Part 2 Writing format of scientific papers
In order to facilitate the collection, storage, processing, processing, retrieval, utilization, exchange, and dissemination of scientific and technological research results reported by the papers, national standards implemented on January 1, 1988, "GB7713-87 Science and Technology Report, The Writing Format of Dissertation and Academic Papers "The writing and arrangement format of scientific and technological papers. Although the contents of each papers are thousands of different, the writing style of different authors has a thousand autumn, but the format can be fully unified. The so-called format, that is, a certain standard. The writing and arranging format of scientific papers is the unified requirements of specifications and models that should be met when writing and arranging scientific papers.
There is a national standard for the format of scientific papers. For a scientific paper, what should be written first, what is written after writing, what is the content of each part, and what requirements in the expression, which regulations should be met, there is a chapter Classically; however, how to establish, how to choose how to choose, how to arrange, structures, section, section, how to draw, how to be in place, how to write, how to write, how to arrange, how to The author and publication editor shall be dealt with according to the research object, the purpose and method of research, and the difference in the content of the paper, that is, according to the actual situation; so it can be said that as long as the writing and arranging formats in accordance with the writing of scientific papers and edit the format. There will be no thousands of papers, and the publications will not be a thousand publications. On the contrary, it can make them both compliance with the requirements of the regulations, and their independent theme ideas, expressions, writing style, and arrangement characteristics. This is High quality papers or a high level of publication.
Generally speaking, the components of scientific papers are: title, authors, summary, keywords, introductions, text, conclusions (and suggestions), acknowledgment, reference and appendix.
The following will discuss the components of the scientific papers and the writing requirements of each part.
1 title
1.1 The concept of the title
The title, the title, title, title (or "total title", is distinguished from the "hierarchical title"), is the master of the paper, is the most appropriate, simple words of the most important content that can reflect the most important content of the paper. Logical combination.
1.2 General requirements of the title
1.2.1 Accurately
The title should accurately express the central content of the paper, just partially reflect the scope of the study and the depth of the study, and cannot use the general, generally integrated words and abnormal phrase.
Common problems have the following:
1) The topic reflects the surface, and the actual content is narrow. E.g:
1 research on new energy
In fact, only the problem of the use of biogas is discussed. The biogas is only one of "new energy", apparently the original title is too general and general. It can be changed to "the use of biogas" or "utilization of biogas."
2) The title is generally not enough to reflect the characteristics of the article content. E.g:
2 On the role of automation in the construction of industrial modernization in my country
This title cannot be compelling, because there are many similar questions, many articles are clarifying the role of industrial automation from different perspectives, and this article has a very obvious feature, which is the first proposal for this question. The analysis method has been established by establishing a mathematical model and a series of calculations, therefore, there is a comparative conclusion; therefore, it will be changed to "Quantitative analysis of the role of automation in industrial modernization in my country", reflecting this The specific content of the paper "Quantitative Analysis", that is, other general discussion articles.
3) Do not pay attention to the size, intentionally unintentional. For example, some authors, the research depth of its topics is not large, but often uses words "...", "..." is used on the title. More objective practices are, in addition to understanding "mechanism", master "law", generally renamed "...", "a mechanism", "..." Appropriate, cautious, there are rooms.
1.2.2 Short refined titles should be concise, so that readers are impressive, easy to memory and reference. GB7713-87 stipulates that the title "generally should not exceed 20 words". We should regard this "20 words" as the upper limit, and the number of questions the number of names is based on the premise of ensuring the "most important specific content".
Here is a method of reducing the number of questions:
1) Delete excess words as possible. E.g:
1 × × Hong Kong self-introduction increases in safety and countermeasures
It can be changed to "×× Hong Kong self-introduction increase in security and its countermeasures".
2) Avoid using synonyms or synonyms. E.g:
2 discussion on the force analysis of impeller oxygen generator impeller
"Analysis" is close to "Discussion" and retains it. According to the content of the article, "discuss" can be deleted.
