What is Linux? Who is Linus?
(This article is taken from the Linux home, follow the GPL fully disclosed authorization, any newspaper media can be freely reprinted under the premise of the author and the source.)
(This article is reproduced from Software Engineering Expert Network www.21cmm.com)
What's Linux?
beginning:
In October 1991, a message was released on the Finnish college student named Linus Torvalds, indicating that he prepared to develop a UNIX Clone, a new operating system.
"As I mentioned earlier a week, I am developing a free operating system similar to MINIX running with AT-386. Now, it has reached the stage of pretty use (of course, you ask for realization The function is in the same way that I am going to release these source code to make it more widely spread. The version number is only 0.02 ... but I have successfully used Bash, GCC, Gnu-make, GNU- Sed, Compress, etc. "- Linux Torvalds, Linux creator.
Why is it a penguin? Someone told me that they think that a fat penguin does not represent the essence of Linux. They certainly didn't see a cross penguin chasing them at 100Mph's speed, otherwise they will definitely speak more.
What is Linux? Linux is a community, free (free), Source, Access, Stable (Software), Software , Linus, Advanced, Faster, Leading (Cutting EDGE).
Linux is all and more. You can have a graphical desktop like Mac or Windows, or even a unique look of your own. You can use Linux on the most advanced hardware from 386 to now.
Linux father
The next side
Linus Torvalds In August 1991, he released a new operating system, the original code is placed on the largest FTP station on the Internet, and placed on the directory called Linux (Linus's minix *) In, so later there is Linux this name.
The cute little penguin on the left of Tux is Linux mascot. Its name is TUX. See it, you should think of Linux.
Linux, Linux ..., we have already heard this name, from strange to familiarity, and then familiar with strangeness.
Linux is a large-scale great work that the Internet is promoted. Linux has become one of the greatest miracles in this era.
Linus Torvalds
The year I came in Linux, its founder Linus Torvalds were just 27 years old, ...
The story begins with the ice and snow in the northern end of the earth, and its content is a bit like some of the world's unforgettable HACKER. Linus Torvalds is Finnish, his home is less than ten minutes from the center of Helsinki, that is a street called Kalevagatan. A tram is on time along the street, and sometimes through a shade of old house, sometimes through the sunny square, Kalevagatan Street is shown in the 19th-century carriage and modern building mixed. Variety. Linus and wife lived in an apartment built for students in school students. The stairwell is parked with a bicycle. Look, Linus is also more like a student: medium, light gray hair, blue eyes in round myopia lens, there is gods flashing out firm and wisdom, only the thick eyebrows, The face with the little child is like a slight uncoordinated. On the wall of his bed, a few scholars are rid of countless books, and they are filling and separated by some paintings and fragmented small objects and very cheap curtains. A pair of armchairs are a dry crocodile and Two arrogant kittens, next to a few computers, including 3 PCs, a big powerful apple, and 3 Alpha processors-based microcomputer. The most interesting thing is also a very striking object, which is a wire that connects these computers and telephone sockets on the wall. This is a 256KB Internet access route, which is free to install and pay the use cost free of charge, which is the microcarpse of this inventor who created Linux.
LINUS has a constant primary programming years that accompany an ancient 1984 manufactured computer, but eventually guides him to get into the door of Linux, in the fall of 1990. At that time he repaired UNIX courses at the University of Helsinki (Master's degree in Computer Science). In the fall of that year, I have just installed a Microvax computer running Ultrix, and this computer cannot be used for more than 16 users, so sometimes I have to wait in line in the machine.
In his major courses, there is an operating system lesson, special research program design and execution. This course provides a guide known as the initial UNIX system development. Just starting from that time, he really broke a PC that belonging to himself, and until he still had a contradiction emotion, and he was feeling a licking in order to get a PC. He explained that is because "If I have a PC, I may fall into this bad machine and the bad MS-DOS operating system, so that I can't learn something else."
The function of Minix is very limited because it is just designed for the teaching of the operating system. However, Minix seems to play a melody. In 1978 it launched two months, more than 40000 users have joined a related newsgroup, how is a problem with countless electronic letters discussed? It adds such or such functions.
