orphans is less, one is one of the reasons why the orphan is more. We can also see the material from the top, which is not a Buddhist vocational man. Farmers often be the cold gate, such as the ancestors, Fa Ya, or the orphans, such as Taoism, etc. The former one type may be conscious and active, which is determined for faith or other reasons. The latter type is forced and unconsciously, in order to solve the dilemma of survival, I chose Buddhism as a lifelong career. However, the out of the orphans must be conditional, because the adoption needs to be supported within a period of time. The obligation of lone is, therefore must have certain economic strength, and the early property of the Buddhist property has this condition. The Buddhist monks are different, and the Buddhist monks are in order to abide by the "An Poverty Road", all the property is home to collective, and Since Buddhism to China, the Western Monk began to participate in business activities such as estimates.
Such as the Anqing in the Western Region, "Wu Xiaoyuan to Yangzhou, make people the goods a box of things, to buy a slave." [24] "Hong Ming Ji" Volume 1 "Confusion" also said: "Today ... take a lot of expensive, special fraud. "After the promotion, Sman Ni is a further development. Liu Yiqing's "Picture" [25] Volume 3: "Wu Bei Temple is the end of the people ... Xuan Xuan in Nanzhou banned the cattle, very urgent. Time to carry a ship of money, stealing the cowhide and still east. "Twenty thousand." Eastern Jin Dynasty's "Spiritual Ghost" Cloud: "When Shihu, Huao people drove to estimate in foreign countries." [26] The profiteering of commercial operations and the large amount of property of the monastery in the temple economy In the case of ownership, the temple has a main reason for the annoying and associous economic foundation. This is a major reason for the large number of cold doors and the poor inclusion. Of course, the temples are not pure charity, and these raised orphans often become a temple's free labor force in the temple of wealth. Such as the beginning of the temple, "driving the field house, as for three years, on duty, no complaints." [27] This kind of recruitment has become an efficient investment, making the wealth of the temple There is further increase. During the Nort-North Dynasties, the Buddhist monasteric received economic species. According to "Guanghong Ming Qi" Volume Second Site Xuling "Yun Ren Mushan Shen Master Book" Cloud, Fan Si "inch not to the official library, litter is not Enter the public position. "" The homes and small size, the door stopped, and it is still comfortable. "Moreover, the wealth of the temple aggregate gradually turned into land capital and commercial, highly loan capital, and the regional economy began to establish The Buddha Temple has become an economic entity with huge economic strength. This caused a huge change in the pages of Buddhist monks, and farmers began to become the subject of monks. "Wei Shu" volume four "Shi Dao Zhi" contains, the Northern Wei Dynasty, many compiled households have won their home. "After the light, the world is more embarrassed, the king is especially, so they have been edited, and they have access to the road, fake Musmen, and avoid regulation." This period, the number of monks has a rapid development. Liu Song's monk number is 36,000, Nanqi is 32500, the beam is 82700, Chen Yizhen 32000, Northern Wei Di 200,000, North Qi 300000, so many monks, which obviously evading taxes and bonuses, this is "Gao Biography "It can also be seen in the middle. Among the savories in this period, there are many clear records of their farmers and even slaves, and some are even at home. Such as interpretation, "Qi people, home Timosan is a business ... Meeting fifty mourning wives, she is stirred with Mu, father and son, is pursuing," [28] Shi Hui, "Unknown The Jingzhou people are slave, the Jingzhou people are slaves, the responsibility is diligent, the Lord loves. "[29] In addition, the temple has not changed, such as the release," 10 years old by the father, ... 之,, mourning "[30]. Interpretation: "Less orphan, for the next person" [31]. Shijie mirror, "surnamed Jiao, the west of the west, moved to Wu Ge. ..." The poor is killed ... "[32]. Shi Yanyu: "The surname king, Taiyuan Jinyang people. Less orphan, brothers, respectively, 阳" [33]. The interpretation, "The surname, the squad, the mourning, the second pro, the brother is like a father." [34] Shi Xuan Chang, "surname Zhao, Hexi Jincheng people, Ziji Home is Hu" Destroy, the disaster will be smooth, the handsome handsome is smooth: 'This is the old shot, extraordinary children.' 遂 获, still go to Liangzhou.
