Several basic problems of economics
Posted by: Zhangcao author: fufangxiao Issue Date: 2005-01-0710: 46: 23.653
【Summary】
One. Currency: To future borrowings we have 100 baskets of goods in the first generation, we want to sell, the national printed money is 100 pieces per person, each basket of goods worth 1 yuan. So everyone sold out Thousands of money, then buy 100 dollars of goods. Everyone thinks, I actually have 200 yuan. But in fact, the whole society has averaged only 100 yuan of wealth, additional 100 Where is the block? It is the borrowing of the future, although there is no, but will still be produced in the future. After decades, the first generation is old, no goods in each person, the second generation produces The goods sold to the first generation, and then they bought goods to the third generation for decades. From am, we can see that the most exciting is the first generation, they consume the second generation Products, but the second generation did not suffer, they were compensated by the third generation. As long as banknotes are still effective, this game can go. From this example, the currency is a bit similar. This seems to be a team, but this team is not seen, everyone gives the cake in his hand, so that the first person has benefited from the beneficiary, because this team can't see the end So you can't see the victim. There must be several necessary conditions for this game to play. This team can't see the head 2. There is a certain circulation cycle, that is, the circulation cycle is not equal to zero, that is, money circulation will spend time. 3. Everyone believes in your currency, some people think that the essence of currency is credit, which is reasonable. The currency representative is the wealth produced. Some people think that as long as there is a currency, people pay the monetary tax to the printed people. This is incorrect. As long as you don't cause inflation, you have not taxed him. Some people think that the essence of the currency is owed. He said it is halfway, but this owed is never still, you can say that people who release currency have been used for so much money. Money demand: Products Produced in unit time × Price × Many people's circulation cycle believes that the demand for currency should correspond to this stock of the goods sold, which is true for individuals, but for the country is not In this way, if the circulation period of the currency is constant, then the currency should correspond to the traffic produced by the unit time, not the stock of the goods. Suppose there is only two factories in a society, which are factory A and factory B, factory A production of 5 dollars of goods per day, factory B produces 10 dollars of goods every day, factory B requires 5 dollars of goods in the factory A as raw materials. Each plant is only the factory manager, does not hire workers, factory B go to the factory A every morning, then the factory manager A will be used by the factory B every afternoon, the factory manager B uses 5 dollars to buy 5 pieces from yourself every afternoon. Money. Then the demand for currency can have the following two methods: 1. The social product capacity of society is 10 yuan / day. However, the factory manager B buy raw materials to the factory manager, no one, then the money is circulated once, and the demand for currency is: 10 yuan / day × 1 day = 10 yuan 2. The commodity production capacity of society is (10 5) yuan / day. However, the factory manager B bought the raw material to the factory manager, then the daily currency flows 1.5 times, the demand for currency is: 15 yuan / day × (1 / 1.5) day = 10 yuan two methods It is all correct, the social product capacity of the first method is relatively small, but the circulation period is long, the second method of commodity production capacity is large, but the circulation cycle is small, the result is the same. We can see that the demand for currency is not constant, but often changes. Some people think that the issue of banknotes should be decided according to the stock of gold, I think this is incorrect, the reasons are as follows: (1) The country does not have so much gold reserves. (2) Gold itself is also worthless.
(3) If it is true, then their guiding ideas are wrong. two. The Great Depression has burst a big depression in 1929, caught the Second World War. Some people think that due to excessive commodity production, the value is lower than cost. For example, it takes steel and labor. Each car is bought. Steel takes 10,000 yuan, salary of 1000 yuan. Can sell 13,000 yuan before the crisis does not break out, money can be earned, but after the crisis broke out, only 10,000 yuan, loss. So, you can conclude because the car is produced Most result in the value of cost, loss, life.: If this example is too complicated, we assume a simple model. Suppose there is a society, there is only one factory, there are 100 workers, 1 capitalist. This society is all property There is only one, it can be used to invest again and can be used. Of course, the currency is not necessary, but in order to keep the consistency with the real society, we still assume that all exchanges are passed by banknotes. In the middle, the big depression broke out, each person produced 5 products per day, each product sold 1 dollar, the capitalist sent a salary of 1 dollar of workers every day. Then the capitalist's cost is 2 cents. Later crisis Outbreak, each product can only sell 1 crowless. The things are rare, and now there is too much product, the utility is too low, so most economists believe that the goods have too much production, resulting in the cost. Let me analyze the real reason. If the capitalist's things can not be sold, if I don't guess, it is because someone else does not buy his. The problem is that this is the comprehensive excessive excessive excessive consumer goods rather than the local excess. Since you don't buy, why do you make money? Isn't your purpose? Isn't you to wait for the economic crisis? If this is the case, then a big batch of people should feel a glimpse of the economic crisis, but we have not seen such a group of people. Obviously, this is just that people intend to stay again. Others say people's interest has been transferred. Then I ask you again, you know that you don't know if you can buy things in the society before making money? Therefore, the reason for the Great Depression is due to the increase in the demand for currency. The best way to solve it is tax cut, followed by people. Anyway, the country can now spend more money, the source of these money is the borrowing of the future.
