Five of the Bailian just fine: Wang Yang, in Bingwen, Li Li, etc., by the Toubicongrong scanning | Posted by: theoretical research (a) hundred-beaten steel knife (two) Cao Zhi Kai table (three) Zhuge crossbow (c) Mende New Book
(1) Bailian steel knife AD a year, Jinhui Liu Wei is a fresh compassion? (Left stone right) detailed, self-knowledge must die, wrote five poems to give him a non-driving Lu Wei, the top two sentences in that poem are: "He Yi Bailian just, turned into a soft". Later, the scholars who studied the history of ancient Chinese steel often cited these two poems, used to express a technological innovation in the history of steelmaking, and stated this type of steel with folded forging as a process characteristic with "Bailian Steel". Use this technique forged swords and armor quality, extremely expensive. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Chen Lin said in the "Wuku Fu" in his "Wu Du Fu" said: "则 则 东 胡, in. Those who have been compatible, very strong, and thus material. Take back the history of ancient China Bailian, at least to the late Warring States in the Warring States Period, the test of the Warring States in the Warring States, the test is somewhat, and the test is based on the block iron, and heat it in charcoal. Carbon, multi-fold forging. During the Western Han Dynasty, this process repeatedly heated forged trends became increasingly mature. Through the golden phase inspection of the prostitutes, the prostitutes, the rushing, the Western Western Tomb, Zhongshan Jingwang, Western Hanzheng, Yunsheng, and shows that the quality of these steel parts is greatly improved. It is mainly manifested in reducing a hierarchical phenomenon containing carbon-containing uneven, the size and quantity of inclusions have also decreased, so steel tissue is dense, and the ingredient is uniform. At the same time, Liu Sheng Peijian and the blade of the book knife also use local quenching technology to make the blade hard. The steel knife made of partial quenching of the blade, the blade is hard and the back is more flexible, just soft combination, sharp, not easy, but not only enhances the killing of weapons, but also reduces the reduction rate, thus making the fighting weapons Improve, from the whole, to enhance the combat power of the army. Insufficient China is the process of repeatedly adding hot carbon forging, it is a very difficult labor. It is really a so-called "thousand hammer", and the time is expensive. It is said that one of the most famous knife experts in the Han Dynasty, with his skills for three years, before making a thousand seventy hundred seventy knives, an average of two days of knife three, due to excessive fatigue, the result is blind . In order to change due to low production efficiency, the development of steelmaking is thus limited by the restricted passive situation, people strive to explore the use of pig iron that can produce a large amount, making it a new topic that can be treated. About the Eastern Han Dynasty, a new steelmaking technology with pig iron as raw materials, has been maturely applied to the production weapon, which is the technology of "fried steel". The fried steel is that after the pigment is heated to melting or substantially melting, stirring in the molten tank, by means of the carbon oxide contained in the air in the air. The first steel knife found in the Cangshan, Linyi, Shandong Province, provided us with a quite fried steel product in the times. The knife is full of one hundred and eleven, and there is a well-preserved betting in the back of the knife. It has a total of 18 words. For: "Yongchu, May, May, Kuk, Kiki, Kiki, Kiyang. "Clearly indicate that knife to produce in the Eastern Han Dynasty, in the early six years, that is, the second year of the year, has reached more than one thousand more years. After inspection, steel tissue is uniform, moderately carbon, about 6% to 6%, the clip is small, the blade is quenched, quite sharp. Since the surface oxide layer is not as easy to peel like a block iron, the corrosion resistance of the entire knife has also increased. After the cross section of the knife with one hundred times microscope, it can be seen that the silicate clutter is distinguished, about 30 layers, indicating that "卅湅" in the inscription, the number is basically the same as the number of layers, It is the number of folded forging when making it.