"[35] Interpretation Wang," surname Pan, Changle people, young with uncle in Beijing, the year of thirteen, the Lushanyuan public home. " "[36] Interpretation," surname Xu, Xihai Yanchang. " First, I will go to Liangzhou, it is home. "[37] Therefore, there is a decline in the two Jin Dynasties of the monks' class. However, there are so many monks, there are some ancestors or parents for the nobles, such as Shi Yuanyuan," surname emperor, Bohai disguise, first The North Di Huangfu, the sea, so I'm going to '' 存 ''. "[38] 道生," The surname Wei, the elner, the residence of Pengcheng, Jia Shi. " The father is a broadworm, and the hometown is called a good person. "[39] Shi Yuanyuan," The surname Zhao, Yugawa. " Wei Si is also empty, "[40]. Interpretation," The surname Bi, Dong Ping people. " Wei Sisi's school is also behind. "Shi Hui ball," "The surname Mrs, Fufeng County, the world is a crown. Year 16 went home. "[41] Shi Baoliang," The name Xu, its first Dongguan, Jin Dynasty, and avoided the right in Dongli. " The 12th from the 12th, the teacher Qingzhou Tao Ming Master. "[42] Interpretation," The surname " ... Year of the 11th home "[43]." Surgemony, "surnamed Wang, Taiyuan" [44]. Said, "surname 裴, Ben River, Wen Xi, Wei Yuzhou thorn" After the emblem is also "[45]. Shi Hui Mi," The surname Yang, Hongnonghua Yin people, Han Jing Zhen Zi Zi Zi also. Year 16 went home. "[46] Xi Zhao," He ", Jin Ri, the general of the army, Wang Xizhi, Zeng Sun, avoiding the world. "[47] and this can also be divided into several types. The first category, the ancestors are high at the high door and the Wei Jin will be disadvantaged. Such as Hongnong Yang, Fu Feng Mark is a famous big country in Han, but to Wei Jin Decidity, political influence and social status are not known for the first-class rules, can you enjoy the privilege privilege when it is, which is the Cao Wei's commander, with Xin Na, Chen Qun, and the famous name, people call "Xin, Chen , Du, Zhao, Cao Fang Xuan to Siki. But Zhao Xian is in the military, and the old, the old disease is still in the right future, and it is clear that the Wei Dynasty is unhappy, and his clan is in the Jin Dynasty. No news. After the bumper is Cao Shuang, after the change of Gaopingling, he was killed by Sima Yi, and the interpretation is an occasional leakage net, and there is no need for the province in Jin Dynasty. Another type of local is high, due to movement, lost its original social status. Huangfu is a northern big country, but it needs to be renamed after the shelter of the sea. It has obviously has lost the original social status. Although 道生士, but his original land is the elk, from his father's position and the Qiao Shen, Pengcheng, in the Jin Dynasty is also a secondary quarter, and the south is late, there is no special political and social status in the East, South Korea. These aristocrats have the same way to exclude the economic reasons. The third category is the real high door. 琊 王,, Taiyuan Wang, Herong Yong, Henan Yan's in the East Jin Dynasty, the first class, this kind of Rich is a faith or Political reasons. The price of Taiyuan Wang may be related to the family's political disaster in the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. As mentioned above, we may see that because of the economic reasons, it is a professional priest, which is similar in the history of religion in the world, but China In the history of Buddhism, it is a most common cause, which is clearly related to the religious system of Chinese Buddhism, the religious policies of the rulers. Second
