I see "Wanli 15 Years"
In the fifteen years of Wanli, in addition to some difficult disasters, there is no big event in China's ancient land. However, the author has almost chooses this year as its entry point, with a new perspective, novel form, deep thinking to us to reveal a page in the historic process of the Ming Dynasty, indicating the ancient Empire Decree of Eastern Empire. The book is divided into seven chapters, and each chapter has a protagonist, and the choice of these protagonists involves different classes of society, which constitutes a microdedia in the middle and advanced social structure in the Ming Dynasty. In these characters, there is only the highest ruler Wanli emperor, and the heavy ministers of the people have the power of Zhang Junzheng; both written the author's conservative bureaucratic Hai Rui, and wrote a free distribution of the free distribution of the cloth. Li Wei. There is also a contradiction between these characters: there is a contradiction between the Wanli Emperor, there is a contradiction between the bureaucrats, there is a contradiction between conservative and liberals, and more. But all contradictions are concentrated in a contradiction, the contradiction between individuals and systems, and this main contradiction has led to all of these characters - the ultimate fate has tragic color. For example, if the emperor is expensive as the king of a country, it has not been able to work on this issue. After decades with the group of ministers, this yield surface is dedicated to the group, actually Solbishing the system; if Qi Jiguo has to be free from the ideal and reality in order to establish a new army and defending the country, this free force forces him to take the opportunity, and the Pakistani is expensive, and it will not escape the reality of politics, and die in a poor disease. In the book, all the characters, regardless of the status, no matter how good and evil, all can make meaningful development in the career, they or beat, or faded, there is also a bad game, no merits . Their personal ideals and value are smashed by the social reality in a big dark era, and their life trajectory is also annihilated. This is not only a personal tragedy, but also the tragedy of the whole nation. This tragedy has been extended to 1840.
Ming Dynasty is a special dynasty in Chinese history. The starting point of Western Europe's modern history and the establishment of Ming Dynasty are in the fourteenth century. Before this, China's economic, military, and technology are still in the world's advanced level. However, in the seventeenth century of the milled in the Ming Dynasty, the ancient China is obviously behind. Whether this deciship has been in the past two hundred years later, the failure of the opium war and the humiliation of modern history have been buried? The author thinks about this, he mentioned in "Sentern": "Wanli 15 years ago in 1587, there is still two hundred and fifteen years of the Opium War, but the centralization, technology cannot be launched, and the finance cannot verify The armaments can only be standard with the lowest effectiveness, and they will be the same before and after. "Where is this situation in this situation?" The author further refers to "China's two thousand years, with moral replacement legal system, so that this is all the problems". This is the key to "Wanli 15 Years" different from other histelism. With such ideological positioning, those profound, the discord of words constantly rolling from the book. If the author is talking about Hairui, "the law explains and performs inventory of the traditional ethics, there is no ability to deal with complex factors and multi-relationships", "At the time, if it talks about bureaucratic class And sharply proposed "officials in the mastery of morality, leading to the scattering of the civilian group, which in turn leads to unable to govern the entire empire." There are many discussion, it seems that this is a work that is mainly exposed to China's traditional weaknesses, but what is the purpose of this "exposure"? The author evaluates this best: "Wanli fifteen years" pointed out that morality is not universal, can not replace the technology, especially instead of law, but never saying that morality can be all, but moral ideas should be far more. "From this point of this" The exposure is not for the demo, but reviews the past mistakes, as a reference to the future, and also tells that each reader should preserve the value of Chinese tradition. Below I want to talk about three characters that make me feel the deepest in the reading process: Hairui, Qi Jiguang and Li Wei.
