British Science Journals "Physics World", readers to choose the scientific circle to "the greatest formula", and the result is announced on October 2004, 2004.
The results are as follows:
1, Markshi's electromagnetic equation
(Electric Gaussian Law, Magnetic Gaussian Law, Faraday Law, and Ampere Appeals His Amendment)
The basis of mechanics is established by Newton. Similarly, electromagics are basically in "Markish's equation" to unlock this equation to enter electromagnetics. Since this equation is predicted to the existence of electromagnetic waves first, the electromagnetic wave does exist. Markish is born in 1831 in Edinburgh, the UK, mathematics genius, plus kernel physical intuition, so that he quickly became a superior physicist. The year of Mark Shiwei died is the year of Einstein. (It is difficult to be Mark Shiwei's Einstein :)
Markway's most important contribution is of course a set of electromagnetic equations he proposed - it consists of four partial micro-division (also converted into a score equation), each equation corresponds to an important electromagnetic law.
Interesting the law is not what he discovers, but he puts four laws together, and organizes the formal unified mathematics --- Electric Gaussian law, magnetic Gaussian law, Faraday law, and he fix it Ampere law.
In principle, any electromagnetic phenomenon between the universe is covered by these four laws.
After proposing this set of perfect equations, Markshi is further looking for new physical phenomena in these mathematics, and the existence of electromagnetic waves in the paper pen, even even the wave velocity is calculated. The wave velocity in this theory is very close to the light speed known at the time, so he makes a bold assumption: electromagnetic waves are truly physical entities, while visible light is a special case of electromagnetic waves.
Unfortunately, he has failed to witness the objective evidence of electromagnetic waves. Until 1887, Hertz manufactured and measured electromagnetic waves in the laboratory, and the wavelength and wave velocity of electromagnetic waves were measured. Experimental data is fully compliant with Markshi's forecasts.
After entering the twentieth century, each band of electromagnetic waves (including wireless long waves, wireless short waves, microwave, infrared, visible light, UV, X-rays, gamma rays) have found practical value, and become partners who are not a day or lack of humanity.
2, Jula's natural logarithmic bottom formula
(Approximately equal to 2.71828 bottom - e)
Yula is known as Shakespeare, which is the most produced mathematician in history. It is also a field (including all branches and mechanics, optical, audio, water conservancy, astronomy, chemistry, medicine, etc.). Scholars of the most work. The 18th century is called "Yula Edition" in the history of Mathematics.
Yula was born in Switzerland, 31 years old lost his right eye, 59-year-old eyes blind, but his character is optimistic, amazing memory and concentration, so that he still thinks about the complex problem in 13 children's noisy .
Yula is humble, never named what he discovers with his name. Only the natural logarithmic bottom of approximately 2.71828 is named by him e. But because of his extensive contribution to mathematics, in many mathematical branches, it often sees an important constant, formula, and theorem named by his name.
Many mathematical symbols we have now learned are all invented by Yula, for example: function symbols f (x), π, e, σ, logX, sinx, CoSX, and imaginary I, etc.. High school teachers often use a natural logarithmic base E joke to help students remember a very special differential formula: in a mental hospital, there is a disease, saying that others say, "I differentiate you, I differentiate you." I don't know why, these patients have a simple solution concept, always think that one day will be like a general polynomial function, and disappeared by differentiation to zero, so avoiding him, but he meets for him. I got a person who was not moving, he was very surprised, and this person said faintly, "I am the X of E." This differential formula is: E, regardless of X, the result is still e ! No wonder the mathematics students will use E metaphorless love!
Relative to π is the first letter in Greek text, and the origin is not known for people. Some people even think: Jula takes the first letter of his name as a natural logarithm.
The reason for the reason why Jura chooses E is two: One is behind the letters used in four often used in A, B, C, and D, the first letter that has not been used frequently is E, so, He naturally selected this symbol, representing the number of natural logaries; one is E is the first letter of an index, although you may suspect that Swiss Yula's native language is not in English, but in fact, French, German index It is it.
3, Newton's mechanics second law
(Acceleration A is proportional to force F, and inversely proportional to the body of the object, that is, A = f / m or f = mA; the strength is large, the acceleration is also, the larger the quality, the smaller the acceleration ...)
Newton is the first person who has discovered thousands of gravitational, and has always led the entire physical world until Einstein's theory. He is also called the greatest "app" mathematician in history.
Newton's law is a great discovery in the field of mechanics. Mechanics is to explain the science of object motion, and its most important issue is how the object moves in a similar situation. Newton's second law solved this problem; the law was seen as the most important fundamental law in classical physics. It is also the core law of Newtonian mechanics.
Newton's second fixed law describes the force to make the movement of the object changes. It illustrates the time change rate of the speed (i.e., the acceleration A is proportional to the force F, and the mass of the object is inversely proportional, namely a = f / m or f = mA; the force is large, the larger the acceleration is, the greater the quality, " The smaller the acceleration, the force and acceleration is both a variety of values and direction. The acceleration is caused by force, the direction is the same; if there are several force acts on the object, the acceleration is generated by the synergy.)