Compared with Buddhism, Taoism has no shaving, the rings and other rituals, the difference is not obvious, but there is indeed professional clergy. Although the portrait of the Taoist's origin is often or built, or climb, it is bonded to the price, but the material that does not have a more credible, can prove the class ingredients of the Taoist. From these materials we can see that in general, their origin is similar to the Buddhist monks. Mang Shizhong is born in the next bureaucratic proportion of the next level. Take the "Han Han Shu", eighty-two "speaking collections" as an example, Ren Wengong, state, and after the treatment, the secretary is empty. Xu Yang has once sent it to Jiuquan, and then it is a lot of water, Yang is from the county literature. Guo Yu, is a doctor. But more of the middle and senior bureaucrats, this is the central government of the central government, such as Guo Xuanjian is worshiped into the mirror, not, after Guanglun. Guang Lu Xun is one of Jiuqing, and the rank is two thousand stones. Li Wei, the county called the scene of the door, the Hanzhong Taizhou Shuwang house, and then relocated the book order, and he worships too often. In the fourth year of the Yuan, Yuan Jing is Siki. It can be said that its official position has reached the extreme. Li Gu, for the New Ceremony, and then to the car, the official is more than 2,000 stone. Fan Ying, Xi Fuan Zhonglang, official rank is more than two thousand stones, saying that the dismissal, 诏 光 大 (为 为 比 石 石), giving it to return. Single, filial piety, slightly movement too much, the waiter, the servant is more than two thousand stone, and then it is the Hanzhong doctor, the still book, the Donghan Shangshu, the status is extremely important. Tang Tan, filial piety, in the Lang. Although Lang Zhong product is low, it is close to the emperor, and the status is not low. There are also local high-level bureaucrats. If Xie Yiwu is the county, he is too late to be the fifth Lunhuang as a supervisory, filial piety, for the birthplace, and then move the history of Jing Yan, the elil is too guarded, and the rank is two thousand stone. Muho lifting Xiaoyue, moved to the opponent, Hongnan Dynasties, and rushed to the country of Liao, and the country is a ranks ratio. Han said, filial piety, rushing to the summer, rank two thousand stone. Dong Fu, he was worshiped as a waiter, and he was a member of the county. In these squares, most of them are the high officials of 2,000 stone. Moreover, many people are filial piety, in accordance with the Eastern Han Dynasties, the social status they are in the township will not be low. However, the above people can only be considered to be square, and their lives are mainly rented. However, even in the elderly women in the Han Dynasty, there are many of themselves to change the underlying bureaucrats, or to give up the opportunity to give up the opportunity to choose the career. Cao Cao 's essential is basically a real professional square, because Cao Wei in his rule has formed a prototype of official religion. Guoshi's main leader, and to establish a dedicated religious place - Mao She. Of course, Cao Cao's intention is not for the development of religion, but to achieve the purpose of control. According to the "BoMo", the list of Mangshi, who caught Cao Cao as follows: Shang Dang Zhen, Yan Zhi Sunda, Ganling Gan, Lu Girl, Yiguo Hua Gome, Dong Guo Yannian, Tang, Cold Shouguang, Henan , Zhangjun, Thistle Training, Yinan Fair, Ski, Wei Guojun, Henan Zhao Shengqing, Yangcheng Yizhen Zi Meng Festival, Lijiang Zuo Yi Characters.