3) When the title is not easy to simplify, you can use the method of adding a subscription name to reduce the number of words named (of course, the listed subscription is not ordinary to reduce the number of words named). E.g:
3 arc tee bevel gears and quasi-mosquiling gears take 30 words in the principle of cutting the cutting wheel on the large wheel tooth surface. From need to consider, the principle is difficult to shrink, but can be changed to: a new method for arc teeth and quasi-mosquiling gear cutting adjustment calculations - the principle of coating the cutting wheel on the large wheel tooth surface.
With the name of the number, the number of words may be a lot (this example has increased), but the reader will not feel too long, and the topic of the header is also very convenient (according to the practice, the header can not be raided) .
The use of the secondary name is not only to reduce the number of words named, and the following occasions can also be used: a. The title is unsuccessful, and the secondary content is supplemented with the specific content of the paper; b. A series of research work a few papers, Or the results of the phased research, each of which distinguishes specific content in different secondary questions; c. Others need to use the auxiliary name as an extension or explanation.
1.2.3 Easy to search
The words used in the title must help to select secondary documents such as keywords and compilation, indexing, to provide specific practical information for retrieval.
There must be a keyword to reflect the content of the article in the title name, and there are more keywords. This is easier to avoid the title "general" and "empty".
1.2.4 Easy to read
The anematic word, first-almers, characters, code, etc.
1.3 The text requirements of the title
The title is also special requirements on the expression, that is, the title is higher than the content of the content, that is, it must conform to the grammar, rhetoric and logical rules of modern Chinese, and must not have a diagnosis, but also try to make people feel beautiful. .
1.3.1 Structure should be reasonable
1) Do not use the moving structure as much as possible. It is customary to be a powered structure, and the noun or the noun phrase is used as a center-centered phase. E.g:
1 study a new method for making phenyroacetal
This is a powered structure (research new method), can be changed to a partial structure: "Research on a new method of phenylthylethyl aldehyde"; new method.
In addition, if the central verb has an admire, a moving guest structure is still available. E.g:
2 Determination of gravitational constant g with mechanical resonance method
Due to the center verb "measurement" with adiability "mechanical resonance method", "measurement" cannot be changed as a noun, and 2 is "measured" as a corrected phrase, so it is still possible to use a powered structure (measurement Gravity constant g).
There is also an exception, ie "(trial) theory ...", "(shallow) talk ..." The form of the like can be used. E.g:
3 Online network mode of logistics system
2) Pay attention to the type of ingredients. Do not pay attention to the selection of the idiom phrase type, sometimes ambiguous. E.g:
4 Research on several basic theoretical issues of fuzzy relational database
According to the original meaning of the article, the central language of the original title is "several basic theoretical issues", and its attributive is "study the fuzzy relational database ()", but the combination results may make readers as "research" "several basic theories. problem". The problem is in the identity of the Babble phrase (research fuzzy relational database), but should be changed to the main predicate phrase (blur relational database research). After the revised title is "Several Basic Theoretical Issues of Fuzzy Relational Database Research", it is best to change to: "Several Basic Theories in Fuzzy Relationship Database Research". 1.3.2 selecting words should be accurate
The title of the title should be carefully selected, otherwise the language is unidentified or logical. E.g:
1 Development of the quality tester of the frying oil
In Chinese, the word "quality" has two completely different meanings: one is the amount of material contained in the object (English is Mass), and the other is the advantages and degradation of the product or work (English is Quality). Both have no relationship. From the content of the article, the tester is used to measure the quality indicators of frying oil, rather than use to measure how much frying oil, so, "quality" is changed to "quality", and it is more accurate.
1.3.3 Details should be proper
1) Avoid "" "multi-purpose and leakage. The grammar rules require, the joint phrase, the orthogonal phrase, the subject phrase, the mobile phrase, the preposition phrase, the word "" is required before the word; and the rhetoric is required, "" "" in a number of attributives is not appropriate Many use. Therefore, there should be "in the title", "should be used to use the grammar rules, but also use the rhetoric rules to" comprehensive "inspection -" "" The rhetoric effect is not good, no "" is also smooth, no need "" If you don't use "", you should use it "." E.g:
1 Analysis of expert system structure
No "" "is very smooth and concise.