First, the weird model bureaucracy
About Hairui, I think a case of a major case in thirty-five years ago, I haven't been forgotten, and it is almost a long time. In addition to the nice, Hai Rui is also a famous, "It is said that there is a governor Hu Zongxian to tell others with the tone of spreading special news, say Hai Ruimi mother to have a life, open the banquet, actually bought two pounds of pork (137 pages" ). Although the authenticity of this story is to be adopted, Hai Rui's thrift is as confident that he is unselfish. Hairui attaches great importance to the law. On this issue, Hai Rui has given a fair judgment in this issue, "" "The literati who is familiar with the poem is not possible to improve the judicial system, more talk The interpretation of human rights, the explanation and the implementation of the law is inseparable from the traditional ethics, and there is no ability to deal with complex factors and multi-relationships "(page 135). This Hai Rui is no exception. Cannot replenish the tissue and techniques "(ibid). Today, orthodox ideology is the praise of Hairui's law enforcement and is not fear of power, and in fact, this is also quite problem in accordance with the author's views (see 141-144). It is not doubting that Hai Rui is "Qing Juan", but is to ask Haili to ask and make a negative advice. Indeed, limited fiscal tax entries are impossible to let local administrative officials of Judicial Chief Executive have sufficient financial resources to investigate and evolve, and don't say to have such energy, resistance and enthusiasm. Just like Hairui can't do thousands of stones next to each day, it is not seen in Harui's popularity because of an excellent Justice. Hai Rui didn't want to be famous for frugality. His all the assumptions were made for the determination and confidence of the public. It is like this. Hairui will unconsciously fight the struggle of Yan Yan, making him afterwards. After the stood, "reputation is increased", and the promotion is inevitable. However, Hairuo did not stop the stop, otherwise he would be easy to be accepted by the Wenyu Group at that time. In contrast, he first sinned his biggest boss, the spirit of the spirit of Zhongchen. This emperor is also the uncle of Wanli, Hai Rui said the emperor is "a vanity, cruel, selfishness, suspicious and stupid monarch, all the business, the heavy-duty, the unlimited waste of the court and the thief of the courts The emperor should be directly responsible for "(page 138). The anger of Jiajing once again showed a lot of generosity, he just grabbed Hai Rui into the prison of the East Factory, and did not approve the death of Hairui. After Jiajing died, with the new emperor's Dengji, Zhong Chen Hai Rui once got a forgiveness, his reputation can not be in the same day, and the minister of the same Dynasty no one dares to have a non-discussed, natural, and Hairi began new. Official career. This "Ethical Ethics Residents and Practices", this "public servant" for the national and people "(140 pages)" extreme integrity, extreme honesty, but from another perspective, it is also extreme The thick lines, extremely likes to get pictures (ibid). Because of this, it is responsible for the arrangement of the official's officials to give him a body but do not need the position of the actual responsibility. It is a pity that Hairu is not willing to be lonely. He has sent me the actual responsibility of the official responsibility to "the officials who manage the officials", request the Wenyuange and the Ministry of Radi "(ibid), after this, after this At that time, "the most prosperous region" in the country "Nanzhi's governor. Naturally, his prestigious and past, what you have made to know that the new boss is a local official of Hairui or asked him (141 pages).
During his time, he served as a hit, in addition to his life-saving, the Xu stepped returned to the university, and he was as far as it continued to push his thrift style. His thrift is almost nearly, " He never sent a blank instrument paper (page 152) unless the army sent a copy of the official document. Not only is this frugal style and the corruption of the size of the sized officials form a serious opposition, but his unfair treatment of land rights disputes also makes many large landlords, and the lenders have strongly supported the genius to Hai Rui. The content of these ginseng is in line with the facts. For example, he "Zhi Da Shu", does not know the general, this evaluation is comparable to his thrift habits and his identity; of course, There are also some contents that it seems to be personal attack today. For example, Hairu's big wife and a little wife die on the same night, and this is probably for murder (see page 143-144). Although Hairui sent his third wife and his little lady only died in the same month, and one was dead, the other is suicide, but as more and more play is present to the emperor, He can only resign, returning to Hainan Island who raised him. "In this end, Qiongzhou, there is no bridge, and the poetry of the squid of the fish, the income of the firk is monotonous, the palm trees and the raging Haitao, the crocodile of the human animal is the hegemony in the water. There is a pirate in the stadium. , The Leren in the five-pointed mountains and the Han people often hate "(page 156). In the face of such an environment, how can Hairui go to a heart-safe life? What's more, this has been married three times, but there are two small men who have no son, which is in the social situation of "not filial, there is no end," I can imagine how big Hairi's mental stress! Although he was re-installed in 1585 to accompany the capital of Nanjing, he was in the next two years, his in-service only triggered the mutual argument of the Beijing official, such a quarrel "almost no packing", final The ruling was made by Wanli personally ended this storm. As for the final ruling of Wanli, I don't want to quote the full text. Wanli admitted that Hai Rui can "Town Yayu, excited wind", but "authorities, fearless". That is, this "dragonfly is biased into obstacles to the authorities" (160 pages). In the oral, excellent scholars, still have to become a model of the whole society, but in terms of the actual situation, the coordination between the Economic Operation and the civil servants cannot take the big public selflessness, and the mind does not forget the practice of the world, but only Opening. This is a good description of the principle of doing things in the application of the application, that is, we must first coordinate with all the civil servants, and even if necessary, it must be transaction with principles, and used to exchange minimum unity. (See 52,56 pages). Only a few more than two thousand people and national officials who have been more than 25,000 people can achieve some compromise, then, the maintenance of order is possible. On the contrary, Hairi is so unclear, he actually refers to "the people of the DPRK, all the women are also", how can this 狷 气 气 气 气 气 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同 同Even if you are a scholar of the people of Zhang Zhengzheng, it is finally fame and defeated by the civil sergeant who mutually tilted. His political achievement is also denied by the latter, let alone Hai Rui, which is not covered? "Four books" is still the standard answer of the imperial examination, but technical operation is not so simple, a civilian class, although its existence is the country's biggest problem, but after all, it is set to solve the problem (page 53). Lonely Hairui has only died in the 15th year of Wanli.
