Part 3 for several important issues related to the expression of scientific papers
In order to ensure the quality of the document, please pay attention to the following important issues.
1 About hierarchical title
All levels of the title will be used in consecutive coding, and the two numbers of different levels are separated from the lower dots (.), The last digit is not added; the first order code of each level is written, After the last word code, the empty 1 word is connected to the title. E.g:
Question: Experimental study on reinforcing pier beams with prestressed repair process
1 test principle
2 Test objectives and tasks
2.1 Construction reliability test
2.2 Tensile test of steel strand bending radius
2.3 Determination of the number of steel strands
2.4 Reinforcement Effect Test
3 test design
3.1 Basic data
3.1.1 Drilling Design
3.1.2 Treatment of steel stranded lines
3.1.3 Anchorage design
3.1.4 steel strand selection
3.2 Test combination
3.3 steel strand
3.4 Confucius and crack grout
3.4.1 grouting materials
3.4.2 Grouting Process
3.5 outsourcing
3.5.1 Level of outsourcing
3.5.2 Location, specifications and sizes of outsourcing
3.5.3 Pouring and vibration of outsourcing
4 test results
5 Conclusion
6 reference
If necessary, there may be four headings, such as "2.1.2.3" "2.1.2.4".
In addition, the full text of the "point" sequence code should also be unified, such as "1)" "2)" "3)", etc., "1" "2" "3", etc. 3 floors (generally not available) Use "a." "B." "C.".
2 About quantity name and quantity symbol
2.1 quantity name
1) Universal name, the use of the national standard "quantity and unit", do not use the abandoned amount name (see Table 1).
2) The name of the discipline or professional, approved by the National Science and Technology Nouns Approval Committee. At present, the National Name Committee has published a publishing of more than 40 disciplines, please pay attention to the choice.
2.2 quantity symbol
In the mandatory national standard "quantity and unit", 1 or more symbols are given to each basic physical quantity, which is the standardized quantity symbol, such as L (length), D (diameter), A Or S (area), V (volume), T (time), V (speed), λ (wavelength), M (mass), F (force), m (torque), p (pressure, pressure), E ( Can [quantity]), p (power), T or θ (thermodynamic temperature), T or θ (Celsius temperature), Q (heat), W (mass fraction), φ (volume fraction), and the like.
National Standards, Non-Pilot Scientific Books, especially in the active formula, quantity symbols must be used. Please pay attention to the following points when using the quantity symbol:
1) Try to use standard specified quantity symbols. If you don't have the national standard you use, you can refer to the standard yourself quantitative symbols. It is important to note that the quantity symbol is generally represented by a single Latin letter or Greek letter (25 feature symbol exceptions, which are composed of 2 letters, such as Reynolds RE, PROPAT, another exception PH), can not use multiple letters to quastern, such as the amount of "critical high temperature" in line with CHT (critical high temperature) is wrong, correctly expressing TC, h. Of course, English contractions like CHT are used in text description instead of quantity symbols in formulas or charts. 2) If your document is a print, the amount must be in line with the hem body letter (pH, it uses a physical letter).
3) The case of the quantity symbol also has a certain rule, and cannot be casual. For example, T is the thermodynamic temperature, T is the temperature of the Celsius; V is volume, ν is the speed; P is power, P is pressure; etc.
4) The amount of one letter represented in full text should be the only one. For example: t, you can't repay "time" here, there is a "Celsius temperature"; here is "initial temperature", where it means "final temperature". The solution is that t has been defined as a "time", using θ means "Celsius Temperature"; use Ti (i for the initial), "initial temperature", using TE "final temperature". Similarly, the pressure of the A point is represented by PA, and the pressure of the B point is represented by Pb, and the pressure of the C point is represented by PC, and the like. In summary, in order to indicate a specific state, position, condition, or measurement method, etc., you can add up and lower corners, such as an asterisk (*), foreign letters, arabic numbers, and other symbols, and individual circumstances. Script (such as H wheat "means" wheat strain high ").