A total of sixteen people. In addition to the speech, Zhao Shengqing is outside the Wei Guojun, let's take a look at several other squares. "Wang Zhen, the word uncle, the last party is also the group (suspected of the county), the year is a good time." [48] "Su Da, the word training, Qi Dang Linyi ... Shashi Pre-county, filial piety, exquisite, from the army, worship the horse, "[49] Female room," once is the city "[50]; Huauang," Pei Xiang Chen Yu Li Yue, Taishou Huang Wei Cut, all. "[51] Guandi, who is born under the lower part, and the opportunity to enter the opportunity, 1/3. For example, Wu Ci Sui, "Shake Five Jing, Tong Tongxing" [52], there is a chance to accept good education, and it will not be out of the poor home. In Wu Guo, there is Duichi, once used Sun Quan as a letter to the school [53]. Wei Boyang, "The son of the high door," the sexual road, not Ken Shi. "[54] Shen Jian," Danyang people also. The world is long history, and I will build a single road, I don't want to be, "[55], etc. Wait, it belongs to a low official. In the organized Taoist Teaching Group, their heads often are bureaucrats. Such as Zhang Lu, Zhang Xiu. "Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu, Zhang Lu Chuan": "Yizhou Mu Liu Yuli Ru is the monarch Sima, and the Sima Zhang Xiu will hit the Hanzhong Taoist Li Gu, Lu Wei attacks and kills it, winning the public." "Lu Yu According to Hanzhong, with ghosts and teachers, they came to see the Taoist priests in Jin Dynasty. The teacher of Net Ming Zhongxiao, "With the Jinwu Emperor Taixang, it is the county of the county." [56] Xu Xian's teacher Wu Madi, "Shi Wu is Xi'an Order." [57] Lingbao The important Taoist of the faction is like Bao Wei, which is a central part of Nanyang, and Nanhai Taishou [58]. Ge Xuan, "This is a martial arts, the Han Yan rides a child Hou, let the country, come to this soil. Seven generations of Zu Ai 即 骠 弟 弟... 即 弟 弟 即Zum Mi, Yuzhang and other five counties are too good. Father, Defen, the state, the mountain yin, the scattered ride, the big Shangshu. Based on the British, the family crown Wu Shi. "[59] This family spectrum is not It is very reliable, but Danyang Gas is not a problem in the local part. Ge Hong, "The ancestral, Wu Dahong. Father, Wu Ping into Jin, for Shaoling too well. ... Yuhong is the soldiers to the soldiers ... Tricho General ... Yuan Emperor is the prime minister, it is awkward. With a thief Gong, 赐 关 内 侯. ... Salted and early, Situ is called the main thin, turned to Situ, and the rejuvenation of the army ... First for the scattering, the big work, Hong Gu is not ... Dan Dan, asked for a missed order. "[60] Zhongqing sent the main Taoist, Weiffeng was the wife of Jinsui Wei Shu, and the wife of Wu Xiaoyan, Yang Xi, is a king (after Jian Wen Di) Situ Guardian people [61]. The main member of the family is the jurisprus. "Jin Shu" Volume 80 "Xu Mai Chuan" Yun, Xu Mu "home Wai Mei, and Mai Shao Jing, I don't want to enter." Xu Mu's brother Xu Mu is "the history of the military director". Xu Mu's "county is the thinner", "It is not." It is "the sun," the 211st, the main ", Zhu Xiaoli, the stone, the Nanbu, Lin Shi," [62] Dongjin The later period of Sun N is chaos, participants are believers of Taoist organizations formed by Sun's family as leaders. Sun Ni and Sun Xiu Xi. Sun Xiu, "Located from the history of 琊 琊, 官 国国." [63] The early religious leader Sun Tai is also a local bureaucrat, "Guangzhou thorn Wang Huizhi is a Taixing Yulan Taishou. ..." thought Xuzhou Thin. ...... Slightly move the general of the assistant, Xin'an Wan Shou. "[64] Later leader Lu Cai is the Siki to engage in Zhonglan Yi Zeng Sun [65], which is clearly the class.
