In general, the history of logistics development is similar to the history of China's logistics development.) Generally, the US logistics development is divided into 5 times, namely, 190s, 1970s, 190s and 1990s. The development of logistics, the origin of logistics concept, there are various statements, in general, the use of logistics is started in 1905. However, the logistics of modern society, especially as logistics in the business field, actually begins in the Second World War. Of course, as the term "logistics" in the military field belongs to the field of logistics, its use can be traced back to ancient Greece, Roman era. Whether it is ancient war, the Second World War is still a modern bay war, no logistics support, military operations can not be imagined. If the logistics (logistics) is from ancient Greek Logistike (calculated), logistes, Logistique to Latin, and finally developed to English Logistics. Second, the development history of American logistics 1. The 1950s China's 50-year US logistics is in sleep, and its feature is that this area does not have a dominant logistics concept. In the enterprise, the activities of logistics are managed, for example, in the enterprise transportation production sector management, inventory is managed by the marketing department. The result contradicts the responsibility and purpose of logistics activities. The reason is that the rapid development of the US economy has made the company's production satisfaction, and the business ideas of the company are based on the production and manufacture, and there is no time to take care of logistics problems in the circulation. 2. The main economic development goal of the 1960s in the 1960s is to advance to "rich society". It is a period of prosperity in the history of American history. Although, at the time, the East and the West was in a state of cold warfare, but the US domestic economic development was very fast. The main motivation to support the US economic development is to build a strong international competitive capacity as the core. The US industrial products are exported to the world, Made in USA has become synonymous with excellent quality. Therefore, in the 1960s, it was a large amount of production and a large amount of consumption. In order to pursue a large amount of production in order to pursue a large number of economies, the products produced have entered the circulation field. Large department stores, supermarkets have appeared in the interior of the city and suburbs. In contrast, the logistics system of American companies in the 1960s has not improved, and if it is defined from the perspective of logistics system modernization, it is better to say that the 1960s is the stagnation period of American logistics. The reason, first, in a large number of US economic era, a large amount of consumption, is not too much pressure as a business. In a large number of production, a large amount of consumption, although the company generally has a large number of warehouses, due to the rapid growth of the economy, the income of the company is relatively stable, so that the company is not too concerned about cutting inventory. In the 1960s, the spare date reached 30 days. To this end, companies generally have a lot of stocks. As a logistics manager of the company, a large amount of inventory is the meaning of the sky, there is no need to improve. Second, a logistics enterprise providing transportation services, the US government has developed a strict management system, such as truck transportation and rail transport workers, ICC (ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission), has developed strict access system and freight regulations. This limits the competition between the logistics industry. The freight is a pricing that is not floating. It is impossible to use companies to reduce transportation costs by pressing price. In addition, once the freight rate is generated due to inflation, the transporter can also increase the shipping crisis through the transportation management department.
Therefore, the general enterprise is not enthusiastic about the reform of the logistics system, and most of them use their own vehicles for cargo transportation. In fact, because the government's management system limits the development of logistics, there is no more reform rights to enterprises, so most companies do not consider logistics reforms, only logistics as a cost accounting department. The understanding of logistics is only respected in the physical mobile function of the factory's finished product. In summary, the development of logistics in the 1960s has benefited from the following aspects: (1) Change of consumer demand models in the 1960s, a large number of production and large consumption in the 1960s, making the population rapidly increase, and there is a transfer of rural towards. At the same time, the population of the central city is transferred to urban edges. This trend change leads to the expansion of supermarkets and large department stores to the suburbs. At the same time, the increase in the population also prompted the type and color of the commodities such as supermarkets, making the operator have to significantly increase the stock. This also causes an increase in ordering frequency and quantity. (2) The pressure of enterprise costs in the 1950s, the US did not have any enterprises in the US logistics cost in sales in sales. After entering the 1960s, due to the fierce competition, enterprises began to seek ways to reduce production costs. According to statistics, the logistics costs accounted for 15% of GNP, and individual corporate logistics costs accounted 22% in sales. The UK at that time was 16%, and Japan reached 27%. Businesses began to realize that logistics reducing costs on companies. (3) Introduction of the concept of logistics cost (4) Development of computer technology, linear planning technology, and a large number of simulation simulation systems to provide support for the planning, design, etc. of logistics systems. (5) Military experience support 3, the US economy has undergone major changes in the 70s of the 1970s. The 2nd oil crisis has a profound impact on the US economy. Oil prices have rushed to $ 40 from $ 73. Due to the high price of energy, it causes inflation