After the end of Yongchun, the steel knife unearthed, in Jiangsu, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, in the era of steel swords, the sword, the sword, the first two years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the first year of the year, that is, the 77th year of public The product of "The Western Western Western Western Western Western" is stunned as "fifty 湅". After testing the hierarchical phenomenon of steel sword, there are nearly sixty layers, but also close to the number of fifty 湅 in the inscription. The steel knife sword when the two Eastern Han Dynasty, eloquently stated that hundreds of steel weapons made with fried steel at the time, the quality excellent quality, and the process technology has reached a mature level. Not only that, the knife produced by Bailian Steel also outputs abroad. It has found a steel knife with "Zhongping" annual number in the east of Japan. Zhongping is one of the annual number of Eastern Han Dynasties. Four to 189 years. It unearthed in an ancient grave in the Dongda Temple Mountain, Nara Mountain, Nara County, Nara, Nara, Nara, Nara, Nara, Japan. The knife has a wrong gold inscription: "Zhongping mouth [year] May 午 午, 造?] Knife, 100 practice Qing Gang, should be in the stars ... . "Equipment Qing Gang" in Ming is just as the "Bailian Equity" in Chen Lin's "Wuku", indicating that it is also made of Bailian. The process of advanced steel made of fried steel is applied to the production of weapons. It solves the problem of the production of block iron-based steel footage, thereby expanding production scale and improving the quality of the sword. During the Three Kingdoms of War, the rulers of Wu, Yu, Wei Sangers were extremely paying attention to making various bang-cutters. For example, Wei Wu Emperor Cao Cao once worked with the workers to make a knife to prepare for the military equipment forces. Later, he made "Bai Knife" and divided his son. He called "Hundred Refinery" in "Hundred Refinery" in "Inner Command", and it is the treasure knife made of Bailing. . His son Wei Wenyi Cao Yu has also made a "treasure knife" and vividly depicts the production scenarios of Bailian steel knife with literary language. In Jiangnan, Wu Di, Sun Quan, also focused on the production of the sword, according to the "Sword Record" of Liang Taohong, Sun Quan once in "Huang Wu five years (for 21 years), the ten swords, Wankou knife, three feet inch, the knife side, all the South Steel Yue carbon, there is a big Wuyi word. "One made up to Tenkkou steel knife, nature is the weapon for equipment forces. As for the Zhuge Liang, the Han, but also focused on the production of steel knives, and thus has a story of "Pu Yuan Kawn". According to the "Pu Yuan Chuan" cited by Taiping Yuli, Zhu Yiang, Zhuge Liang, invited Pu Yuan to create a knife, Pu Yuan started in the ranstone, so that the "Playing Golder, Special Act". When the knife is produced, he believes that "Hanshui is weak, not quenching", called people to go to the river to take water, think "江 爽 爽,, 元 精 精 精 精 精 精 精 精 精 精 精 精 精 精 精 精The person, fell the water in the way, but they have to take eight promotion. Pu Yuan was used in the water sent by the steel knife to quench. It immediately found that there was a problem. "It is not available. The water is not more. Jun is drawn by the knife: 'Miscellaneous, why No. I will take a water first service. This story is too magical, naturally with exaggerated ingredients, but through its magical color reflected in the fact that the third country is more mature, and it has been able to identify the water quality of different rivers and its The effect of quenching efficiency. The examples listed above showed that steel knife production technologies in the Three Kingdoms were becoming more sophisticated. The increasing effect of fighting weapons represented by Bailian Steel Knives, naturally leading to the change of protective equipment and improves protection. Improvements in protective equipment have promoted the fighting weapons and remote weapons further improve. These changes have naturally changed the face of the battlefield.
(2) Cao Zhi's mouth "马 不 解, armor is not in the middle of the armor." Cao Cao's two poems he had a military life in the next year. His son once competed with him, the most brave The good war is Renbu Wang Cao Zhang. Cao Cao has asked the scorpion, Cao Zhang's answer is "good to". Cao Cao asked how he should it be? He replied that "was firm, it is difficult, and for the soldiers, enjoy the must, punishment". Say that Cao Cao is happy to laugh. Later, Cao Cao once lived in the second year of the year, Cao Zhang is the North Zhonglang, and the generals will go to the county, Pupu rebellion. He really can be a soldier, heroically fight, and finally win. Cao Cao's resilience is Cao Zhi, who is famous for the poem, can also lead the fight. When the Cao Ren of Cao Ren, the army of Cao Ren was siege, Cao Cao once used Cao Zhi as the Nanzhonglang, the generals of the military, and he raised Cao Ren, but he watched his brother Cao Yu crossed him. Forced him to drink alcohol So can't see Cao Cao's work, so that Cao Cao recovered his life. In the "Beitang Book Bank", it has retained Cao Zhi's death after Cao Ju's death to send Wei Wenyi's "Emperor's Norm", which means that the world has been determined, the war is reduced, so it will use the armor used in the past. At the end, those armor are given by Cao Cao. The original text is as follows: "The Emperor has a minister of the minister, black light, Mingguang, the two, the one-collar collar, ring lock, the