2 high-rise buildings water supply electrical control system
It can be changed to "Electrical Control System for Water Supply of High-rise Buildings". The original title is not "", so that the idiom is unclear, it is inconvenient to understand.
2) Delete excess words. The title should be concise, "more" is a taboo of the title name. This section 1.2.2 is explained, which is no longer discussed here.
3) Words cannot be omitted casually. I saved the words that should not province, called 简. There is a simplification and logic errors in the title. E.g:
3 vehicle maintenance equipment computer information processing system
According to the article, it should be changed to "Computer Information Processing System Management Management Management Managed". Among them, "Management" is not saved, because here, the computer is not "equipment" information, but "equipment management" information.
1.3.4 sequence should be correct
The presence of the title is wrong, sometimes caused by words, which makes people unclear. E.g:
1 computer auxiliary machine geometric precision test
The correct sequence is: computer-assisted test of machine tool geometric accuracy.
The position of the structural help "of the title" can not be ignored, otherwise it may not be the original meaning of the author. E.g:
2 Discussion on the stress characteristics and distribution law of the arch dam
The first "" "The wrong position is the" stress characteristics of arch dam "and" distribution of arch dams ". The former reads the mouth, and it should be "the characteristics of arch dam stress"; the latter is simply incomprehensible with the author: The paper is the distribution of arch dam stresses, rather than studying the distribution of arch dams. Therefore, the revised title is: Discussion on the characteristics and distribution law of arch dam stress.
2 signature
2.1 Significance of signature
The author has the following three aspects of the author's paper in its own paper:
1) The signature as a statement with copyright. The 15th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 7th National People's Congress on 7 September 1990 passed that the "Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China" issued on June 1, 1991: "The copyright belongs to the author"; the copyright includes "signature The right, that is, the author identifies, the right to sign the title. It can be seen that the signature in the published paper is a national authority to give the author. Of course, it is protected by national law. In fact, the signature is also an honor that the author adopted by hard work, indicating that their labor results and authors have received social admissions and respect. The signature itself is declared to the society, the author has copyright to the work, any individual and units can't violate. 2) The signature represents the promise of the accountment. The so-called social responsibility is at your own risk, that is, the paper has been published, and the signatives should respond to legal responsibility, negative political, scientific responsibility. If there is a plagiarism, plagiarism, or political, scientific or technical mistakes, then the signature should be completely responsible, the signature means that the author is willing to bear these responsibilities.
3) The signature is convenient for the reader to contact the author. The signature is also to build the author's contact with the reader. After reading the article, if you need to discuss with the author, or ask, question or ask, and ask for help, you can contact the author directly. The signature means that the author has the intention of the readers, the signature is also possible to contact the reader.
2.2 signature object
Spristers are limited to those who participate in the selected research topics and develop research programs, directly participate in all or major partial research work, and participate in the paper writing and responsible for the content, and at the same time; Part of the work of the partner, according to the research plan, responsible for the specific small workers, the assisted personnel of a test task, and access to the entrusted test and observation, etc., the signatives can be They are included in the "Acknowledgment" segment as a person who participates in the work, or notes in the top floor of the top page.
Personal research results, personal signature; collective research results, collective signature (generally deployed author name, should not be available on the topic group name).
When the collective signature, the name is ranked according to the size of the research work contribution.
2.3 Location and format of signature
Typically, the signature is placed under the title, and the following format is used:
author name
(Author's work unit name and address)
3 summary
3.1 Summary concept and role
Abstract is a short statement of "the content of the paper and the comment".
Establish a complete papers asked to write abstracts. Its role is 2:
1) Let readers understand the main content of the papers as soon as possible to supplement the insufficient title. The number of scientific and technological documents is large, and readers cannot read it. Does the reader need to read a paper. After judging on the title, the main thing is to determine according to the summary, so the abstract is responsible for attracting the reader and introducing the main content of the article.
2) Provide convenience for technology intelligence personnel and computer retrieval. After the publishing, the abstract magazine can be directly utilized by the summary or slightly modified, thereby avoiding the misunderstanding, lacking and error of others can produce a summary of the abstract, which provides great convenience for the search and utilization of scientific and technological literature. .