and an increase in business rate. The price rose to the business of the US enterprises, brought many difficulties, forcing companies to consider improving logistics systems. This is because, the rise in crude oil prices, directly leading to rising oil prices, so that the transportation costs increase the ICC, and the cargo transporter is easily transferred to the price of fuel prices to the freight rate, making the cost of using truck transportation Increase, so companies have to study how to reduce logistics costs. Second, prices have also caused the US economy to stagnate, affecting the sales of products. The result enables the backlog of enterprise products. In the past, the company's inventory was always in the extensive business state, and now it became a major problem of enterprises. In addition, in order to inhibit inflation, the United States adopted high interest policies, which brought pressure on high interests to companies with large product stocks. To this end, US companies in the 1970s began to improve large quantities, large amounts of logistics systems in the era. In this way, in the 1970s, due to changes in the external environment, on the one hand, on the one hand, it brought the driving force for improvement of the logistics system. At the same time, the government has also prompted the government to be awarded the management of high logistics costs. As a business operator, it has also begun to realize that traditional logistics policies have restricted freedom competition and is not conducive to economic development. Taking the 78-year Air Cargo Transport Policy as an opportunity. In the 1980s, the US government issued a series of policies that encountered free competition, it got the welcome of the company. Here, there is a need to mention that a new logistics service method has occurred in the early 70s, which is 73 years of air express business that is started by Fredsmith. Smith discusses how to effectively use the base, after graduation, further test the correctness of its theory, and start to establish Federal Express, provide aviation express service.
Federal Express provides door-to-door air express service that is arriving in the next day, and its services are principles, accuracy, and trustworthiness. The emergence of this way of transportation has an important impact on the development of American logistics. In addition, the concept of total logistics costs also has a promotion of the development of American logistics. 4. In the 1980s (1) Loose Policy in the 1980s, the US government has introduced a series of logistics improvement policies, bringing great promotion to the development of American logistics. In the truck transportation industry of policy improvement, the emergence of new enterprises increased the intensity of industry competition, making many companies bankrupt. Conversely, due to the loose policy environment, companies with transportation services are affordable. The proportion of GNP logistics costs has greatly reduced in the 1980s, showing the improvement of policy environment to the economic direct impact. The US economy in the 1980s began to have an international tendency, giving a strong competitive pressure to the general enterprise. During this period, many foreign companies entered the United States were one of the important factors in increasing competitive pressure. In addition, not only raw materials and parts, many US companies have also begun importing foreign products, while due to the depreciation of the dollar, many companies are also active export products. In this way, in the internationalization process, American companies aware of the importance of improving international competitiveness. (2) From the transformation of the PD to Logistics in this process, the status of logistics in the business strategy is gradually accepted by the company, and some large enterprises begin to actively improve the logistics system of the enterprise. Its symbol is the transformation from Physical Distribution to Logistics from Physical Distribution. The Logistics is originally military language, and it has gradually been used by the economy. In the 1970s, the logistics concept and the importance of logistics were only recognized by a small number of companies. In the 1980s, it has been accepted by most companies. Therefore, it can be said that the 1980s is an era of US companies to enter the field of logistics. Prior to this, the understanding of the logistics only stayed in the respective management of the transportation, storage, inventory management, and logistics have changed this understanding. Logistics refers to the efficiency of the company's purchase of products from raw materials to the product of the product, rather than individual functions. In the practice of logistics, there have been many companies that have both improved logistics and increased corporate profits. In this way, once the importance of logistics in business operations, the status of logistics is also improved. The logistics management department has become an important functional department in the business strategy of business. (3) Import of JIT Management Thought In the 1980s, as an important method of enterprises in stock, JIT method was rapidly popularized. Due to the important topics of the 70s enterprises in the 70s, many companies in the United States have also begun to introduce JIT management methods developed by Japanese automotive industries. The use of JIT mode greatly reduces the stock of enterprises, but it has brought new pressure to transport. That is, the accuracy and timeliness of the company's transportation services are high than ever. Therefore, it is important to provide high quality services to become an important condition for enterprise competition. JIT is a retail inventory method of inventory management in a variety of varieties, small batches of production, and is no longer in stock as a production process, but is reduced by instant supply as a guarantee of the production process, which reduces the enterprise inventory pressure. Increased profits. (4) Innovation of new technologies, in this period, rail transport has also seen a lot of innovation, intermodal transport, which is mainmatic transport-based multimodal transport, is rapidly popular.