5) You cannot use the chemical element symbol as an amount symbol. The phenomenon used by chemical symbols as a quantity symbol, including many textbooks in the past. For example, "H2: O2 = 2: 1", this is very normally, and the meaning is not clear. The correct expression is as follows:
If the mass ratio should be m (h2) :m (O2) = 2: 1;
If the volume ratio should be V (h2) :v (O2) = 2: 1;
If the ratio of the substance is N (H2): N (O2) = 2: 1;
3 About Metrology Units
According to the regulations, we will adopt the "Legal Measurement Unit of the People's Republic of China". my country's statutory metering unit is based on the International Unit System (SI) unit, and some non-Si units are selected according to our situation.
The principle of using a statutory unit is as follows:
1) The full text can only use statutory units, and illegal units can not be used, such as mineral units, metric units, British units, and other old blocks. Please note that the land area cannot be used in "acres". Large-area HM2 (read as "gum"), large area with KM2 (read "square kilometers"), small area (such as homestead, small testing, etc.) with M2 (read as "square meter") .
2) The full text can only be used in units of international general symbols (referred to as international symbols), without using the Chinese symbols of the unit. The international symbol refers to the unit or its word head, such as μM (read as "km"), kg (read as "Newton"), KPa (read "Newton"), KPa (reading "NB," Pa "), W (read" Watt "), J (read" Jouo "), etc. The point of use of the statutory unit is as follows.
1) If your document is a print, the unit symbol (refers to the international symbol of the unit, the same as the same) uses a physical letter.
2) Pay attention to the case where the unit is compliant with the word head symbol: General unit symbols are small-sized, such as M (m (rice), t (ton), g (gram), etc .; from the person name, the first letter of the symbol Such as A (amp), PA (Pasca), J (Joule), etc. The term is 106 and above, with larger portions, such as m (106, megab), etc .; indicated by 103 and below, lowercase, such as K (103, thousand), h (102, Hundreds of), D (10-1 , minute), C (10-2, Pi), M (10-3 ,), μ (10-6 , micro), N (10-9 , Na.
3) Please follow the composition rules of the combined unit symbol.
a. There are 2 forms of multiplying combination unit symbols, namely, plus points and do not add points: such as torque unit N · m, or write nm.
b. There are three forms in the complement of the combination unit, such as a heat capacity of J / K or J · K-1 or. The last form is generally only used in the formula.
C. The slope division line in the combination unit symbol "/" cannot be more than 1, when the denominator has two or more units, the denominator should populate the parentheses. Such as the unit w / (m2 · k) of the heat transfer coefficient cannot be written into W / M2 / K, and W / M2 · K cannot be written.
d. The Chinese symbols that cannot be folded in the combination unit, for example, write the flow unit to M3 / sec, write the amount of medicinal units into mg / (kg ·), is wrong, should be written into M3 / S and MG / (kg · d); however, there is a set unit (such as elements, only, people, put, individual, strain, grain, granules, etc.), etc. (as monthly, weekly (week), etc.), such as Price unit / t, per capita housing area M2 / person, labor productivity unit kg / (month, person), etc.
By the way, "10,000" and "100 million" are unique to my country (but they are not "word head"), can be used with statutory unit symbols, such as writing 2 billion T, 350,000 km2, etc.
4) Do not use some "symbol" that is not unit symbols as unit symbols.
a. The abbreviation of the unit English name is not a unit symbol, such as M (division), second), day (day), HR ([small] time), y or yr (year), wk (week), Mo (month) ), Etc., their unit symbols should be min, s, d, h, a (year), week, month, etc. b. PPM, PPB, etc. for unit symbols, etc. long-term, just expressed the number of English abbreviations, the meaning is not exact, and there are different values in different countries, so they cannot be used again. How to do? Depending on the situation, for example, 200 ppm can be changed to 200 × 10-6 , or it is changed to 200 mg / kg.