3.2 Classification of Abstract
3.2.1 Reporting Summary
Reported abstract, data, data, abstract or intelligence abstract. It is used to report the main research results of the authors reflected in the paper, providing readers with all the innovative contents of the paper and as much quantitative or qualitatively as possible. Especially suitable for test research and special research papers, mostly used by academic journals. The space is preferably 200 ~ 300 words.
3.2.2 Indication Summary
Instrumentary summary or brief summary. It only briefly introduces the topics of the paper, or in summary, the purpose of the research, only has a general understanding of the main content of the paper. The space is preferably 50 to 100 words.
3.2.3 Report - Instructive Summary Report - Indicatable Summary is the part of the content of the value in the paper in the form of a report, and the rest is expressed in an indicative summary. The space is preferably 100 to 200 words.
The above three kinds of abstract forms are available for author. Generally, subsistence, subjects should be used in the form of a paper, and the summary is written-indicative summary or indicative summary. Summary form is not suitable, especially for the high value of the value, often gives trouble, may lose more readers, will directly obstruct the application and promotion of research results. Some people think that the composition can be written "summarize" or "brief", the reason is "full text is behind". In fact, how much the form and the number of words in the abstract cannot be dependent on the text, even if it is a summary, it should also be determined according to the size of the paper value, the type of publication and the useful information of the paper, otherwise Summary may lose its entry.
3.3 Summary paragraph
The contents of the abstract should generally include the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions of research work, and the focus is results and conclusions. The following example is comparable to this requirement.
[Example 1 Abstract Segment content]
Different causal models of tendency of adolescent football players
Abstract Borrowing BCANLAN's motion tendency causal causal model and its questionnaire to analyze the influencing factors of my country's adolescent football players. Analysis of the test results of 252 young football players in Beijing show that the motion tendency five-factor model is compared to Beijing Youth Football Players, including sports fun, personal investment, and participation opportunities are the main influencing factors, and social constraints have almost no effect.
The disclosure of the research work (from "analyzing the influencing factor" session), method (from "drawn" to "questionnaire" pieces), results and conclusions (colon to the end). It can be seen that in the line of field, there is no need to mechanically use "the purpose of this article is ...", "the method used is ..." and "the result is ..." such a statement format. Many of the abstracts we see, as in Example 1, naturally explain the main contents such as "purpose", "method", "conclusion", etc. Of course, when specific text, "purpose", "method", "conclusion" should write, which is slightly written, and "research background", "The meaning of the results", etc. Writing, it is vary from vivid, no need for thousands.
3.4 Abstract writing requirements
According to the relevant provisions, the writing requirements of the summary can be summarized into the following points.
1) Weigh the third person. As an independent style of reading and retrieving, a summary can only be referred to as a third person without using others.
2) Short refinement, clear specific. Short, short indication, generally required 50 ~ 300 words (depending on the type of sum); refined, referring to the extract of the original text, there is no way; it is clear and concrete, the merits are meaningful, not vague, no empty, general words, There should be more and useful qualitative and quantitative information.
3) The format should be specified. Use specification terms as much as possible without knowing common symbols and terms. Do not simply repeat the information existing in the title, and avoid the title of the paragraph title instead of the summary. In addition to the real-rate of change, there is generally no illustrations, tables, and reference serial numbers, generally no mathematical formulas and chemical structural formulas. Do not segment. The summary segment is generally placed in the author and its working unit, before the keyword.
4) The expression of text should comply with the requirements of "the language is rigorous, the structure is rigorous, and the punctuation is accurate". The language in the abstract should comply with the grammar rules, rhetoric rules and logical rules of modern Chinese, and cannot appear.
4 keyword
The keyword is to meet the words or phrase of the paper from the paper in order to meet the needs of the literature or retrieval. Key words include keywords and free words: the keyword is a standard for the design of the literature or to select the word or phrase or phrase from the main vocabulary of the natural language; free words are unregulated The word or phrase in the subject word table has not yet been incorporated.