And during this period, rail container transportation has begun to develop rapidly, such as Double Stack Train is the product of this period. The generation of this transportation provides an important support for US domestic container transportation. The large number of aviation express delivery is also the product of this period. Since the enterprise has a large number of JIT production methods, the requirements for delivery in the following day have gradually increased, and the development of air express transportation has brought a huge role. As a result, after the aforementioned Federal Express, many air express companies such as UPS, DHL are emerged. There are also companies such as EMERY CF AIR FREIGHT BURLINGTON EXPRESS. There are also some air freight forwarders that have also begun to enter this area through the purchase of the transport. In view of this, airlines canceled the air cargo special plane in the 1980s. During this period, Federal Express acquired Flying Tiger in order to expand the forces, and became the largest business in the US aviation industry. In the 1980s, the express delivery development of general goods is also very rapid, such as UPS. UPS offers express delivery services arriving next or third day in the United States. Its business income has reached 10 billion US dollars in the 1990s, and air express revenue has reached $ 3 billion. At the same time, the truck transporter is also actively joining the competition of the air express industry. For example, the UPS 80s established the aviation transport subsidiary and became the second largest company that was second only to Federal Express. In addition, such as CF (Consolidated Freightway), Emery Air Freight has also entered this area in 89 years. (5) Outsourcing in the new management form of enterprises is the management thoughts of the rise in the 1980s. At that time, US companies reined the enterprise process as an important means of operating rationalization, re-registering business content, resource allocation. That is to increase operating efficiency by withdrawing non-core competition business. Outsourcing has become an important means of reducing cost and improving the competitiveness of enterprises. Extended economic environment: low-speed growth in the economy; low income level; advancement of information technology; business specialization, diversification. Conditions of outsourcing companies: comprehensive ability; financial strength; core competitiveness is clear; there are advanced information systems support; with various talents; with enterprise advisory; with flexible systems. Conditions of entrusting companies: Have a high degree of entrustment management system; the company is weaker in talents, technology and costs; with advanced information systems. Advantages of outsourcing: Integrating resources for strategic investment; fixed cost flow; effective use of specialized services; increase costs in production efficiency reduce costs; Therefore, under the 1980s, under the guidance of a new logistics concept, US companies improved the logistics system and began to provide a variety of logistics services. It can be said that the 1980s ushered in the new era of American logistics innovation. 5. Integrated 90s `(1) The production of supply chain management Theory enters the 1990s, and the logistics system of American companies is more systematic, integrated, and logistics also transforms from Logistics. The difference between logistics and supply chain management is that logistics emphasizes the integration of various logistics links within a single enterprise, but the supply chain is not only an integration of a corporate logistics, but what he is pursuing is the logistics integration of all chain companies in the process of commodity flow. Specifically, the product reaches the consumer, including retailers, wholesalers, manufacturers, raw materials suppliers, etc., while logistics is in the entire circle of flow.