LINUS began experimenting through its own work, he put Minix as a foundation to develop a new program. He recalled: "I have completed two processes, and then let them write, and use a time recorder that switches between tasks. A process writes a, and the other process writes B, so I see The arrival is AAAA, BBBB and other content. "
Linus says that he never intends to build the core, that is, an operating system for real processing and control. On the contrary, the content of his programming is just for a pure actual need, that is, read the USENET newsgroup. This requirement drives him to modify the two experimental processes written. "In some extent, I noticed that I have this ability."
Yes, Linus has always been a real HACKER. In his teenage, he wrote a commodore vic-20 microprogram under extreme difficult conditions, and used the assembly language. The reason why the use of assembly languages is the main reason is that he doesn't know if there are other programming tools. In 1991, he would need a simple terminal simulation program to access the newsgroup, so he wrote one or the two processes used in the past. As Linus said, this remaining work is just to turn the A and Bs to something else, which is obviously not a complicated thing. "A process reads information from the keyboard and sends the information to the MODEM, establishing a connection with the computer in the university; another process reads data from the MODEM, receives the feedback back message and sends it to the screen."
In the summer of 1991, it was 6 months after he got the first PC, and Linus found that he needs to download certain files. But before he can read and write disk, he recalls that "I have to write a disk driver, and later wrote a file system to read the MINIX file system and the files." He explained that this seems to be unique Logical work. "When you have a task switching, after you have a file system and device driver, this is UNIX, or at least its kernel."
So Linux was born. If Linus mentioned this wing unfertile operating system in the Minix news group, it is likely to be short-lived. At that time, he gained a space on the FTP server of Helsinki University, placed this operating system, let people download the first public version of the Linux operating system. "Linux is the pen name I use", Linus recalls, "But if I really use it for formal name, people think that I am a arrogant guy, but I will not seriously look at this operating system. So I chose A very mouthful name -freax, meaning is Free Freak X ". "This is a disease!" This name gets the ari lemmke, which is managing the FTP site, so this evaluation. He doesn't like this name, so he continues to use Linus's pen name instead.
By January 1992, only 100 users used Linux, but they provided a key online workstation. Anyone on the web can get basic Linux files anywhere, and the electronic correspondence makes them comments and provides improvements, and UseNet provides a forum for this discussion.
Early ongoing content and comments are decisive, especially the patch of modifying code issues sent by Hacker. Linus is intended to focus these patch works to modify his operating system. As an beginning of an ideological technology, Linux is moving into a Hacker with the same mind.
Linus believes that there is not much purpose in the kernel of the operating system, even if it is constantly being perfected by patch from Hacker, it is increasing. Some of the reasons are as a complete operating system, almost all other things that need are only waiting. These procedures in the waiting process are part of the Free Software Foundation GNU project. The GNU is not UNIX, not that in 1984 by Richard Stallman as a unix that begins to appear for some of the rejuvenation of some rules of the salesman to software users. The GNU's goal is to write a completely free Unix version-core connected to all related elements, is a free free of charge, rather than adding restrictions and imposing these restrictions to the UNIX version of others. Linus has not waited for others to write applications designed specifically for their operating systems, but to change Linux to completely adapt to the application already existing in Gun. "I never modified the program, but changed the kernel to work with the program. Linux will never be a premiere of anything bad."
The progress of the application makes Linux get a graphical front end similar to Windows, which makes it widely accepted. And until the time, Linux has always input text instructions through a non-unreasonable command line prompt, which is like a DOS operating system. GUI is provided by the XFree86 engineering group. This engineering group is a non-profit organization that provides free software for the Windows system's PC version. It turns out that GPL has played great role in the success of Linux. First, it launches a very prosperous commercial Linux phase. Although Linux is available for free on the Internet, it costs $ 30 to purchase a set of CD-ROMs and downloading a few hundred megabytes from the Internet. It usually has a lot of cheap, and it is much more. Secondly, GPL also provides a cohesive force for programmer, in which everyone will join this Linux movement full of charity. The license ensures that their work results will be free to spread, rather than being occupied by some unscrupulous commercial organizations. In a sense, GPL provides a programming mode for later online Linux Hacker. The license clearly stipulates that the code to establish or completely quote others on the basis of others is legal, and even in this way, it can also make money after all, Hacker needs to eat). But you can't break the basic software rules of Hacker: The source code must be available for free to continue to improve.
