In April 1994, the Youth League Committee of the Peking University School of Economics and the Students organized economic and cultural monthly activities. At the opening ceremony, the seven hundred Beijing Economics in Beijing Economics in the opening ceremony spoke, each by each person. Due to limited time, many economists are still unfair. At the meeting, Mao Yuxi, who was in the Economic Research Institute, made a 7-minute speech, raised the ordinary problems of seven economics, and it was difficult to fill a lot of Northern National teachers and students.
He believes that economic knowledge is to have people with high school levels of cultural levels, so now high school and universities should teach political economy. However, if traditional political economics can teach useful economic knowledge, there may be problems, so he has a seven ordinary issues, and students learn the general political economics. If most of the problems can't answer, it is necessary to prove that today's economics is necessary in a university public class. These seven problems are not unfamiliar, but it seems easy, but it is really difficult to answer. The seven problems aroused a loss of calmness in the Northern Campus.
Below is the seven topics from Mao Yuxi professor:
1. What is the poor and rich countries?
Wash the dishes from simple labor, such as complex labor, such as surgical doctors, almost all industries are far more than the treatment of US peers. We can also use currency income, through exchange rates, and can directly compare, wear, live, use, play, and play the actual living standards, this conclusion is still founded.
Some economists explained that in general, the tools used by the US workers are advanced, so the value of the same labor output is more. However, the service industry of the wash bowl, the haircut, etc., the advanced tools don't have much effect. Besides China also have a highly automated water production line, and the treatment of the workers cannot be derived with the US workers.
Due to the difference between poor and rich countries, when they have traded between them, the rich country contains a small amount of labor, which can exchange the poor countries contain a large number of labor products, and some economists believe that the rich country is exploiting poor countries. However, when there is no trade, the phenomenon of the same payment is still existed, which obviously cannot be explained using exploitation. It is because of this phenomenon, so many people want to immigrate to the rich country, so that they can pay the same labor to get better enjoyment. Political economics tells us that all wealth is created by labor, and labor is the only spring source for wealth. According to this theory, the same amount of labor should create the same value, but political economics has never made any at least minimum explanation of the facts of the rich and poor countries.
2. Does speculative activities create wealth?
Here we will define speculative activities for some people who do neither produce and not consume, buy only to sell, and make money from the difference in buying and selling. This includes real estate, stock, futures speculation, including hoarding, manufacturing price differences from the perseverance.
If the speculative activity does not create wealth, then the money that the speculation is only a kind of change, put the money in other people's pockets into their pockets, then there is not much difference with gambling. Most of the governments of governments around the world have no gambling, but very few prohibit speculation.
If the speculative money does create wealth, then this part of the money should count the total value of the people. So, who is speculative? What product produced? What contribution to society?
3. Can the exchange creates value?
It is said that the characteristics of the market economy are the equivalent exchange. It means that the buyers and sellers do not earn any money, the same
No one will lose money. But doing sale is not a small child to play home, but to make money. Whether it is international trade or domestic trade, any fair transaction that is actively involved in both parties has brought benefits for both parties. Of course, this is not to say that it is always possible to make money. But in most cases, as long as both parties are voluntary, the transactions who have lost money cannot be done.
If you admit that the exchange can make money, what is the new value from this new?
Assume that a sheep exchanges with a handwheel, before and exchange, it is a sheep, just transformed their owner. From the perspective of work of labor, exchange of energy is more unable to say it. Do you believe that the exchange can create value, or firmly believe that the exchange cannot create value, what is your reason? What is wrong with another statement?
4. What is the decision?
The exchange rate is the exchange ratio of two currencies. The currency is priced because it has purchasing power, so the proportion of currency exchange is obviously equal to the ratio of two currency purchases. This arbitrarily popular in textbooks in today's superficial textbooks, but its mistake is obvious, because the purchasing power of two currencies depends on what to buy. For example, buy a car with the US dollar, the purchasing power is 20 times that is about RMB, but with the dollar to buy a travel shoes, two dollars will not be a dollar. In fact, it is due to the difference between the two currency purchasing power when buying various commodities, there is only international trade. If you buy a car with the dollar, you can use the RMB to buy a cheap shoes, so there is China's export of travel shoes into the door.
The approach to the above problem is that the exchange rate depends on the supply and demand of the two currencies. When purchasing the US dollar with the renminbi, the US dollar has risen, and it falls. However, this answer is just a description of the reality, the well has not been described in the economic theory. What is the relationship between such exchange rates and purchasing power? What is the characteristic of this exchange rate? Is it conducive to the two countries or not in the two countries, or is it a country that is conducive to it?
5. What is wrong with "there is a plan, proportional"?
The basic law of the socialist economy is "planned, proportional". Whenever the national economy has a problem, we can always send
Now it is caused by some proportional disorders, so in advance, the proportion is good, and there is no proportional disorder, so there is a "planned, proportional" statement. The market economy is adjusted by thousands of producers and consumers through price mechanisms, which undoubtedly with blindness. Of course, the price can be adjusted to adjust, because the price is reduced, thus increased, and the production is reduced; the supply is not necessary. However, this remaining defective agent can achieve the proportions we need, but there is no guarantee, what is the reason, we have given up this basic law, change it to the blind adjustment of the market?
6. Can money not measure value? What is it? Can't it?
We know that anything that cannot be exchanged cannot use money to measure its value. Health is valuable, but cannot be exchanged. A life, no matter how much money he is willing to give others, no matter how much others are willing to exchange money with their own health, do not do it. In addition to health, there are friendship, love, creative desires and curious desires, etc., you can't exchange them.
So, if you can exchange things can use money to measure its value? The price of factory products is higher than its raw material price, whether the difference is accurately indicated by the value of the factory creation? Due to the fluctuation of the market price, even if the production status within the factory is completely used, does it created whether the wealth is changed accordingly? Does a person doing business to make money? Is it proved that he created value?
7. What determines the price of an item?
We know that the price is equal to cost and profit. In general, the cost of the product is known, so the above problems can also be expressed as a result of determining profits.
Profits have changed very much, sometimes it may be negative, this is the loss of corporate loss; sometimes exceeds the cost, so that the profit margin is 100%. If the company doesn't want to make more money, what limit the profit?
What is the reasonable profit? If you are an pricing inspector, how will you perform a task? What level can be reached by profit margin? If you think the profit margin reaches more than 50%, you can make a profiteering, how do you persuade 10% of the standard? The problem has already been raised, how many points can be evaluated by answers, no one counts. However, from the discussion of the boiling boiling of the Peking University, do you begin to reflect whether traditional political economy education helps my country's largest industry in building a market economy? How much useful knowledge will this teaching give students? The university teaching should lead to the development of reality, but what is the role of this course? Of course, these titles are not only for Peking University. But in decades, Peking University teachers and students have always been the pioneer of my country's academic and cultural, maybe in the teaching reform of economics.
