Flourished Embedded Computer Structure Jin Huihua Jin Huihua Professor Jin Hui Hui, Ph.D., Beijing University of Aerospace University tolerant Computer, Distributed Computer Research Direction of Academic leaders. He hosted the "four-day flying control fault tolerant computer principles test mode machine" to the aircraft's overall comprehensive test. The "NASI)" NASI "has been used for NAMP verification and system synthesis, and has won the second prize of aviation science and technology progress, model development three-class work. His research work in real-time embedded application hardware software has been Many projects for aviation, aerospace and industrial control.
Speaking of embedded, everyone may be a bit unfamiliar, but mentioning the single-chip microcomputer may not know, in fact, the microcontroller is a form of embedded applications. Embedded applications also include a single board, a multi-board machine, a industrial computer, and the like. Any of the computer's host embeds in an application system or device, it is an embedded application. Here the computer does not have a keyboard, mouse, display, but they are the core of the system, the intelligence of the device. In the past 30 years, the technology is booming in this application field, the market is rapidly expanding, and the application is deep into the corner of the production life. Reviewing the development of embedded architecture can be said to be windy, and the waves are magnificent. At the end of Qingping, it should be said that the computing device is embedded in the system and equipment, and there is an electronic digital computer. First, the mechanical simulation calculation device for connecting the gear, cam, garden, etc., in the 1950s, is used to represent data using a voltage current, operate with an adder, multiplier, differentizer, integrator, etc. These components were achieved with tubes in the 1950s, and transistors were achieved in the 1960s. The first generation tube computer (1946 ~ 1957) is 170m2 like ENIAC, with a "huge material" that consumes 140 kW, which cannot meet the size of the embedded computer, light weight and electricity consumption A series of requirements such as high reliability and high real-time. In the 1960s, the transistor and core storage-based computers began to use military fields such as aviation. The first airborne special digital computer is the multi-functional digital analyzer (Verdan) developed by Outonesikus, developed by the US Navy Shipborne Bomber, which consists of several large black boxes. The central processing device handles signals from all major electronic systems and starts with the prototype of the data bus. At the same time, the embedded computer starts to be applied to industrial control. In 1962, a US ethylene plant realized the first direct digital control (DDC) in industrial equipment. The rise of the embedded computer is during the third-generation computer of the integrated circuit in 1965 to 1970, under the demand for military and space, the hard and software technology of the computer reaches the reliability of the moon and return to the ground. Sexual requirements. The first time I used the airborne digital computer to control the Gemini3 launched in 1965. The first time to improve reliability is the 1968 Apollo 4, Saturn No. 5. The Apollo computer is embedded, and it can be guided by man-machine interaction, tightly combined with the machine and people. In this period, computer system structural technology has achieved many major development, there has been new technologies such as parallel, first-line control, pipeline, operating system, and a wide range of IBM360 series machines. In 1963, the first commercial mini machine introduced by DEC was developed by PDP8 into a PDP11 series. Its single-bus structure, high-speed general register, strong interrupt system, crossover technology, well adapted to the needs of real-time embedded applications in industrial control systems, and become the main force of industrial production centralized control. However, in the military domain, in order to reliably and satisfy the strict requirements of volume, we need to design a special embedded computer for each weapon system. The big development of the boom of the boom embedded computer is after the microprocessor. In November 1971, Intel successfully integrated the arithmetic computer and controller circuit, launched the world's first microprocessor Intel 4004. It is designed to be designed for pocket calculators. Due to small size, light weight, low price, and successful design have prompted Intel to further universize it, launch 4 of 40,40,8 bits of 8008.1973 to 1977 Each manufacturer has launched a number of 8-bit microprocessors, including Intel 8080/8085, Motorola's 6800/6802, Zilog's Z80 and Rockwell 6502. The microprocessor is not only used to form a microcomputer, and it is used to make instruments, medical equipment, robots, household appliances, etc. The sales of 8085 / z80 microprocessors only with 8085 code are more than 70 million pieces, most of which are used for embedded industrial control applications. At this time, people do not have to develop specialized circuits for design a special machine, and the dedicated computers are designed to be based on the microprocessor. In order to adapt to the requirements of high-grade embedded control, AMP has introduced a 2900-series bitmap, which forms a processor that arbitrarily in multiple clips. The wide application of the microprocessor has formed a broad embedded application market. In addition to providing users with industrial control computer systems to users in the whole machine, computer manufacturers begins to provide OEM products to users in plug-in, and then according to users Your own needs constitute a dedicated industrial control microcomputer, embedded in its own system equipment. For flexible compatibility, a standardized, modular single board series is formed. The popular board has Intel's ISBC series, Zilog's MCB, etc.