If you don't print this money, then the victim will make consumers and capitalists. So why people will have a conclusion worth less than cost? The reason is as follows: (1) Repeat the utility reduction to calculate 100 yuan to a beggar And the utility of a millionaire is different, this shows that people have considered marginal utility when making money, we can't calculate it once, put 1 basket goods from the original 1 yuan to 0.5 yuan Everyone earned money according to the current price, they are very clear that this 1 dollar can buy something. No one will make things budget for the market, Rockfield is a very The people of the money, but there is no computer in that era. It will not save money for buying a computer. Of course, if there is only some of the goods, it may be lower than the cost. Put it to our assumption 2, suppose Only have excess of the car, it requires steel and artificial. At this time, the steel plant can sell steel to the high pressure pot factory and can change to more baskets. The workers in the automotive factory may go to other places. It is better to have a watermelon in the world. And Apple's two items, under the current market economy conditions, a watermelon can change an apple. If each watermelon is worked for 1 hour, 365 watermelons (one every day), every day, 2 hours a day If you can harvest 2 watermelon every day. And every time you work every day, you can harvest an apple every day. If you work for two hours a day, you can harvest two. One of the watermelons, he is willing to work every day to harvest a watermelon every day. But unwilling to work two hours a day. This is because the second watermelon is not worthy of the first watermelon, the second watermelon marginal utility has made melona feel not worth the hour. ( Cost). That apple is willing to work every hour, do not want to work two hours a day, the reason is the same. But if you give the watermelon a watermelon an apple, he will work 2 hours a day, he is willing, he is willing. The apple is also. In this way they will work more than two hours a day, then exchange the product "win-win". But if the kind of watermelon is like to eat apples, work three hours a day, I want to take two Go to change an apple, I can't think of too little apple, 2 watermelons can only be changed to an apple, so this kind of watermelon is not dry, he thinks it is cost to exceed the value. But because "the role of the handless hand", general In the case, the market can be automatically adjusted. That's there is no such watermelon, I want a watermelon to change two apples, and the kind of Apple wants an apple to change two watermelons desperately work? Generally Impossible, we assume It is rational person, and the society cannot deviate so much. Some people say that the seed watermelon is in order to exchange the oranges at all, I don't think someone think so. In our assumption, we are assumed Farmers can accurately predict future. Conclusion: The comprehensive excess of consumer goods is because there is too little currency, this is like traffic congestion, and The local excess may be due to the value of more than cost. (2) I only see that the consumer goods can not be sold, I don't see the cost of constituent consumer goods. I can't sell it. The car can't go out, the price is lost. But don't forget, this The elements that make up the car cost are also sold out. The direct cost of the car has steel and labor. If the steel is still selling, it is very good, that is, the value is lower than the cost. (3) There is also a non-negligible factor That is, the borrowing of the bank is not stable during the Great Depression. Otherwise, there will be no economic crisis. Suppose a plant, the first day of the product cost is 95 yuan, but because the goods are going to the second The genius can factory, the next day, due to the deflation of the inflation, it can only sell 90 yuan, loss. The next day, the factory depressed the wages of the workers, the cost became 90 yuan, but the third day was exported to the factory. 85 Yuan, losing money. You see, the value of this plant is greater than the cost, the result is still a loss every day. Maybe you can say that this factory depreciation is not inflexion, from actually, he still earned. But because the money owed is not as low as the inflation, this processing plant will closely. Three. Savings, investment and consumption believe everyone has seen: savings = investment this formula, in fact, savings and investment have no relationship. On the surface, the GDP = consumption investment government purchase, while GDP-consumption - government purchase is the disposable income of people, so the savings are equal to investment. For an example, only 2 people A and Ba have 10 watermelons every year. He consumes 5, and then the other five deposits the bank, and the bank will give these five loans B, B use this five Watermelon to invest (assuming watermelon can also invest).