In March 1994, official Linux 1.0 appeared, this is almost a formal independent declaration. As of the time, its user base has developed very large, and Linux's core development team has also established. In the thousands of files included in Linux, there is a named Credits, which records the main Linux Hacker names and electronic portions. This list contains more than 100 names, all over the world. In addition, Linux contains a series of very lightweight FAQ, HOWTO, and universal help files.
The growth of the development team reflects the organizationality of Linux itself, and now it is confusing and spontaneous. LINUS began planning and relying on some of the Hacker, Michael K. Johnson in the early Linux Hacker described in: "This is some trusted deputy, Linus gets a lot of patches from them and believes these patches. Function, the result is that the depreshers have created a larger part of the kernel. "
The development of Linux is very simple. All HACKERs are free to drum any additional performance or improved, even in the initial stage, the new code is free to download for the user who tries to make an opinion: Beta test is not the last step of catching the worst problem, but the whole perfect One organic component in the process.
When several people work in the same field, they can compete or cooperate, and the best code will be achieved through the Law of Darwin's Law. "Linux and free software alliances can be considered true academic education", in 1994, the MARC Ewing of the most popular Linux version of the RED HAT software company was established. Bruno haible, who has developed Linux memory management code, said more: "When the main author does not change its code, the other people continue to improve."
This free atmosphere has enabled thousands of users to run Linux in a kilometric hardware configuration. Linux supports all things, from Intel 386 to Pentium Pro processors, from Alpha Digital's RISC, SPARC (SUN's RISC chip), RISC chip developed by Silicon Graphics to MKLinux (a Linux version) .
Through the network, users can submit any questions to those who know this problem - author - there. This can be a huge supplement, or it may be an unusual negative factor. Serious Hacker likes to exchange experience, routine users hope that the issue will get answers as soon as possible. A reliable Linux help platform may help a vendor bring Linux to mass users. Linus is the general leader he created throughout the development process, but he has never intervened. In a sense, he solves all frontier problems and playing a unique advantageous effect. The pace of the upgrade is fast, and the patch of the earliest development will explain this. Linux is launched in a common version number, such as 1.1, 1.2, and more. Of course there is a more complex secondary version of the system, such as 1.1.12, etc. When the function has a leap, the main version number is upgraded, which is usually responsible by Linus. This bidirectional development process has made Linux almost become the most advanced and stable system, which is better than any other version of the UNIX system today. Now, Linux is entering a pure stage of development, rather than the beginning of the decline in Unix.
LINUS
Finland can be said to be the only country in the world, in the proportion of the country in the Arctic Circle (about 1/4 of the country of land), in this cold country, with a large size of about 60,000 lakes, Finland is also called "Thousand Lakes". In Finland, only three quarters in the year, namely spring and winter, summer and autumn and winter. "The cold winter" has reached 8 months old, but the summer is only about 60 days. The history of Finland can be said to be a myth of Finnish and nature, with a cold struggle against the cold.
The Finnish national epic "Carlavara" records all the myths from the ancient times to the Holy Mary of the Hero Khalia. From rich folklore, the authors draw all the nutrients and wonderful chapters in the rich folklore, mythology and songs, collect them, adapt and moisturize, 35 long poems in 1835, a total of more than 12,000 lines; and 1849 At the time of the retest, the space almost doubled, a total of 50 long poems, more than 23,000, eventually became the "Homma epic" of Finns. After 140 years, there is another Finnish to create another great "epic", but this time he uses a computer language. He collects this "epic" creation material to cover the world. This makes his creation have internationally from the beginning, making his "epic" into an international work. The advent of this "epic" is very likely to be the most significant contribution to the world in this century and the next century. This "epic" creation is starting from Helsinki, the Finnish capital.
Helsinki, the capital of Finnish, is a city of three-sided sea, beautiful, large and small lakes. It is also a world-famous university city and international political, cultural and conference center, which has held a summit of Western countries. About 10 minutes from the city center, there is a street named Carlvara, two sides of the street, an old-fashioned home and modern buildings in the 19th century. On Carlavara Street, there is a college student boarding apartment, and our epic's founder Linus Torvalds live in this apartment.