Hairui's failure is the failure of the system. As the author said: "The political measures of our empire have come from legislation, moral ethics is moral ethics, there is a wonderful law when doing things. To find a compromise between yin and yang It is more difficult to accept, but his failure is more heartbreaking than Zhang Junzheng, Shen Jie, Qi Jiguang and others, because this shows us, is the losing situation in the cultural sense. Second, the loneliness
In 1555, a pirate of fifty to seventy people created a miracle. After they landed, they were in the unattended situation. After killing people, they have been deep into the hinterland, and they have passed through Hangzhou North New Gate. Wuhu, a big circle around Nanjing, then Tongling to Yixing, returned to Wujin, and they kill more than 4,000 people, which is probably a miracle in the history of world war. At this time, I will accompany you Nanjing, but there are 120,000 garrison. This happens, don't say more, this is the result of system corruption and people's loss to irreparable. Such a situation, to beat the 倭, first build a new army that does not belong to the system directly, otherwise it is impossible to get military victory. In this book, Mr. Huang Renyu has made it clear that the system of the soldiers, replenishment, soldiers, discipline, the movement of the unit, and the synergy of the unit, and no longer say, simple summary. This huge army, but it is impuriatic septic. Qi Jiguang's success, of course, can not leave his military accomplishment, but we should see that in the Ming Dynasty, I am afraid that Ji Jigu is a "policy offer" one of the most generals. At the beginning of Ji Jiguang, his ranking program has been a warm appreciation and practical support of the boss, according to our present, it is to give him the right to "contract" troops, and in the process of growth in Qi Jiajun, get Tan Lun is always a support. Not only that, and later Zhang Junzheng is also the addition to Qi Jiguang, such as officials who cannot cooperate with Qi Jiguang, have been moved away from Zhang Juzheng, try to create loose conditions for him, which is simply in the officialdom of the Ming Dynasty. A miracle. Generally speaking, the statement of rigidity is lacking, but it can be found in China like dozens of pirates, such as a universal situation, and will also force the system to find a way. Of course, I can't say that Tan Lun and Zhang Ju are doing a little practical, still a little creature. The authorized system is like a pool, although it has created excellent conditions for many people who have not seen people, but often doing the benefits of the benefit of the country, but there is a space that is unable to convert. Qi Jiguang found a space that can be displayed under the constraints of the territory, although this space is narrow. This kind of Qi Jiguang is not possible. It is impossible to exist. For example, the author believes that Yu Dazhao has more military talents than Qi Jiguang, but his talent can not play, on the one hand, he does not show "outside the trick" like Qi Jigui, so that he is "own": ":" On the other hand, Yu's governance will change the confidence of the army in arms, which will involve many people's interests, and there is no possibility of implementation. The battle of Jiajiajun is uncomfortable. Found it, it is the value of the society in reverse the society in Qi Jiguang space, and returns to normal results. It is straightforward, brave, rigorous, tenacious, and tenacious can get a fair reward. It can be said that this is a pure earth in society. However, this last generation of the autocratic dynasty, disgusting the pure land seems to be nature disgusting vacuum, does not pollute this slit space, is never given. When you die, Zhang Ju is dead, Jingsheng is clear, it is expected. Third, self-contradictory philosophers
Li Wei was called the largest heresy in the history of Chinese ideas, but it was not to say how different is the understanding of the truth, but he has more exposed the false and ugly society of society. This is different from the absenteeism of Western, such as Martin Road, Erasmus, Bruno. It is far more than constructive than the constructivity. Chinese-style herself, because he is a mission of "Everything is boring in me", undertakes the mission of "the heart of heaven and earth, for the people, for the sanctuary, for the world to open Taiping", natural will not doubt itself There is an eligibility of others. For example, Li Wei and the debate of the stunned, it is very confident that Chinese style debate. When you are in fact, like Li Wei, you are looking for the truth that is both informative, but also integrate into your daily life. Just say that today, it is to think that people's ethics and physics, geographic reason is different, this is accused of Li Wei as unintentional, words and deeds. Of course, it is similar to that of Li Wei's dispute, it is not appropriate to say that it is the meaning of the intention, and these debates are considered to be more in line with realism. They all felt the universality of "Yang as a pathology, yin is rich" in society, and they all have indignation, and they all look into the source of falseness and their opinions. For example, it is also accused Li Yu's misunderstanding, which makes them become a dead enemy from a friend. This situation is not surprising, as long as you think of your inner world as the source of truth, become a moral person is "invented the heart", then the wide wind that is required for academic development is absolutely impossible. More seriously, they will definlicty in the pursuit of moral roads. The external