The second law is important that all of the basic equations of the power can be derived from it. Newton's law is widely used in scientific and dynamic issues.
4, Pythagora, Treatment (A B = C)
If the two shares of the angles are A and B, there is a b = c. We are all familiar with this nature, and people believe that the ancient Greek mathematician Pione Grass is discovered in 480 BC before 480 BC, thus calling it. The Bi's theorem can also be explained in the form of a geometric form, that is, the two squares of the right-angled triangle side and is equal to the area of the square.
This theorem is also known as "Commercial Gao Late", the Chart Theorem or the Characterization Theorem. China has known the relationship between "hooking the three shares of four strings and five" in the market (1100 BC) (China Dynasty, the Chinese Dynasty, is the Western Zhou. Tong Zhou's dialogue. Commercial high to say: "Therefore, the torque, hook the three, the stock two, the five.") Is far from Bi Zidaglas, so some people advocate that the Like theorem should call the business high-oriented . What is "hook, share"? In ancient China, people called "hook" in the upper part of the aromal arm, and the lower half is called "shares."
The meaning of the business is said: When the two right angles of the right angle triangle are 3 (short sides) and 4 (long sides), the diameter (就 string) is 5. In the future, people simply spoken this fact as "hook three in four strings."
When another mathematician Ou Sri, another mathematician Ou Sri, who was "geometric original", and thought that this theorem was the earliest discovered, so I called "Pydalas theorem", and it will be opened in the future. .
5, Einstein Quality Exchange Law (E = MC)
Albert Einstein, this year, the principal believes that "do nothing will have as", after hard work, the founder and the founder of modern physics, which became the greatest natural nature in the 20th century. Scientists, the banner of the physics revolution.
Einstein discovery, energy and quality are interchangeable, in turn, the function can be converted to the quality according to the E = MC formula.
Since energy is the existence of the most single source, it can be said that the substance is another expression of energy.
Quality Exchange Theorem: The material is another manifestation of energy, which is generated under strong interaction, and the substance can be completely released under certain conditions, which is the law of quality.
Einstein discovered the law of quality exchange. People can use this law to develop atoms to benefit mankind, or use this law to manufacture atomic bombs to destroy humanity.
6, Schrödinger fluctuation equation for quantum mechanics
In the 20th of the 1920s, the world physics community has been out, Debroni and Schrödinger are their representatives.
Elwin Schrödinger is a Austrian physicist, born in Vienna 1887. Schrödinger was inspired from Debulli's idea: Since the electronics were both particles, it was a wave, then the atomic world must succeed from a equation that can describe the sport and describing the movement of the wave. It is called "Schrödinger Equation".
With Schrödinger Equation, the phenomenon of unclear in Bohr Theory - The electron movement trajectory has been reasonably explained. Electronics are not only on certain orbits. In Schrödinger equation, electronics can stay anywhere in the atomic world, but the possibility of appearing on the track is much larger. In this way, the electron is not like a planet that is running around the sun, but is like a cloud surrounded by the top of the mountain. The "electronic cloud" is a place where electronic is easy to appear ...
Schrödinger equation is the most widely used, most influential formula in the world atomic physics literature. Due to the outstanding contribution of quantum mechanics, Schrödinger won the 1993 Nobel Physical Award.
7. The most basic mathematical formula "1 1 = 2"
Note that it is not a brain tend to turn, but a real arithmetic equation. A primary school first grade can be solved.
It's just such a simple style, open the door we know the digital world.
Whenever you see 1 1 = 2, I have always a kind of warm feelings.
8, Debroyi material wave equation (such as HV = MC2, wavelength is = H / P = H / mV)
Debroyi is the descendant of the French aristocratic, born in 1892. He is good at studying the natural science issues from history, and its most outstanding contribution is to make a thinking of material waves when thinking about the history of optical history. From this idea, Debulli carefully considers Einstein's relativity and light quantum concepts and poured the problem. He proposed a new point: electronics are not only a particle, but also a wave, it also has "wavelength". This view later confirmed two American physicists that they accidentally discovered diffraction from electrons in an experimental accident, and diffraction is a typical fluctuation characteristic. Debrovi has obtained 1929 Nobel physics due to outstanding contributions in terms of substance volatility.
Debroe launched a fluctuation equation in accordance with the relationship between the dimensions of light: "If energy is HV = MC2, the wavelength is = H / P = H / MV". This is Debrovoleum formula. The wave with this frequency is Debroyi. Later, Poethers proposed to give it a more appropriate name: a few wave.
9, Fourier Conversion (FFT: Fastfouier Transform)
In the 1960s, the technology of electronic calculators also reached a certain level, sufficient to quickly handle a lot of information.
In 1965, Cooler and Tukey published the "a plurality of complex Fourier-level mechanical calculation algorithm", improved the calculations of discrete Fourier conversion, proposed fast Fourier conversion (FFT: Fastfouiertransform) algorithm. Its value is to save the calculation of the calculator using faster computing methods, reducing the number of computations in digital signal processing, making more more complex signals to process quickly, improved digital signals that cannot be handled in real time, Bringing hope for real-time processing of digital signals, the fast Fourier conversion FFT is an important milestone in the history of digital signal processing.