It seems that Linux is not very thoughtful, but a gradual extension process. It combines many trials, a variety of concepts and a small section of a small section, which gradually condenses into an organic whole. This process is extremely similar to the adult process of epic "Carlavara". Its initial generator should be traced back to the 1990 autumn. At that time, Linus was studying UNIX courses at Helsinki, and the textbooks used were "operating system: design and implementation" of Andrew Tanenbaum. Because it takes a long time to wait for a long time in the school, so, "I simply, I bought a PC", and Linus recalled.
LINUS has developed his own first programs using Tannbaum professor's own miniature UNIX operating system Minix designed to develop. "This program includes two processes, all writes letters on the screen, then use a timer to switch these two processes." He recalls, "a process writes a, another process writes B, so I am on the screen. I saw AAAA, BBBB, so recurring output results. "Linus said that he didn't expect to write an operating system kernel at the beginning. In 1991, he needs a simple terminal emulation program to access the contents of the USEnet news group, so he wrote a program on the basis of the process prepared by the top two grass. Of course, he changed those a and b to something else. "A process is to read the input from the keyboard and send it to the modem. The other process is the information sent by the modem and then sent to the screen to read." However, to achieve these two new processes, he obviously There are some other things, this is the driver. He must write drivers for different displays, keyboards, and modems. In the summer of 1991, it was 6 months after he bought the first PC, and Linus felt that he would also need to download some files from the Internet, and he must read a disk for this purpose. "So I have to write a disk driver, then a file system. Once you have a task switch, file system, and device driver, you will of course have a unix," or at least it. A kernel. Linux came out with such an extremely quirky but also very natural way.
This feathers are very likely to die immediately, so Linus is not announced in the MiniX Newsgroup. He just issued a message on a FTP server at Helsinki University of Technology, saying that users can download Linux public versions. "Linux is my pen name, but if I really use it to name it, I am worried that someone will think that I am arrogant, and I will not treat it seriously. So I chose a very bad name: Freax," This word is composed of Free (free) freak x, "I know that this sounds disgusting." Fortunately, the ari lemmke of this FTP server does not like the name of Freax, and he still chooses Linux. By, 1992, only about 100 people around the world were using Linux, but they were a key online baptism for linux. All of the initial upload code and comments they provide later proved that the development of Linux is critical, especially those online hackers, in order to solve Linux errors.
Linus is such a footger to create an online "Karlia Kingdom" and start collecting and organizing a variety of useful materials for his "Carlavara". Anyone on the Internet can get Linux's basic files anywhere, and you can post a comment or provide a revised code via email, and UseNet also has a forum for it. As a result, Linux turned from a huge woven brocade from the most beginning of a person's idea, turned into a movement initiated by countless like-minded hackers.
People behind Linux
Translation: AXIS (Xia Wei) *
1. Linus and Bill seem to be overnight, this name suddenly became the biops. Gates is the same understanding. But Bill. Gates, even if the price is unclear millions of dollars, will never become Linux Torvalds. The 29-year-old Finnish, a simple and powerful Tinux operating system, surpassed the myth of Gates. There is also a rumor that Gates is a superior programmer, but Linus is a genuine master. He also completed a genuine operating system in the university. When you are young, Gats calls the programmer of his own mediocre program, and the generous Linus share his masterpiece with the world. Which person, which sports will win, may determine the future of technology development. Two years ago, if there is a technical giant and Microsoft's intimate partner HP, it will be busy to ensure that the computer produced is running smoothly, then it will be the heavens. However, Linus has taken development model, inviting the world to share and improve his personal original, which has triggered a revolution. Suspected people think Microsoft faces the prosecution of the US Department of Justice and lays Linux as a competitor worthy of attention, just in the manufacture of false people, eluting the monopoly. But Microsoft's truth may be much more than they imagine. At the end of last year, a Microsoft's internal white paper called "Halloween document" leaked into the media, and its conclusion may let Gates sleeplely sleep.