In order to be able to provide a product with low cost, only the logistics integration inside a single enterprise is not a purpose, and the logistics of all enterprises of the chain must be unified, integration can achieve the above objectives, which is the supply chain management basic concepts. Specifically, the supply chain management has the following characteristics: 1 On the supply chain, more than two enterprises form a long-term strategic alliance, and integrate and synchronize with each other. In this relationship, it also includes truck transport companies and third-party logistics companies. 2 The various companies in the supply chain are no longer competitors in traditional transactions, forming a long-term mutually beneficial symbiosis. 3 The various companies in the supply chain have the needs information, sales information, inventory information, shipping information, etc., so information such as EDI has become the key to the system. 4 Since the supply chain management improves services, the supplier is also included. In accordance with the basic idea of supply chain management, many industries have begun to practice. In the food groceries, it is called ECR (Efficient Consumer Response), which is called QR (Quick Response) in the textile industry. Even if only the ECR's food industry, the initial estimate can save 30 billion US dollars due to the union of the wholesale and production enterprises. Therefore, in the 1990s, the United States has actively promoted the rationalization and efficiency of enterprise logistics through supply chain management. In addition, in the 1990s, the United States had new logistics service industry - third-party logistics services. Due to the diversified logistics needs of the owner, the US emerging logistics market expanded in the first half of the 1990s. (2) Lean thoughts 1 Lean Logistics origin in the concept of Lean Manufacturing. It produced in the "Toyota Production System" originally created in Toyota Motors in Japan in the 1970s, and after the research and summary of the Professor of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, it officially published a book published in 1990. in. Lean thinking refers to the use of a variety of modern management methods and means, based on social demand, with a new type of business, effective configuration and reasonable use of corporate resources, maximizing the company's economic efficiency Management concept. Lean logistics is the application of lean ideas in logistics management. It is an inevitable reflection in the development of logistics. 2 The connotation of lean logistics As a new type of production organization, the concept of lean manufacturing provides a new way of thinking to logistics and supply chain management. It includes the following aspects: l The customer's position is centered, not from the position of the company, or a functional system's position to determine what to create value, what is not created. L Analytically analyze every link in the product design, manufacturing and ordering of the value chain, finding a waste that cannot provide value-added. L Develop a value stream action plan according to the principle of uninterrupted, not roundabout, not rushing, not waiting for and discontinued. L Creative value only by the customer. L Once you have found that there is a waste of waste, it will be eliminated in time and strive to pursue perfection. Therefore, as the development of Just-in-Time (ie time management), the connotation of lean logistics has far exceeded the concept of Just-in-Time. It can therefore be said that the so-called lean stream refers to: by eliminating the waste of the non-value in the production and supply process to reduce customer satisfaction. 3 The goal of lean logistics is based on customer needs, providing customer satisfaction logistics services, and pursue the wastage and delay in the process of providing logistics services, and continuously improve the value-added benefits of the logistics service process. 4 Characteristics of Lean Logistics Systems Lean Logistics System features the following four aspects: L-pulled logistics system. In the lean logistics system, customer demand is the source of driving production and is the starting point of the value stream.
The flow of value streams will be pulled by the downstream customers, rather than relying on the upstream promotion, when the customer does not issue a demand instruction, any part of the upstream does not provide service, and when the customer's demand instruction is issued, the service is quickly served. The production of the system is driven by customer demand. L High quality logistics system. In the lean logistics system, electronic information flow guarantees the rapid and accurate information flow of information flow, and can effectively reduce redundant information delivery, reduce job links, eliminate operational delays, which make logistics services on time, accurate, fast, high Quality characteristics. L Low cost logistics system. Lean logistics system uses reasonable configuration of basic resources to achieve production, fully and reasonably use advantages and strength; through electronic information flow, fast response, time-time production, eliminate air consumption, personnel redundancy, operation delay And resources such as resources ensure low cost of their logistics services. L Continuous logistics system. In the lean logistics system, the whole staff understands and accepts the essence of lean ideas. The leaders have developed decisions that enable the system to achieve "lean" efficiency, all employees implement, up and down, each of them, each of them, to achieve comprehensive The realm of logistics management, ensuring continuous improvement throughout the system and continuously improved. 