one-collar collar; the male and the prime is to increase, the soldiers do nothing," There are four armor in the text, and there is also the military commander of the horse, which is an important historical material for the armor in the Wei Dynasty. Because Cao Zhi is high, the armor is also Cao Cao to give it, so it is the more rare and precious armor, they have gradually developed a large number of equipment in the Northern Dynasties, which is the most important. It is worth noting. Two as the name of the army is because its appearance is similar to the two (pants files) in the clothes. The interpretation of the "release" in the Eastern Han Dynasty is "one of his chest, one of them." The characteristics of the two are also the characteristics of the two, it is the breastplate of the chest, behind the back The armor, the two sides are connected to the two shoulders, and the bogar and the backpack are used. This type of armor is only a waist, and the arms are convenient, so it is very suitable for cavalry. Two when the prototype of the army has appeared in the Western Han Dynasty, but the armor, the armor on the back is concluded in the underarm, and the structure is simple, only the silk of the silk is tied. The true two-time, the army, it is only in the Three Kingdoms, and the armor is made exquisite, and the leather belt is buckled before and after the hinge. Another Cao Zhiwen, which is quoted in "Taiping Yuet", also indicates that both the two were superior to the general armor, and the original text said: "Two when the army, ten collars, walk from the deputy; 百 领, 鍪Deputy. "Two when the armor is arranged before, but the quantity is much less than the general armor, it seems to be one and ten ratios. It shows that although this new type of quality armor has been equipped with army, but it is more expensive, and the number is limited. Mingguang is another high-quality armor that has only raised in the Three Kingdoms. It is characterized by the thoracket of the armor, and the back part is composed of left and right near-elliptical care. These large metal rounds, very like mirrors, on the battlefield , The round reflective in the sun light is "Mingguang". As the "see the light of the day" in the Ming Dynasty, "the world is in the world Daming", it is called "Mingguang", it is a rare treasure when making exquisite famous, A and Three Kingdoms is still quite rare treasures. In the future, the armor is a precious armor of the quality of the quality. For example, when the army of North Qi and Beizhou in the battle of Lushan, North Week, General Cai Boy, who is involved in the fight against this kind of protective capacity, the unprecedented armor, the soldiers in North Qi called him "Iron Mime", Suddenly avoided.
Until the Tang Dynasty, Mingguang was still very valued. In the army of "Datang Sixth", Mingguang is still listed as the first place. In addition, there is also a horse. Protecting the guards of the horse, although it is used in the Han Dynasty, it is generally only "as a chest" made by leather, it is used to protect the front chest of the horse. Until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Masters used by cavalry had new development and becomes more and more perfect. When Cao Cao was fighting with Yuan Shao, the quantity of Ma Yam in the army was extremely limited. He is particularly told in the "Military Order": "Yuan Ben Jun Yong Qi, I am a big army 20 collar; this first horse is three hundred, I can't have ten. Seeing his little, I broke down. It is a self-cultivation, not with this time. "According to the" Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu Diwugi "and" Yuan Shao Chuan ", in Cao, Yuan two military officials, Yuan Shao" Take more 100,000, riding a million. "The army has three hundred hundreds of colleges, and the cavalry that can be equipped with Mashan only accounts for about three percent of the total number of cavalry. It can be seen that Ma Yant is still more thin. As for Cao Junzhong, only less than ten collars, it is meaningless. Perhaps only uses a few generals, so there is a column of Ma Ya, which is in the case of the above historical materials. In the Cao Zhi armor, there is also a armor related to Chinese and Western cultural exchanges, which is a ring lock, but also known as a lock armor. This is also the first time, the name of this armor appeared in the Chinese literature. However, there is no physical or image information of the Cao Wei period, it is difficult to clarify its true face. Since then, there is no trace of ring locks for a long time in an ancient literature. During the 16th National Congress, Lu Guang was sent to the Western Region in the former Qin, and served as a military in the west area. When attacked tortoise Zhou City, I saw the armor of the Western Regions of the Western Regions was "the armor, the chain, shot". Lu Guang's army is extremely unfamiliar with this armor, regarded as a novelty equipment for existence. When Lu Guang defeated the Turtle, it brought back a lot of trophy, including this armor, but unfortunately there is no physical or image. Until the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the ring lock is still one of the specialties in the Western region. At that time, Kang State had a chain armor to the tribute to the Tang Dynasty. However, at that time, the Central Plains had mastered the skills of manufacturing this armor, so it has been included in the armor in the "Datang Six", but it is arranged in the twelfth, and it still shows that it is not universal equipment in the army. Protective equipment.