Linus is considered to be the best representative of open source software (Open Source Software), and Microsoft's traditional routine of competitors may have no choice but to him. "Linux and other open source software, it is determined that OSS is also strong with commercial software. If there is no surpassing latter." Microsoft engineer Vinod Valloppillil's white paper wrote: "OSS accumulates, playing thousands of internets The ability of people collectively intelligent is amazing. "
But "Halloween documents" did not mention that Linus has proven that he is the highest and powerful in many anti-Gates people. Oracle's CEO Larry Ellison's NC offensive is just over-eyed clouds. Sun's CEO Scott McNealy although huge success in Java, it seems that it is deeply involved in the muddy against Gates; in contrast, Linus has no deviation. Our path. Although he will never admit it, you can say that he is a smooth and late politician. He avoided the confrontation between the supporters of pure free software and the newcomers of the manufacturer of profit, practicing Linux. He welcomes all commercial Linux versions and commercial Linux software that enhances software reliability and availability, and still helping those free software rejuvenation that will create a situation with him.
Unbelievable is that in this IPO and high-tech billionaires have an endless era, Linus is not eager to exchange success into cash. He still opened in early 1997, leaving Finland to start the US first work (also to the only work - this is the Pontiac Grand AM bought by Silicon Valley). A year ago, when Santa Clara's small apartment couldn't live in Linus, his kindergarten teacher wife and their two daughters, they rented the first house in the road - opposite the road. Regarding his employers, highly confidential Transmeta's various rumors, in Silicon Valley, but so far, Linus does not seem to have a sign of Yokoka.
When chatting with face, this person who is commensurate with a name linus, wearing glasses, gentle voice, easy access, is full of pride for his talents and achievements, and is very humorous. He has been a nameless to eat, and now there is a unique momentum. Due to too many programming, his stomach has been a bit convex, but his voice and his urchin-like smile have not lost the feature of Finnish characteristics. Linus appears to be a civilianist, he wants to break the ideological way of monopolistic software pricing, but also in his other taste. For example, he does not buy a hardcover book, because he believes that the hardcover book is not very good, so the pricing must be expensive. Similarly, he prefer Hollywood entertainment films, rather than Europe's high-quality art movie. His father works on the radio, his mother translates newspaper news, uncle works for Finnish TV, and grandfather is a newspaper reporter, so he understands the news media, and it seems to be more and more than you are more than yourself.
2. Rebellion, rebellion
Q: Do you think you are traditional, positive hackers, a rebellious person? I think it is not enough to say that you are "a programmer".
A: I usually try to avoid the word hacker. When I talk to other people, I will call my hacker. But when I contact the media, I just say "programmer", because hackers are often another one.
Q: What is the label of "Rebel"?
A: "Rebel" means you fight for some kind of career, and it is opposed to others. I don't say my rebellion, I said that I have a guideline. The fundamental meaning of rebellion is against, and I think there is your own purpose, the difference between the two is like this. I have my own guidelines, I don't care whether others also believe in these guidelines, I think this is exactly a personal choice.
Q: How do you describe your guidelines and goals?
A: My basic life guidelines are: "Don't want to do it, don't do it to others", this is not only the idea of Christianity, this is worldwide. This criterion is simple, and in most cases it can tell you what to do. If you don't play "what should I do", you can ask "I will want him (she)?" You will know the answer.
Q: Do you believe in your work or your technology, have a certain social or political factor?
A: It is not the case from the beginning. At the beginning and the society is completely unrelated, the initial power is the technology and my personal interest. No politicality is because: politics is essentially to change people's thoughts, I have never hoped that this kind of thing happened to my head.
But many other "open source" people may not have an idea with me. Many of them are political: some people try to make other people accept their own point of view, I don't want to do it. I also talk about my opinion, but just asking me if I ask me.
Q: There are a lot of opportunities you can go to the sea, or you decide that the Linux operating system should trade, but you obviously don't do this, which makes me very strange. why?
A: This is my personal interest problem. It has always been the technology that attracts me Linux. It was not to make money at the beginning, even when you can make money, it is not my intention. Commercialization will change my motivation. I am very happy that people make money on Linux, which increases the depth of Linux, and introduces new motives and new factors, if not because of business purposes. But when I started Linux, commercialization is not my choice.