Of course, they can only be considerable in Eastern Jinshi, because of variety of reasons, the first-class high door of the overseas Chinese, which is originally a high-level position that belongs to them, so it can only look for power in religion. Similar examples can still be mentioned. From the above materials, we can see that the Taoist figures are far from the bureaucrats. At the time, the Taoist Church is also a profitable profession, but they become the cause of professional squares often purely from faith, or politically defended, or to deal with profits, like Buddhist priests to relieve or change extreme The poor life is very small. This has a huge difference than Buddhism. Why do this difference? Analysis of the religious system of Taoism is clear. three
Before the establishment of the uterus system, the Taoist organizational system can be divided into two types, one is the sacrifice system represented by Tianshi Road, with the teacher as the leader, and the governance official, and the wine is divided into people. "Three Kingdoms" Volume 8 "Wei Shu · Zhang Lu Chuan" contains: Zhang Lu "Take the ghost" teacher, self-marking '. It came to the school, the beginning of the name. Bounken believes, the number " Wine '. All leaders, many people are the governance of the big sacrifice. ... don't have a long-awaited, all kinds of wine, and the people are happy. "The character of this system is the professional Taoist Taoist and The bureaucrats have two religions, and the relationship between semi-religious, semi-official people. In principle, the acquisition of the alcohol is mainly based on the age of teaching, but in fact, due to the long-awaiting, the people who are eager to be born is more likely to get the sacrifice than the general context. Another category is the general adoption of the miniature religious groups, and the form is similar to the handler's help. It should be said that under this type of religious system, the leader of the leader is determined to have the attractiveness of the individual skills. However, in the Sixth of the Han Dynasty, I highly attached great importance to the body of the door, the gantry of the teacher settled to establish an authority and cultivating the beliefs of the context. The implementation of the sages depends on an originally existing legitimate organization. With the 21st year of Jian'an, Zhang Lu was defeated, its legal local administrative chief status has lost. Many people migrate the northern, the original local administrative agencies no longer exist, and the satellite system has actually lost the foundation. Zhang Lu regime collapsed, and Daoimin has mounted, which not only means the separation of political and religion, but also means the effective religious economic system of religious economic institutions. In the Hanzhong Tianshi Road, under the binding of the administrative agency, religious income such as the tribute is a religious collective, which can be used to set up religious activities such as Yishe, Yi Mi, thus incorporated more income. To ensure the benign development of religious organizations. Once there is no administrative constraint, the collective ownership will declare the disintegration, the relief of the believer, and the grate is often the private property of the sacrifice, and religious activities become a means of sacrifices for a private point. The "Zhengyi French Tianshi Teacher Jingjing Jingyang Pingzhi" released by the end of Cao Wei, "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" " The households have, to the belongings, plundering the people to make the people in private households, cultivate farmers, with the wife slaves. Since he is, you want to have a good name. "" Laojun Yuxi "also mentioned Going to some of the officials, the wine is appointed, "" The people are fearless. Teacher, maybe, calves, slaves, clothes, or have a total of one, the mellow wire is one or two, Zhongxiao said (tax) unreliable ". It can be seen that under the case of loss of administrative constraints, religious faculty has become a tool to ask for a self-procurement of the Tunan, which leads to believers that are no longer enthusiastic to all kinds of religious activities, and respect respect for the professional trips. "Too Shangdong Yuan Shen Mantra" is also threatened for this: "The Tao, the year, the year, the Yin, Dinghai, there are eight thousand people to die, sit and do not follow the law, the day rent does not lose, wish Don't return, let's not ask, ask ghosts, pick people, don't make good deeds, don't make food, don't be fine, or don't come out, no good. "It is obvious, no administrative organization The supported sacrifice system cannot be maintained for a long time. Although the high-level leaders of Tianshi still seek to restore the old sacrifice system, it is actually impossible. Although the Tianshi's organization in the north has retained the old name of the sages, in fact, due to the loss of political identity, the official relationship between the professional priest and believers has not existed, and its industry has evolved to another Form, namely Let's take a look at this point of religious activities before the Nagate. Wei Hua Mu Nai Tian Missionary Wine.