(3) When Zhuge Lian is discussed, when he disclosed the steel knife, he talked about the story of the Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang, let Po Yuan to make a knife to take water to quench the fire, reflecting that he has continuously expanded the production scale of weapons and equipment, and pays attention to quality Work hard to improve the performance of the weapon. Saved to this day, he "The Ministry of Taoism" is a 50% off, and the crims are given to it. "Initially, this is also a bail-making product, the" fold ", about folding forging In short, the criterion is twice, and the steel armor is brought about five times. Zhuge Liang's steel is very famous, so it is later until the six Dynasties, and the brilliant armor is passed to Zhuge Liang. For example, the Three Kingdoms is popular in the South Dynasty. It is often called "Zhuge Bright Cocitile Sleeve". When the emperor in the South Dynasty often gives this kind of excellent armor to the relevant generals. For example, "Nan Shi Yin Xiazu Chuan" Zhongji Song Warthen once gives Yin Xiaoyu's raising armor, it is "Zhuge's bright tube shaft, iron hat", very strong, and the twenty-five stone is also unable to penetrate this system. The famous name of the work. In the "Song Shu, Wang Xuanmu Chuan", I also remember to give Wang Xuanmu with the deeds of "Zhuge Bright Tube". Whether the armor produced by Zhuge Liang can still use it for two centuries. When the South Dynasty Liu Dynasty, it seems that the possibility is not large, but it is probably because Zhuge Liang has presided over the armor, so it will later The name of his name has gone on his name, and it has been passed away. In addition to the armor of the fighting weapons and the armor, Zhuge Liang also made improvements in the strong weapons in the long-range weapons. According to the "Three Kingdoms, Shi Book, Zhuge Liang Chuan" noticed the "Weilian Spring and Autumn" books, On the basis of the context of the previous generation, he used to launch a plurality of arrows, and he designed a "Yuan Yu", which can launch ten long-inch iron arrows, improve the strong killing performance. Since the record is too simple, there is a different understanding of the performance of Zhuge Lianzhu. Some people think it is a ten-way, with the later generations "? (Left peas right), the same; some people think it can be Continuous emission ten arrows is a kind of hair. However, due to the lack of physical evidence, Zhuge Lian, the structure of Zhuge, is still a mystery. Through the wealth of the Wei Dynasty, it is currently in the west of the Wei Dynasty, it can be seen that the three countries to the West Jin period is still the tradition of the Han Dynasty, and the bronze casting, shape and structure are also substantially the same. For example, from Nanjing Shimen Cenes with Wei Zheng's second year (March 1) Ming's machine, it was unearthed in Sichuan, Sichuan, four years (266), unearthed in Jiangling, Hubei After the first year of Wu Huangwu (222 years), the mutton machine, etc. Among them, the Huangwu's first year of Huangwu is the most well, and there is also a wooden arm, but it can still restore its original appearance. The wooden arm is fifty-four cm, the copper machine is full of 17:32, the machine is intact, and it is used in the mount of the landscape. It is divided into six degrees, and each of them has four degrees each. The process is delicate. Shu Han Jingyao has been made in four years, the machine has residual, lacking the "hanging knife" used by the wizard, the copper profile is 8 cm, three centimeters wide, four cm thick, now Thousands of four hundred seventy five grams. There is inscription on the copper profile of the machine, indicating that it is produced in February 30, four years, and is responsible for making, and writing the name of the craftsman, the name of the bureaucrats, and Strength of intensity and machine: "Ten stone machine, three pounds of twelve two". It can be seen that it is still very strict on the production and management of the machine at that time, then there is more than 20 years from Zhuge Liang. Although I can't determine the true look of Zhuge Lian, I can affirm that Zhuge Liang's reform of the manufacturing technology has made great contributions.