Q: Many people will think that it is a difficult choice. But you are at the Thai, what do you think? A: Maybe in the United States is a difficult choice, but there are many places in the world. The United States is based on money, everyone pays attention to money, which is of course beneficial. But in Finland is different. In the cultural context of there, success is worthy of appreciation, but you also appreciate something else, maybe more. For example, my family attaches great importance to the degree. They think that learning is important, they don't care too much.
3. Linus 2.0
Q: There is a mystery in TRANSMETA's work, can I prompt me to tell me the truth?
A: No. Maybe it will be tomorrow, maybe wait for 15 years.
Q: Is Transmeta looking for you or looking for Transmeta? A: Two-way choice. I know a Sweden, he works in Transmeta. He got to Helsinki and met with me. At that time, I said: "I can graduate.", Because I haven't relaxed it a few years. Then he asked me if I would like to go to Transmeta, then I talk to his boss. After a week, in 1996, I took the plane to California.
Q: I understand what you can't disclose and work, but can you tell me which job is excited?
A: Part of the reason is that I have been working on Linux for 6 years, and I hope to have something else. I don't want to hang on a rope. I don't want Linux to be all my life, I hope to find something that can motivate people itself. Moreover, the small company is relatively full. Also, people involved in some areas of no other people in the world are also exciting.
Q: Does those things and Linux?
A: They use Linux inside. I use it every day. They also welcome my work on Linux. On the one hand, because of the public relations effect, on the other hand, it is also used inside.
Q: But your work on Linux is no compensation. Many people are strange, how can you spend so many times without money ...
A: Even those who can't imagine someone in the world, it is very sad, but there is such a person, I can also explain to them: If Linux is really smooth, it is true after 10 years. I am going to wind, I have to rain, just like banking in bank. This is not my purpose, but you can tell those people who can't understand it. I think I am an artist, I am doing something that I am happy. And I don't have to live special, because the programmer's treatment is not bad.
4. Time is everything
Q: You are very interesting about capitalism. It seems that you also believe in some views of free software, but it is not against software and service charges. In what circumstances are more reasonable, what is more reasonable?
A: The charge is always reasonable. But when I started, I couldn't use commercial software because they were too expensive. Part of Linux exists is that I don't want anyone to fall into the kind of situation - this is "I don't want to do it, don't do it to others." But at the same time, I don't think it is wrong.
I am not against money. Money is an interesting concept, but you have to choose the most important thing? Linux is good, if you are a company and willing to pay for a year 365 days, 24 hours a day, you have to pay a lot of money - Even in Linux is expensive, if you are a poor student, or in the third world country, Linux will bring you a chance to contact some new things.
Q: Is Linux development speed or the direction of Linux developed nothing? A: Last year's things are also brewing processes. To some extent, when a company decides to support Linux, so many companies will respond, which is surprising. However, I have never seen it at home. In addition to "Wow", I can't say anything else. My reaction is more like "um, cool, really happened."
Q: Can it say that Linux is very good to grasp the timing?
A: Linux success is a combination of timing, demand and market opportunities. For example, when Linux has just been developed, people have no CDROM. One year after Linux, CDROM can be seen everywhere, so suddenly there is a possible possible commercialization of high performance ratio. Therefore, the time is really good. Internet is also a great opportunity. Before the Internet is popular, there is already Linux, but once the infrastructure of the network is established, Linux does benefit more or less.
Q: I still feel that from Microsoft's development, Linux has also coincided with it?
A: For the reason for the public relations, the Ministry of Justice has turned into a big gathering of Microsoft. Two years ago, no one questioned Microsoft. Everyone thought that Microsoft did what the things were taken. People worship Microsoft: big company, success, big money, people think that is the American dream. One result of the Ministry of Justice is that some people like Microsoft now have changed now.
5. Development source code is democracy
Q: And they also know that there is another option other than Microsoft?
A: This fact that you mentioned means that suddenly you have noticed that there is something else. It used to find other options. Now, even if you don't go from Windows to Linux, or as other big changes, you will also say: "It seems that Microsoft said that" I think this is very important. "
6. Open VS. Close
Q: How do you compare you open source mode and Microsoft develop Windows and Windows NT's closed mode?