5 Basic Framework of Lean Logistics System L In the Lean Logistics System, customer demand is the source of driving production, and is the starting point of value stream. The flow of value streams will be pulled by the downstream customers, rather than relying on the upstream promotion, when the customer does not issue a demand instruction, any part of the upstream does not provide service, and when the customer's demand instruction is issued, the service is quickly served. The production of the system is driven by customer demand. l In the lean logistics system, electronic information flow guarantees the rapid and accurate information flow of information flow, and it can also effectively reduce redundant information transfer, reduce job links, eliminate operation delays, which make logistics services on time, accurate, fast, fast, High quality features. The goods can be smooth and rhythmic flow is the target of the logistics system. The most critical flow of smooth flow of goods is on time. The on-time concept includes all aspects of the item in the flow, including delivery, transportation, transfer, sorting, distribution, etc. The on-time concept of logistics services is the necessary conditions that are equally important to ensure that all aspects of the goods are completed at the lowest cost, and is also one of the important aspects of meeting customer requirements. It is also necessary for the overall optimization of the logistics system to be achieved on time. L Accurately accurately include: Accurate information delivery, accurate stock, accurate customer demand forecast, accurate delivery quantity, etc., accurate is one of the important conditions for ensuring logistics proficiency. L Rapid Lean Logistics System The rapid consolidation of two aspects: the first is that the logistics system reflects the speed of the customer, and the second is the speed during the circulation. The reflection of the logistics system's personal demand depends on the function and process of the system. When the customer puts forward demand, the system should quickly identify, classify, classify, and develop logistics schemes that are compatible with customers. The statistics of customer history information will help develop fast logistics service programs. The rapidity of the goods in the logistics chain includes the least nodes of the goods, the shortest circulation is the shortest, the warehouse time is most reasonable, and the overall logistics is achieved. The speed is reflected in the product and service is an important factor in cost and value, especially the market competition is increasingly fierce, and the speed is also a strong means of competition. A fast logistics system is an important guarantee for adding value in the circulation.
l Reduce costs, improve efficiency lean logistics system, through reasonable configuration of basic resources, and use advantages and strength to achieve production; through electronic information flow, rapid response, time-time production, thereby eliminating air consumption, Personnel redundancy, operational delays, and resources, etc., to ensure low cost of their logistics services. 6 System Integrated Lean Systems are systems that make up the decision rules that enable companies to achieve "lean" efficiency. Lean logistics system is a system that is composed of a basic resource, electronic information, and decision rules that enable logistics systems to achieve "lean" benefits. Basic resources with logistics services are the basic premise of establishing a lean logistics system. On this basis, these resources are required, and the scope of resource allocation includes: facilities, information sharing, interest sharing, etc. Only in this way can the best mobilize advantages and strength, use these resources, eliminate waste, and provide quality services that meet customer requirements. 7 Informatization High Quality Logistics Services depends on information. Logistics services are a complex system project involving a large amount of complicated information. Electronic information makes it easy to transfer, which makes information flow quickly, accurately, ensuring the on-time and efficiency of logistics services; electronic information is convenient for storage and statistics, which can effectively reduce redundant information delivery, reduce the work session, reduce human waste. In addition, traditional logistics operations have not been adapted to globalization, intellectual logistics market competition, and must implement electronic components of information, constantly improve traditional business projects, find the combination of traditional logistics industry and new economy, provide value-added logistics services . The decision rules that enable the system "Lean" benefits include making leaders and all employees to understand and accept lean ideas, that is, eliminate waste and continuous improvement, think about problems, analyze problems, analyze problems, formulate and implement system with this ideological method. Lean "effectiveness decision. The change of logistics market after policy is 1, and the change in truck transport enterprises and cargo owners' relationships has been infiltrated from simple transportation to the logistics field of cargo owners due to the easing transportation of the company. The requirements of the owner from the end of the 1980s have not only stayed in demand for low-cost transportation services, but requires logistics companies to provide services to enterprises. Such as orders, circulation processing, etc. It is also a third-party logistics service in this period. 2. Changes in logistics demand in cargo owners have changed the logistics demand in the company with competition. In order to strengthen market competitiveness, cargo owners are not only in the field of production and sales, but also began to pay attention to logistics efficiency. Looking at modern success companies do not pay attention to how to quickly and easily send their products to the business strategy in consumers. There are many new theories, such as ECR, QR, Outsourcing, SCM, etc. Among them, the biggest reason for the business commission is that US companies have a trend of industrial regression in the end of the 1980s. Emphasize the company's core comptencies. Beginning to Downsizing, Restructure, Rengineering, etc., while reforming the management organization structure is also implemented, lean Organization. This puts new requirements for logistics companies.