It is based on these reforms. The two Jinan North Dynasties has made a more powerful strong, and there is a name "God", "Wan Wei" and other names; in "Jin Shu", "Song Shu", In the history books such as "Nan Qi Shu", it is constantly related to the strong records of "all dying" in the war, which is mostly used in the battle of the city, called "Wan Hao" and "God" Name, it is exaggerated, but it also shows that this strong power is very large. In the Qinhuai River in Nanjing, the copper, form and structure produced by five pieces of the South Dynasties, although with the general-purpose machine, there is a contour, hanging knife, cattle, hub, Wangshan and teeth, but it The size is much larger, the copper profile of the turbine is 39 cm, and the hanging knife is nearly 20 cm. If the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty, which is unearthed, it is estimated, ie more than four to five o'clock, install this large-scale wooden arm, which is at least one hundred and eighty to 22. Around 16 cm, the bow used, should be nearly four hundred and thirty-540 centimeters. Such huge, if the strength of one person is impossible to launch, it seems that only the method of installing it is installed on the bed, it can be opened, calling "God", it seems not to . It should be the predecessor of the car or bed in the Tang Song Dynasty, and the car is a strong connection with the seven arrows, is associated with the performance of Zhuge.
(3) Meng Dexin Subaraday period, in the year of the year, in the military career of "马 不 解 不" (Cao Cao's "East West Gate"), many excellent military home emerged. Only the famous military figures included in the "China Encyclopedia · Military" volume have Cao Cao, Zhang Liao, Zhang Wei, Xu Huang, Sima Yi, Deng Ai, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, Jiang Wei, Sun Ce, Zhou Yu There are more than ten people such as Lu Meng, Lu Xun, and land resistance. Among them, the leader in the military law, the first push Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang. According to the "Wei Shu", "Wei Shu" quoted in the "Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu Di Di", Cao Cao is in the process of long-term army, "its marketers, big more than Yun, Wu Zhi, but due to affairs, The enemy victory, the change is like a god. Since the test of the soldiers, more than 10,000 words, all the people will be engaged in "new book". "It can be seen that Cao Cao after summing up the experience of the soldiers in the year, the" new book "to guide the war to improve the military quality Great role. Regarding Cao Cao's "new book", there is also a story of Zhang Song, who has passed away. When Liu Wei sent Zhang Song to make Cao Cao, there was no respected. Only Yang Xiu was heavily held, and the soldiers of Cao Cao gave him, Zhang Song only read it again. Later, in the "Three Kingdoms Romance" novels, this storyline was paved, and it was written, and finally, Mismao was burned off. If this story is true, it indicates that Cao Cao's "New Book" writes the book when Jian'an is killed before the establishment of the 17th year of Jian'an. In addition to "New Book", according to the "Wu Di" noticed that Sun Sheng's "exoticial Chinese" book records, Cao Cao also "Expo Group," Special Forces, Banknotes, Family, "Advice", Passing from the world. "This is another copy of Cao Cao's work on the military law -" Books. " In addition, Cao Cao was also paid for "Sun Tzu Art". Zhuge Liang has lived in Longzhong for ten years before he did not appear, focusing on the way of governance. When Liu Bei was in the third Gu Mao, I asked him to go out, I have already put forward the famous "Longzhong Petal" of the Shuhan Military Strategy, and foresee the strategic trend of forming a Ding Foot in the future. Later, he also had a lot of discussions about the military law. In the "Zhuge's Collection" catalog attached to the "Three Kingdoms · 书 葛 葛" ", he has also recorded twenty-four articles of his life. The word, which there is "military order", middle, lower and "soldiers" and other artificial writies. At the same time, he also "developed the military law in his life". Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang's military laws have been passed on a period. In the "Shu Shu Jing", they also recorded these books, including the second volume of Cao Cao's "Squiraki War", "Book" 10 volumes, three Volume, "The Book is slightly" nine volumes, "Wei Wu Emperor" a volume. There is also twenty-five volumes of "丞 相 葛 亮 集". However, there is a lot of time. Those writings have already lost, just in the "Taiping Yu" and other types of books, we can also find sporadic provibia related to the military orders, through these zero-scattered materials, self-interested, express Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang written The true appearance of Lushan is very regrettable. The only thing is worthy of the year, Cao Cao was a "grandson", which made a big role in making this military law, which can't be said to be his great merit. "Sun Tzu Art" is scheduled by the Han Dynasty Liu Xiang, Ren Hong and other organizes, and the next time, it is roughly the topography of today. After Cao Cao is commented, this is also the earliest annotation of today. Cao Cao made himself clearly pointed out in "Sun Zi": "I will see the war books in the battle, Sun Wu is deep." And briefly introduced Sun Wu as followed: "The grandson, Qi people, famous Wu, Wu Wang The "Art of War" is one thirteen, the woman, the death, the west, the west is strong, Jin. "But he feels that" the world has nothing to do with the illusory " Rich, line in the world, lose their own purpose.