5) Do not modify the unit symbol. Common modifications have the following two types.
a. Add a corner. If the quality of the test seed is expressed as m = 50g, it is correctly expressed as MS = 50g, where S is the abbreviation of SEED (seed), and can be written into M seed = 50g.
b. Insert a chemical element symbol and other illustrative marks. For example, 0.15 mg (Pb) / L, correctly expressed ρ (Pb) = 0.15 mg / L;, such as 1 g of pharmaceutical / ml, correctly, ρ (生) = 1 g / ml.
6) The value before the unit should generally be controlled between 0.1 and 1,000, that is, it can't be too small, it is not too large, especially in the chart; otherwise the word head should be changed. For example, 0.001m should be changed to 1 mm, 1 200 g, should be changed to 1.2 kg, 32 000 kg, should be changed to 32 T.
4 about numbers
4.1 Chinese characters digital with arabic number
What is the use of Chinese characters, what is the use of Arab numbers, and national standards have provisions.
The general principle is that any Arab counts should be used if you can use arabic number and very well.
Use arabic number:
1) Bive, era, year, month, day, time. Such as: 1990s; January 15, 1999; 12:55 18 seconds.
Please note: The year cannot be short-written, such as 1999, no written in 1999.
"Time" can be represented by standardized formats, such as "12:05 18 seconds" can be written as "12:05:38".
The date and date of the time of the date are: year-month-day t: minutes: seconds. T is the time sign. "Time" "Division" The separator between "second" is a colon (:) rather than the ratio (:). For example, "12:15:15, 18 seconds, 1999", can be expressed as "1999-01-15T12: 05: 18". This approach is more used in the chart.
2) Meter unit and number before counting units. Such as: Salt 200 g, wood 5 m3; 15 pigs, 2 sheep, 1 fish; 3 characteristics, 2 opinions, more than 200 people.
3) Pure numbers, including integers, decons, scores, percentages, proportions, and part of the sum. Such as: 4, -0.3, 4/5, 56%, 3: 2,10, more than 300.
4) Product model, sample number, and various code or serial numbers. 5) The number of references in the literature (except ancient books).
Use Chinese characters:
1) The words, phrases, idioms, idioms, abbreviations, and words with rhetorical colors are numbered as the morpheme, must use Chinese characters. For example: first, diploxide, three oxide, duodenum, Friday, "10th Five-Year Plan", first author, one divided into two, three counters, he is busy a day.
2) Oversessle of the adjacent 2 digital connection representation. For example: one or two kilometers, twenty or thirty hectares, four hundred or six hundred thousand yuan (note: there is no need to do this ").
3) The number indicated by the number of "a few" words. For example: more than a dozen, hundreds, 3,000 million, one hundred thousand in one.
4) Non-Quele New Year and Months of States and Nations.
5) The number containing the event, festival and other specific meaning of the event, festival and other specific meanings. For example: "One or Twelve Nine" movement, May 4th, "One · One Seven" instructions.
4.2 Digital writing rules
1) Writing and printing 4 bits and 4 or more digits should be used to use a three-bit segmentation method, that is, a small number of voids in the left and to the right of each 3 digits. For example: 3 245, 3.141 592 6.
2) "0" used to be positioned before the decimal point cannot be omitted. Such as 0.85 cannot be written. 85.
3) Arab figures cannot be used with Chinese characters except "10 million". Such as "120 billion" can be written as "121,500 million" or "1215 million", but it cannot be written as "1.2 billion to 1,5 million".
4) The number of valid bits of the value must be written. For example, a set of 3 effective digital current values "0.250, 0.500, 0.750a" cannot be written "0.25, 0.5, 0.75a".
5) Note the following points when numerical ranges and tolerances.
a. Indicates the value range with a wavty (~). For example: 120 ~ 130 kg, 70 ~ 80 (sheep).