Tao Hongjing "debut" roll down cloud: "The three days of the three days of the truth will give the Nanyue Mrs." Original Net Cloud: "Tianshi is" Professor Yang Luzhi. After returning, it is necessary to declare the small tactics of the Taiqing, the people of the people, and the lady tastes the sacrifice. "And Wei Hua has a natural inheritance before the district. The form: "Mrs's heart is ghost, sincere and Madi. The two sons are rough, and they are separated from the semina, and they are so sleepy. After the public is really falling, and the Qing dynasty Wang Jun is the teacher," Too Too " "," Eight hidden books "," Darutong Zhenjing "," Bright Book Eight "," 石 光 光 "," God Tiger "," Gao Xian Yu Xuan "and so on." [66 According to the biography of the true people, I learned that his teacher was Xiucheng Wang Jun, his cloud: "After the hidden Luoyang Mountain, Mrs. Antarctic, Xicheng live people, the Antarctic lady refers to Xicheng: 'Jun as Wang Zi Deng The teacher, Zi Deng also praised. '"[67] From the name of the name, Wang Jun, the teacher of Wang Sh, Xicheng Wang Jun, should be the original Normal University of Hanzhong or in the county. Xicheng is like Xicheng County, then it belongs to Hanzhong, until Cao Cao destroys Zhang Lu, and is divided into Xicheng and Hanzhong two counties. If Xicheng refers to Xicheng Mountain, then Xicheng Mountain is in Yizhou, "Mao Shanzhi" volume ten cloud: "Yizhou Xicheng Mountain, the midi of the West," all the camps of Tianshi Road. From this we can know. Starting from Xicheng Wang Jun and Wang, the sacrifice system has evolved as a teachers [68]. In the old sacrificial breadth, the authority of the sacrifice is also the support of the local regime, but the staff who lost the regime support relatively, the role of the square skill, the personal charm and the body of the door is greatly protruded. . The most convincing example is Xu Xian's patersery loyalty. Xu Xun as Xu Yongli, who was aunt in the year of forty-two years old, and then lost his official position because of Du Su, returning to his hometown. A small religious group has formed around him, and its believers are based on homes, servants, relatives. From the Xu Xianlian, we can clearly see the identity of religious status and political and social status. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Taoism learned from the historical methods of Buddhism and began to gradually form an uterine system. According to the "Guanghong Ming Qi", the 12th Tang Dynasty, the 12th Tang Dynasty, "Decisive Buddha," said it is from Zhang Ling. Its cloud: "Li Lao's Week, there is no mystery; Zhang Ling Han Morning morning, Fang Xingguan. Among the Han Di, there is Pei Zhang Zhang to swim the earth, and hesites the ancient times. Gao Zu should be twenty-four gas, sacrifice the twenty-four mountains, and the king has the world. The Ling did not delay, and the mortality was confident. Killing the cow sacrifice 24, put the earth, wear a grass house, called twenty-four treatment The rise of the governing museum is also. "The ruler is the Taoist Hall, we can go up to Wei Wu, Sun Quan is the Taoist, Jing Chao. "Han Wu Emperor's rumors" contain: "Meng Festival is a personality, and Wei Wu Emperor is Li Ma, so that the collarous." "Xianjian" volume five: "Meat, ... temporary Wu, Wu Shousun It is a quiet room. "However, this type of Mao She, the setting of the chamber is only to provide a good logo environment for the Taoist, and the twenty-four treatment established by Zhang Ling has religious role. It is necessary to truly become an organizational unit of Taoism, the key is that the uterine is an economic entity, namely the production of land, slaves and other production materials, or fixed rental tax revenue, not only relying on this irregular supply of the house. Can exist and develop. During the North and South Dynasties, the road hall has a great development. According to records, Liu Song era has appeared a large number of road halls (view), such as Lu Xiujing five years (461) in the Jiangxi Lushan Trealic Hall (post-name Journal).