3 to 8 keywords should be specifically listped in each paper, and they should reflect the theme content of the paper. Among them, the subject words should be as many as possible, they can from the comprehensive theme word table (such as "Chinese theme" and professional theme word form (such as NASA word menu, inis word meter, Test word meter, mesh ", etc.) Select. Those the subject content that can reflect the theme but the current theme word menu is not as if the income may be listed as a free term, to supplement the number of keywords or to better express the theme of the paper.
Key words as an integral part of the paper, behind the summary segment.
5 introduction
5.1 Introduction concept and content
The introduction of the paper is called the introduction. The purpose of writing the introduction is to explain to the reader's dragon deron in this study, and its role is to call the reader's attention so that the reader has a general understanding of the paper.
Introduction The content to write is roughly as follows.
1) The reasons, destination and background of the study. Including the issue, research objects and basic characteristics, what kind of work did in this problem, what is wrong; what is the problem of solving what problems, what is the background of research work?
There are more questions to answer, and can only take a brief way, usually use one or two sentences to explain a certain question clearly, no need to make a sense.
2) Theoretical basis, experimental basis and research methods. If it is a known theory, principles, and methods, it is only necessary to mention a pen, or inject out related literature. If you want to lead to new concepts or terms, it should be defined or elucidated.
3) Expected results and its status, role and significance. To write nature, summarize, concise, and exact.
5.2 Introduction Writing Requirements
1) Simply intended, highlight the focus. Introduction is required to write more, and the space is limited, this requires the need to determine the focus of the statement based on the specific situation of the research topics. It is worthy of writing in the former human documents. Mainly writing the reasons, objectives, methods, and expectations of research, meaning clear, language is simple.
2) On the door, see the mountain, not in the circle. Pay attention to the top questions together, can't be paved too far.
3) Respect for science, do not fall. Some authors in the introduction of the paper, some love express modest to their own research work or capabilities, seek a few guests' links, such as "limited to time and level" or "limited funds limited, time rush", "insufficient or wrong It is inevitable, please pay attention to the reader criticism. In fact, it is not necessary. Because, first, this is itself a guest, which does not meet the seriousness of scientific papers. Second, both papers, the author should have a sense of responsibility and self-confidence. The sense of responsibility here is not possible in self-demand; there will be no mistakes in the main issue. Otherwise, don't submit, don't publish it. Third, the level is high, the quality is good, and the reader should go to comment.
It does need to make an explanation or apologize, you can write at the end of the text, but there is an inch, seeking truth from facts; it is necessary to write, not abstract and general.
Of course, which people can be given to the methods and results, if necessary, can be given to, and what can be given for reference. 4) If you review, prevent you from boasting yourself and degrading others.
Here are 1 "quote" for readers to read.
[Example 2] Title: Research on Hydraulic Inherent Frequency Controlled Dynamic Pismoster
(Introduction): Dynamic vibration unit is a vibration system consisting of mass and spring attached to the main vibration system. When its inherent frequency is equal to the vibration frequency of the main vibration system, the main vibration system does not vibrate (1). Since the power vibration unit has a good vibration isolation effect, it has been widely used since the invention of the present century. (Introduction Research Objects and Its Basic Features) However, the disadvantage of the traditional power vibration unit is that its inherent frequency is fixed, and cannot be adjusted during use, and it cannot be controlled with changes in the vibration frequency of the main oscillator, so it Only vibrations eliminating the basic constant basis of the fundamental frequency. For more common frequent vibration systems, using conventional power vibrations not only reflect good vibration isolation effect, but will incur a greater harm (2). (Describe the problem of research objects, that is, the prior studies have also indicated that the reasons and backgrounds of this study have proposed a new method that can be used to eliminate frequency conversion vibration, that is, hydraulic inherent frequency controllable power rostering The device tracks the change in the vibration frequency to achieve a good vibration isolation effect under the variable frequency conditions. Experiments show that this is a very promising mobilization method. (The results of this study and its significance)
This introduction is clear, and the provision is clear.