Digital signal processing has been combined with the development of digital electronic calculators and integrated circuits, which is the predecessor of the digital signal processor.
10, circumferential formula (L = 2πR)
Everyone learned two famous formulas in elementary school: the circumference of the circle l = 2πr; the circular area S = πr ^ 2 (R is the radius of the circle, the π is the circumferential rate).
It is one of the early mathematical origins of the length of the early mathematics. In ancient and modern China and foreign countries, in order to calculate more and better approximate values, the number of mathematicians contributed countless times and effort for this mysterious number.
After the 19th century, the world record of the circularity rate is frequently innovative. In the 20th century, as the computer's invention, the calculation of the circumference of the percentage. With a supercomputer, people have received 206.1 billion precision of the circumference rate.
Germany's Ludolph almost exhausted a lifetime, in 1609, a 35-bit precision value of the peripheral rate was obtained, so that the circumference rate was called Ludolph number in Germany. The value of the perimeter rate is so accurate, and the actual significance is not big. There are more than a dozen percentage of the modern science and technology field. If a circular value of 35-bit accuracy is used to calculate a circular perimeter that can put the solar system, and the error is not a million diameter of the proton. Now people calculate the circumference rate, mostly to verify the computing capacity of the computer, and is for interest.
I remember the π value I have already had: 3. 1415926 53589793 2384626 43 383 279 50288 4197 169399 37510 ... ha
11, HABEFERATION (V = HR)
The most important astronomers in modern times have a variety of galaxies, and they find that the farther the galaxy is far from our speed. This is the famous Hubble law. Hubble has three major contributions to astronomy: one is confirmed that many small and dark nebula are actually "other" Milky Way, which expands our universe hundreds of millions of times; second, "nebula classification", this classification The law is still generally adopted today; the third contribution is to discover Hubble law.
Many people think that Hubble is the first person who has found the universe in expansion and discovering the "nebula" high-speed. In fact, Slavo, which has been in the same period, has been observed in the spectra, and learned that many "nebula" is different. Speed is from us. However, Slavo did not find a relationship with the speed of "nebula" and its distance. Hubble did this.
The equation of Haphan is V = Hr, V is the speed of the planet flying outward, R is the distance from the earth from the earth, and H is an Hubble constant.
According to this theorem, how long can we calculate the cosmic expansion, "Because the light wave of the planet is strong, it is directly related to the distance from the earth, so scientists can calculate the distance from the planet to leave the earth, so that the number of Hubble constants Further, the age of the universe is further calculated. "
And the Hubble constant can also be called the universe expansion coefficient. Recently, the researchers of Hubble telescope determines the distance between the galaxy through the fashionable star in the distant galaxy, and statistics from the Hubble constant is about: 70 km per increase of the distance, the expansion seconds is 70 km (70km / Sec / mpc), the error is 10%, converted into the universe age of 12 billion.
12, ideal gas equation (PV = NRT)
General gas, in the experimental range of the density is not too high, the pressure is not too large (with atmospheric comparison) and the temperature of the temperature is not too low (compared with room temperature), compliance with the vicinity, cover, Luosac and Charlie Law. In fact, it is not possible to obey the above three of the above three theory laws.
People have abstracted actual gas, propose ideal gases, and believe that ideal gas can obey these three law unconditionally. In this case, the relationship between the state functions of the ideal gas, the relationship between V, and T, that is, the state equation of the ideal gas:
When the amount of the substance is N, it is in a balanced state, its state equation is: PV = NRT. These include three state quantities of gas: P-pressure; V-volume; T-gas thermodynamic temperature.
Only the ideal gases fully comply with this relationship. For real gases, it is necessary to consider the role of the molecule and the molecular itself, and the ideal gas state equation is fixed after application.
13, Prance Square
At the end of the 19th century, there were two major progress. First, in 1887, two physicists in the United States completed a famous experiment, proved that the light of the Earth and the speed of the Earth and the speed of the earth; one is 1900 years German theoretical physicist Prance has established a Prance equippex, attempts to clarify the relationship between the object, the color, wavelength and energy distribution of light after the object is hot. This relationship is not solved in classic physics, but Prave boldly puts forward the hypothesis ...
He estimate that there is a very famous constant H to write down the equation that can be used to describe such a black body radiation.
The black body is a physically physically ideal object, which does not selectively absorb all incident electromagnetic radiation, and simultaneously radiate electromagnetic waves of each band externally. Its radiation intensity is only related to the temperature of the wavelength. This distribution formula is the famous Prance Law:
Eλ is the energy radiated from the wavelength of λ to (λ Dλ), T is the absolute temperature, C1 and C2 of the black body (C1 = 2πHC2, C2 = Hc / K), H is a Planck constant = 6.55 × 10-27 Ergz, K is the Polzman constant = 1.37 × 10-16 Eger / degrees, C is the speed of light = 3 × 1010 cm / second, the earth has not yet found on which natural substance is a perfect black body, but the earth It is very close to the black body. This is very advantageous for the relevant laws of applying the ideal black body.