Song Ming Di Liu Yu was in Thalang for three years (467) in Beijing Jiankang North suburbs as Lu Xiu Jing Xianzhi, and in Thane (465-471), Shaoxing, Zhejiang, and Hexian, Zhejiang, and so on. Xiao Qi era, a large number of new road halls appeared. For example, Qi Gaodi Xiao Dao Cheng is in the Pacific Pacific Pacific, Yu Mushan, Jianjinling Hall, Yu Mushan, Jiangsu, China. Qi Wu Emperor Xiao Yu Yongming (483-493), too Wang Liang, the county is the Jianyu, the Jianwu, the five years (498), Xue Mountain, Xue Yushan, etc. Liang Chen Dynasty, Liang Wu Emperor Xiao Yan is Tao Hongjing, Mao Yushan, Zhuyang Museum, for Xu Ling, Zhenji, is really true, for Tianshi twelve Sun Zhang Yu, Ji Shan, Jianji. Chen Wu Emperor is Xu Shizi Li Chongqu Hall. Qing Xitai and others have made a statistical statistics according to the "Dao Xue Chuan" of Chen Guo, a total of 47 famous roads, including 4 in the Song Dynasty, 8 Zi Dynasties, 25 Liang Dynasty, Chen Dynasty 4 6 unknown eras. In addition, Liang Wu Emperor is a six-year (522) Taoist Taoist Zhunzhi in Mao Mountain, "Jiuxi Reality Tri Mao Jun" [69], 阳 除 有 张 张 九, 十 孙 及 食 道 士, Outside the 23rd, it also engraved 59 people, hostel (museum, view), a total of 68, a total of 68 people can see the name of the famous hall, except a few and "Taoism "The same name is the same, the most different, prove that they are another group of roads. This is added to 47 road halls contained in "Taoism Chuan", which is more than 100 [70]. These villages have earliered from the evolution of the Economic entity from the road to economic entities, because the lack of materials is difficult to know, but at least in Tao Hongjing, Mao Shan Road has prelimated as an economic entity. According to "True" Volume 11, Tao Hongjing is in note that it is more than ten days of the Tanonia in Maoshan, "also planted this with water." In addition, there is also a gift of the bonus, according to the "Huayang Tao virgin internal pass", Tao Hongjing is going to Mao Mountain from Beijing, and the king of Qifu, outside the mirror, also "giving the number of mandarin "People", Wulingwang, etc. " "Shang Qing Dao", "Xianli", "Taoism" cloud: Hengyue "Jiu Zhei, Jinling Qu, Wang Lingyu, the word, good treasure, specialized on the road," Colonists of the museum, the golden persistent, everything is rich. "In the North Dynasty, Xiaowen Emperor and 15th (491), the Xuelu Temple was transferred to the Yinan, Yueshan, Yong, Yong Set it to the house, give a house, for the use of the races, there are ninety people. That is to say, from this year, the Chongqian Temple can fix 50 tax revenue revenue, and ninety people can exempt the service, which basically guarantees the maintenance of the daily life of the temple. With this transformation of religious organizations, the identity of the professional Taoist starts to change. Because Taoism is simultaneously as an economic entity, it requires cheap and even unpaid labor. For civilians, becoming a professional trivord to escape the tax service, maintain the most basic life needs, and there is a possibility of becoming higher monks, so the number of people who have become a professional Taoist will increase. In addition, due to this period, Taoism's holy cockroaches are stronger, although there is no need to cut shaving vegetarian vegetarians like Buddhism, the professional Taoist needs nothing, this, also giving the aristocratic bureaucrats to have a professional Taoist. It has brought difficulties. The building is a mature sect for the development of the Northern Palace System. Its members have trends close to Buddhism. This first manifests in the lower age of the inception of the guest. According to the "Xian Jian" volume 30: "Taoist Liang Yu, the word is tested, the Jingguo Fufeng people also.