A: On Linux, the system's user can affect the direction of development. From the user not to abandon the control, this is democracy. Everyone can do anything. Of course, basic premise is that you have to have enough ability, but it is also a good way to distinguish between people and people who don't work. Moreover, even those who do not modify the software can also recommend, test, and so on.
I think, as a development mode, development source code is quite superior - especially compared to traditional commercially closed development environments. How to organize people to create.
But there are still many jobs that are not interesting, if you don't have fun, you must rely on other incentives. The most obvious thing is to pass money. To a certain extent, it is easier to earn money in a closed environment. Closed mode relies on providing complete information to others to limit competition. Restriction competition is advantageous for the company.
Q: What is the difference you can describe these two modes?
A: I will say this: Closed mode is a publishing house, which is grasped by pencil instead of language. The user has the freedom of reading, the freedom writes, but the publishing house decides what kind of thing can be published, and it is circulating. You can read it, you can also write it with your hand, but if you want to improve your book, you have to start from the beginning, or ask the publication.
Q: Then, the metaphor of open source mode should be a printer, the printer is not limited. A: Yes, you can have any printers, and you can share fonts between printers. Q: This is an interesting metaphor. Why is Linux and open source patterns so successful, can you tell me your opinion?
A: Linux can go to this step today, one of the reasons is that it is a weak. To a certain extent, the market's power is not much significant to Linux developers. People develop Linux because they are interested in things that are not enough market share, and they don't have any board followed, and must explain financial status every quarter.
You changed the rules of the game, and therefore also changed the market. (You Also Change The Market By Changing The Rules In Ways That Microsoft Isn't Willing to Fail On) The source code is open to a selling point. Suddenly there is a new game rule, not all people care about this rule, but as long as someone cares, he will not think about Microsoft. This is like two armies: You can't let the enemy will choose the battlefield, you have to master the active.
Q: Do you think Linux may change Microsoft or other mainstream manufacturers to change their strategy or battlefield?
A: Every extent I hope it will be like this. Use a metaphor that I think that I think is to explain: Let us look at the largest five software companies in the United States, compare them to the 5th car manufacturers in the United States in the 1950s. At that time, all car companies competed in new features, new attachments, and new models were launched each year.
Is it very familiar? Now there is a new version of Windows every year. At that time, the work of the automotive company was to pay attention to the annual model of models. So the 51-year Cadillac and 52 years of Cadillac are very different. People will certainly pay attention to the model. why? The company is to hope that people don't care what models are open. For several years, the new model of the New Year will give the company a lot of profits. Although the models of the previous year are working very well, the company still wants to sell new models.
I and Linux are like the Japanese car manufacturing industry. Indeed, there are other factors in the 1970s oil crisis in history. But the nature of the problem is that the US automotive industry is not careful, but cares about new features, and there is a new model. Then, the Japanese cars appeared, at the beginning they were so good, the reputation was not so big, but the users gradually understood: "Hey, the Japanese car is good. They are there is no streamlined tail (FIN), but words Speaking of the end, what do I do every year? "
I believe this is an accurate metaphor. If Microsoft can change its practice like a US car industry, I will be very happy. If Microsoft is really changing, it is my victory.
Q: Microsoft's Steve Ballmer recently mentioned the source code for developing Windows, what do you think about this?
A: All my development work is done on the Internet, and one thing you have learned on the internet is that it doesn't practice. (AND THE FIRST Thing You Learn on The Internet is Talk IS CHEAP.) Unless I saw the result, I don't believe in any words, which is the same for all things, including Ballmer's statement. Seeing it is real. (Show me the Money!)
7. Linux vs. NT
Q: Talking about Ballmer and his truly intention, do you think Microsoft is really afraid of Linux, or it only uses the media to specify the prosecution of the Ministry of Justice? A: I believe that this is Microsoft's intentional operation, especially when Linux has started attention last fall. Nothing in Microsoft will look like this seriously, but they see it can be used as a basis for the court's defense. But they were dead, and the results of things have attracted many public opinions: "What is this Linux?"
Q: Do you think Linux may be more wide than NT?
A: If you just compare Linux and NT, my answer is yes. Windows NT and Linux have almost market share. Editor's note: According to IDG report, the NT server market share is 38%, 16%, other UNIX 19%, NetWare 23%. In the future, Linux will exceed NT. I won't be too strange when I arrived. The real goal is the desktop system. This is impossible for one year and two years, but may be achieved in 3 years, 4 years and 5 years.