By the way, it is not a value range, but don't use a wavty. Such as "1995 ~ 2000", "do 2 ~ 3 tests" said that it is not appropriate: the former is 2 years (not a value), and the "~" should be changed to the connection number "-" (word line); It is impossible to have other values between "2 times" and "3 times", it should be changed to "two or three times", but "do 2 ~ 4 tests" may be.
b. When the percentage range is said, the previous percent sign cannot be omitted. Such as "52% ~ 55%" cannot be written into "52 ~ 55%".
c. Use "10,000" or "billion" to represent the numerical range, "10,000" or "100 million" in each value cannot be omitted. Such as "200,000 ~ 300,000" cannot be written into "20 ~ 300,000".
d. The unit is not exactly the same range, and the unit of each volume should be all written, such as "3 H ~ 4H 20 min" cannot write "3 ~ 4 h 20 min"; but the same value range, The unit of the previous magnitude can be omitted, such as "100 g ~ 150 g" can be written "100 ~ 150 g".
e. The value value is the same as the unit of tolerance. When the upper and lower tolerances are equal, the unit can write only 1 time, such as "12.5 mm ± 0.5mm" written "(12.5 ± 0.5) mm", but cannot be written 12.5 ± 0.5mm ". f. The upper and lower tolerances of the measure value are not the same, the tolerance should write in the upper right and lower right corner of the value, such as "cm"; the unit value is not the same, the unit should be written separately, such as "20cm mm" . g. Indicates that the percentage (%) only needs to write once, and the center value and tolerance before "%" should be used. For example, "50 ± 5)%" should not be written "50 ± 5%" at any time, and do not write "50% ± 5%".
6) When the value of the value is multiplied by the area or volume, the units of each value should be written. For example: 60 m × 40 m, can not write 60 × 40 m, can not write 60 × 40 m2; 50 cm × 40 cm × 20 cm, can not write 50 × 40 × 20 cm, can not write 50 × 40 × 20 cm3 .
7) When a set of units of the unit, the unit can be written only after the last magnitude value, and the unit of the remaining amount can be omitted. Such as "50 mm, 45 mm, 42 mm, 37 mm", can be written "50, 45, 42, 37 mm". The points after each value can be used ",", or "", "but the book should be unified.
5 About Chart
Illustrations and forms are an important part of the paper, and for their design and production, you will then emphasize a few points.
1) The chart should be espassed: Generally, you can use the text to clearly use the chart. It is also possible to use a lot of text. If you don't understand, you can easily explain the chart; use only 1 or 1 The table can explain, do not use two or more pictures or tables.
2) Each chart should have a sequence or a text. The format of the sequence is "Figure 1" "Figure 2" "Figure 3", the format of the norm is "Table 1" "Table 2" Table 3 ".
3) There should be questions or topics for each chart. Topics or tables should be the most accurate, simpler and logical combination that reflects the words or table specific contents, which is generally phrase (rarely used sentence), and most of them are noun or noun phrases as The correction phrase (very small fidelity phrase) of the central language, requires accuracy, short and refined, easy to read.
4) The species, the form of use, the amount of unit ratio, "号", or (and) symbol / unit, such as "P / MPa", or "pressure / MPA", or "pressure P / MPa "Instead, without traditional, unscientific and easy to cause ambiguity, such as" P, MPa ", or" pressure, MPA ", or" pressure ρ, MPA ", or" P (MPa) "or" pressure ( MPA) ", or" pressure p (mPa) ". This type of correct expression, the secondary school textbook has or being used, and the 1999 national college entrance examination physics and chemical test papers have also been adopted.
Although the percentage "%" is not a unit, it can also be handled in units, such as "relative pressure /%" or "ηP /%", and the traditional representation is "relative pressure,%" or "ηP,%". , Or "relative pressure (%)" or P (%) ".