At this time, people have begun to design a dedicated embedded computer from the selection chip, as long as a set of CPU boards, memory boards, and various I / O plug-in boards suitable for themselves, you can form a dedicated computer. User and manufacturers want to purchase the most suitable OEM products from different manufacturers, inserting into the outsourcing or homemade chassis, to form a new system, that is, hopes that the plug-in is compatible, which leads to the birth of industrial control microcomputer system bus. . In 1976, Intel launched MULTIBUS, expanded into MultibusII bandwidth of 40MB / s; 1978 Prolog design Simple STD bus is widely used in small embedded systems; Most Motorola launched VME_bus with Multibus II, high-end market. In the 1980s, it can be said that all bus layers have emerged, and the age of group is. With the improvement of the microelectronics level, the integrated circuit manufacturer begins to integrate the microprocessor I / O interface required for embedded applications, A / D, D / A conversion serial interface and RAM, ROM. It is our commonly known microcontroller for manufacturing microcontrollers for the I / O design. The earliest single-chip Intel 8048 appeared in 1976, in the early 1980s, Intel developed into its famous 8051, Motorola launched 68HC05, and Zilog turned to specialize in producing his Z80 single-chip microcomputer. These contain 8-bit microprocessors, 256b RAM, 4KB ROM, 4 8-bit parallel port, 1 full-duplex serial port, two 16-bit timer single-chip microcomputer, quickly penetrate into consumer electronics, medical electronics, intelligent control, communication Electronic, instrumentation, transportation and other areas. The process is continuously improved according to a variety of different applications, improve operational speed, and reduce power consumption. Configure different peripheral interfaces into the chip, derived into dozens of varieties, a variety of models, can be said to be "there is always a suitable for you." If the 8-bit processor processing speed is too slow, there is a 16-bit microcontroller. There is also a group of digital signal processor DSP dedicated to high-speed real-time signal processing, like TMS32010 series of TMS32010 series, which is introduced by Texas, is widely used in MODEM, photocopier, telephone, etc., which has a specific function algorithm for specific application tasks. DSP. After the 1980s, the big development of embedded computers must be attributed to the progress of development technology. The initial embedded computer is very dedicated, and the software is also specially supported by compilation or even machine language. In the early stage of the microprocessor, in order to ensure the time and space efficiency of embedded software, the software can only be written in assembly language. Such embedded systems can only be completed by very professional computer talents, with original tools, low efficiency, long cycle. Due to the advancement of microelectronics technology, the requirements for the time and space efficiency of the software are no longer so demanding, and the work software of the embedded computer begins using advanced languages such as PL / M, C. In the military field, the special language and software of various weapons systems use the five-flowers and software make the system cost, the United States implements the general ADA language of the three armies, develops reusable general software, and improve software production efficiency. The embedded system is a real-time system, and it is much multi-tasking system. In order to adapt to the needs of real-time applications in order to adapt to the needs of real-time applications, a computer manufacturer configure a real-time operating system (RTOS). A real-time operating system as an important branch of the operating system has become a hot spot study, explore real-time multitasking scheduling algorithms and adjustability, deadlock release and other issues. These real-time operating systems or real-time modifications on the basis of the UNIX kernel, or independently designed pure real-time systems, but they are developed for the manufacturer's own machine. A number of software companies have begun to introduce commodity embedded real-time operating systems in the early 1980s. Like the VRTX, Integrated System Incorporation (ISI) of the Ready System (later Microtec Research) and the qnx of the IMAG's Vx_Works, QNX. They use full seizure scheduling schemes, the response time is short; use microennote technology, design pursuit of flexibility, configurable, can be cropped, expandable, portable; strong time and high reliability, there is a version of various mainstream CPUs, Ideal for embedded applications. Commercial embedded real-time multi-task operating systems liberate the development of embedded systems from a small range to promote embedded applications to broader areas. Applying towards the incentive in the 1990s, under the traction of huge demand for distribution control, flexible manufacturing, digital communication and digital home appliances, the embedded application has further accelerated development.