Q: Do you think Linux will challenge the status of Microsoft in the desktop market in two to three years?
A: It is three to four years. I hope that Linux will become one of the choices of non-technical computer users.
Q: What impact will it affect the computer industry and Microsoft?
A: It is not necessarily that it will be like. I just think that the market that users have not chosen is ill.
Q: Do you use a pathological word?
A: Yes, it is a pathological state. You have a very broad, complex market, but there is a company that controls most of this market. However, the final monopoly is not maintained.
In emerging markets, a company often has huge strength. This year, the oil industry is the same, the auto industry is the same, the computer industry is also the same, when people think that IBM is unable to defeat. Finally, it will evolve into a partial situation of five or six major companies, which will be stable. So I think the current market is morbid.
8. The road in the next five years
Q: What do you think about the opposition between free software and commercial power? Some pure people don't like redhat or any other company to sell Linux commercial version, they think Linux should remain free forever.
A: I tried to avoid reading the black and white. My point is: With Linux, you really can avoid commercialization. You can download everything you need from the Internet, you don't have to pay. But frankly, I don't want to download all things anymore. Now, if you have a new machine, I will insert a redhat or sush disc, then install, then add the other things I need. I don't need to pay for the disc, but if necessary, I am happy to pay. They really provide real service. This is the choice. If you see something, you must be black and white, think Linux should be completely free, then you have made your own choice, but I think that is limit it.
Q: It seems that you don't worry about RedHat and the other companies will manipulate Linux?
A: That is because the company does not want to take over the development of the kernel - this price they understand. They will hope that there are many kernel developers in their employees. Once a problem, you can solve your own people.
But they don't want to be involved in kernel development. A like-like business company will spend time to do market research, figure out what customers do, can bring to the user to ensure that the product is easy to install, solve important detail vulnerabilities. The key is finished - complete a product, and market operations and organization operations. (IT's About Finishing Touches, And It's Marketing and Logistics.) Q: What is Linux develops after five years?
A: For me, the most interesting point is always its various purposes. I am interested in embedding, because there will be some special purposes that you can't find. From the perspective of technology, supercomples are always sexy, but from another aspect, they are interesting because they have no special needs.
I think the most interesting market is a desktop market because there is no specialization of the desktop. Moreover, this means that there will never have a perfect solution - there are too many things you want to use. Technically, this is an extremely difficult problem, which is why I pay special attention to the desktop. I hope that within 5 years, you can see that Linux has become a choice of desktop system. Maybe not replace Microsoft, but it will become a real choice. When someone went to the computer store to buy his first computer, they would stop thinking about Linux, Windows or MacOS.
Q: Linux and open source model seem to work very well, is there any new business model to cause your interest?
A: There is a kind of interested, but I can't let me believe that it is the business model of "Internet phraasing". The content includes the head of the company in front of the company, and then speculate on the market value of the stock One order of magnitude. I think this is very interesting, but it will not succeed in the long run.
Q: What do you think?
A: I think the traditional industry will attach great importance to the Internet. A small portion of the company will become famous in the forefront, then develop well; the remaining successful opportunities may exceed 10%. Maybe Yahoo will survive - its reputation is too similar, and you can make money in this name - brand identity is still very important. But through the current business model, they will not make money, maybe they have already understood.
Q: What do you think of the price of software products?
A: The PC company and Microsoft are universally expensive markets that have entered the software by making cheap software. You look at these small scale, but it's rich in enterprises, such as Borland, now called Inprise, be famous for the compiler, or Microsoft, relying on Basic, they are like this. Defusion is that Microsoft has so strong that the market is so secure, and the new round of price increase begins again. Inprise took the lead in launching a compiler with less than 100 US dollars, it caused a sensation, but the sensation of the time has been forgotten. When we returned to the software price, we couldn't say that there were a big company. "You should pay so much."
I hope that we will have a sensation. The current economy is allowed to sell software with high price, but I believe that it will not last. This makes some people think that I am a communist, but I am not - I absolutely believe in competition. I just believe that the competition will win, the price will fall again.