performance of morality is definitely a standardized conclusion, but the true core is the sacred and awesome attitude towards these norms. At this point, Christian emphasizes the compliance with God's beliefs, which is undoubtedly more rational. People are not God, people can't use this experience to distinguish it is right and wrong; only the other side of the super inspection can make people understand the meaning and value of moral norms. The moral specification should change the change of the truth, as long as you can understand the value of human life, it is actually in the rational mystery of transcendence, with repentance and prayers, relying on hope and belief, but also know, no love, Everything is nothing, then, the moral specification that adapts to the era can be established and will be generally accepted for groups with beliefs. It is because the Chinese have no real faith, so in "a large number of people in a population, all people have restricted the principle of Confucian simple and shallow and unable to fix", improper gentle gentle, must be "rolling" True people. "Rolling" This allusion came from Yang Ming. After learning, he suddenly looked up in the lecture and shouted: "Try to see my conscience!", Of course this matter is talked. However, it is Li Wei. "What is the limit?" When the world is hiring? There is no one in the night. Pet. "Yan Yu is only wrong in" Dharma is not the mediocrity "." This example, what did you explain? In these leaders of the Time Trend, we can easily find moral relative and practicalization, and moral standards have no sacred and beautiful, and also reflect the pessimistic emotions of rebuilding morality. Perhaps, moral landslides are not fatal for countries with improved legal system, but countries with moral generation legal systems are like diseases. This makes all efforts to make the socially sound operations become a white feet industry, which makes people feel awesome, which makes life in addition to thousands of landscape.
When I talked about the "Wanli 15 Years" I wrote: "Not only can you make a chain, but also it can be cut as an egg; the study is both a latter, but a total time "Cut the cross-section of a certain history, we can not only grasp its main pulse, but also see its details; not only understand its appearance, but also find its deep structure. This requires the author to fully account for information, and have a hist of histeas, so that you can inspect causing, clapping the veins, and find a clue. Mr. Huang Renyu master, although it is also describing "small festival", but a tube and peaks, it seems that it seems that Mr. Huang Renyu has been clearly grasped for thousands of years of social development, and the historical trend is Natural open eyes, admire. It can be seen from "15 years". Huang Renyu said: "This kind of agricultural economy, unwilling to develop business and finance, is the main reason why China has evolved from the advanced Hantang in the world." Why would you prefer to maintain backward? " Do you want to develop business and finance? The reason is of course safe. Develop business capital, support advanced economy, of course, can gain national wealth, but the difference in the rich and poor caused by the development of advanced economies, it will not pass the turmoil; and private wealth has expanded to the uncontrolled point, it is also tired. With this kind of risk, it is natural to be bored because of the bureaucrats of the Empire for the emperors of the Empire. It is natural to be bored; even if there is a far-reaching battle, there will be a trend of this change, and will be drowning in the horse. The law of the ancestors is not easy to "the sputum. This is also the case, paying attention to the stability of the system, not the absolute fair of one person. Sacrifice a few people, as long as it can maintain a largest situation. This is also the same, the lagging old Wei House and the military system should have given up all over, and the advanced random system; the replenishment of fragmentation is also concentrated. However, there is no ability to make comprehensive reforms, but I have to find a compromised approach to some repairs. I opposite to us today, is there such a concern? In order to stabilize, we will give up the radical and powerful reform measures; in order to stabilize, we only cross the periphery of the political system to make small repair small tapping, but don't dare to touch the fundamental; in order to stabilize, we would rather 翦 翦 异 异 异 划 划 划 划 划I don't want to hear the true scream ... Wanli fifteen years, the surface looks, the four seas is flat, but it is a flat year. However, under the profound analysis of the author's sharpness, the causes of all kinds of old rot were posed. Just as the author said: "The peace is always illusory." I don't know, in today, we call the prosperity and stability, singing the peaceful society, the emotive society, is a sharp knife, is it Will also find the skin and murderous skin and tendon?
In short, we should think from the relationship between cultural and system, find an opportunity, so that the Yellow fence is no longer rolling over, becoming self-confidence, self-improvement, waiting for people, love and independent personality. Newcomers.
references:
1 Huang Renyu. "Wanli 15 Years". Beijing: Sanlian Bookstore. 1997.
2 Huang Renyu. <"Wanli 15 Years" and my great history view>. Income "Wanli 15 Years". Beijing: Sanlian Bookstore. 1997.
3 Huang Renyu.
4 Huang Renyu. "Capitalism and 21st Century". Taipei: Joint publishing company. 1991.
5 Yu Ying. "Income Huang Renyu" Capitalism and 21st Century ". Taipei: Joint Publishing Company. 1991.