. "Taoist Sun Chu, Word Zhong Xuan, I don't know why." . "Taoist Wang Yan, the word Yuan, Fufeng people are also nine years old, good way, Xi Wei Xiaowen Emperor Dormation three years (538) Ding Wei entered the road, Mr. Chen Baoqi, to 18th, industrial, industries. "" Taoist Li Shunxing, Jing Zhao people, ... Year 11, with Taoist. " "The Master is righteous, the word channel, the fuish people also ... After Wei Mingdi Yongxing (409-413) into the road, year 20. "" Taoist Zhang Falun, Nanyang People ... Talented to the year of children, tray the building. "In this organization of the teachers, this time in the age of 11 and 20, it is almost impossible to become a professional Taoist, and they are mostly used as beliends. Second, we speak above, vocational politas Low-length indicates that their choice is not the reason for religion, more for economic considerations. Among the Taoist Taoist Taoist, there is almost no one is bureaucrat, nor is it in the record of the Gaters. Hengyue, which is more complete in the south, and the uterine system, and the Taoist said that there is no record in bureaucrats and Gao Genyi. This is fully explained that the professionalism class identity has changed. However, Taoist temple economy is far from Buddhism. Improve, strength is far less than Buddhism. This first reflects that there is no Buddhist temple in the uterine temple, the second is that the Taoist Access has not formed a diverse economic activity. If the business and lending industry is far less than Buddhism. In addition, the ruler's policy seems to be more beautiful to Buddhism. For example, the Taoist palace enjoys the restrictions on the number of privileged privileges, and for Buddhism, as long as the shaving will be enjoyed when the policy is loose. Privileges, so, the large number of farmers are basically Buddhist, in the Taoist priests in the Wei, Jin, Jin, Jin, Jin, Southern Dynasties, are rarely recorded in the farmers. From the above analysis, the factors affecting the class composition of the vocational authorities are much more Various, but the main factors are religious organization systems, followed by the religious policies of the rulers, and religious doctrine is just an extremely weak factor. The origin of Buddhist monks is generally poor, and the degree of cultural is generally low, although After the education, education can improve some of the cultural education of some guys and smart monks, such as Taoism, Huiyuan, but this is a few. Most professional monks still belong to a low culture or have no cultural level, and believers are even more. This determines the way Buddhism's Hongjiao method is impossible to adopt a propaganda, seminators, and more needs to rely on myths and gods to build beliefs, and then rely on a series of ritual behaviors to consolidate faith. In this series of Among the religious behaviors, faith occupies the center position.
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[1] Thomas F. Ao is waiting, Liu Runzhong et al. "Religious Sociology", China Social Science Press, 1995, pp. 110-115. [2] This 17 僧 人 is a moisture, Franc, Anqing, Bao Yaji, Yan Fanqi, An Xuan, Yan Foji, blossom, Kangji, Kang Mengxiang, Kang Kang, Kang Yu, 昙Emperor, Dragon, Kang Yuhui, Qianqian, and Types. Among them, the blossoms, Kangmei, and 延 不 国 国. Strict Buddha is a Han people. [3] Although there is a Han Dynasty, he does not have a home, and the implementation is not strict. [4] The so-called Rich, we take two standards of Mao Hangguang: 1, the people who are involved in the third world; 2, three people have two people. (See "China's Agricultural Social History", pp. 140-144, Taiwan's joints of 1988). Many and raised 11 monks seemed to belong to the family, they were far away, the French, Zhu'an, Xi Xi Bao, 昙,, 略 (应 僧 (- 大 stone), Xu The book here is incorrect with the text and the text), Fava, Hui, Taoism, Huiyuan, Hui. Taoism, Huiyuan may be from the doctor's family, but it is definitely a cold. In the Six Dynasties, the same class difference can be quite large, and the privilege is also divided. Therefore, I think this concept is defective as a hierarchical standard. [5] "Gao Biography" volume four pass, 156 pages. [6] "Gao Biography" volume four "法 传", 171 pages. [7] "Gao Biography" volume six pass, 239 pages. [8] "Gao Biography" volume 1