6 text
The text is the core part of the paper. The arguments, arguments and arguments are hereby elaborated here, so it will dominate the main parameters.
Due to the disciplines, topics, research objects and research methods involved in the author's research work, work processes, resulting expressions, etc., so the content to be written on the body cannot be unified; however, the total ideas and structural arrangements It should be in accordance with the discipline, through the argument (facts and (or) data) to argue with the argument.
6.1 The intention of the text
The intention and sputum is general writing and the central link of scientific papers. The body is the core part of the paper, and its intention and sputum is particularly important.
The intention of the text is to establish the theme idea of the paper in the body; the text of the text is to arrange the structure of the body, select the material of the body, and express the theme of the paper in full.
6.1.1 Requirements for topics
Theme, that is, the meaning of the total intent or basic view of the author, the value of the value is dominated and determined. The basic requirements for the theme of science and technology papers are: novel, profound, concentrated, and clear.
1) The topic is novel, it is necessary to study, resolve, create and present the problems that have no research and solve the prior person. To enable the topic, you must have a wide view of literature information, understand the work of predecessors related to this topic; research should be explored from a new angle; writing should seriously analyze research experiments, observation, testing, calculation and investigation, Statistical results, new insights and views.
2) The theme is profound, that is, it is necessary to seize the nature of the problem, reveal the main contradictions of things, summarize the objective law of things, sports, changes, and development. To make the subject, you can't stay in a simple description, stacking materials, and discharging experiments or observations, statistical data, and should seize the essence of things through phenomenon, analyze the basis of the analysis of materials, finishing experiments or observation results. The opinion that can reflect the objective law, and will rise in practice knowledge to theory, and it is a valuable conclusion.
3) The subject is concentrated, that is, there is only one center. To make the topic, you can't cover it. Anyone who has nothing to do with this theme or a lot of relationship should not be involved. It is even more necessary to make too much, otherwise it will make the problem, the pulse is unclear, and the theme is diminized.
4) The theme is clear, that is, the center of the thesis is highlighted, in addition to the title, summary, introduction, conclude part of the thesis, and pay more attention to highlight themes in the text. 6.1.2 Requirements for materials
The so-called materials are various facts, data, and perspectives, etc., which are collected to express the subject. There are three types of sources: 1st, direct material, that is, the author personally obtained the material obtained by investigating or scientific experiments; the second, indirect material, the author obtained from literature or by others; Three kinds of development materials, that is, the authors of the author consolidated, analyzed, and studied, analyzed, and studied. The following principles should be followed when selecting materials.
1) It is necessary to sufficient. It is essential that it is essential, and it is deflicted. Writing should be tightly seized such materials, and the material that is not related to the subject, no matter how much it is not easy, it should be cut when you use modifications. It is sufficient to sufficient, if the necessary materials do not have some quantity, sometimes it is difficult to demonstrate the problem, that is, the so-called evidence is not enough. With sufficient amount, enough essential materials can be selected.
2) Real and accurate. Reality is not false, the material is from objective practical, that is, from social surveys, production practices and scientific experiments, not virtual or fabricated. Accurate, it is fully compliant. Science and technology papers are very emphasized scientific, anything is not true, inaccurate materials, will make the viewpoint lose credibility and reliability, so that the value of the paper is reduced or completely lost; therefore, the choice of research methods, investigations and experimental programs It is necessary to reasonably, the acquisition, record and processing of the experiment operations and data can be obtained correctly to obtain real and accurate materials. Try to use direct materials when writing; to analyze and check indirect materials, to reasonably hiestize on the basis of comprehensive understanding, avoid breaking chapters, not distorted; to form development materials, maintain the objectivity of the original materials, Strive to avoid distortion that may be caused by subjective factors.
3) Typical and novel. Typical, material can reflect the essence characteristics of things. Such materials can make the truth, describe the image, and have strong persuasive power. To get a typical material, investigation and research work must be in-depth, otherwise it is difficult to capture the essence of things; be good at taking it from many, complicated materials, and will take general materials. This is new and fresh, not old. To make the material novel, the key is to do pioneering work, constantly obtain innovative results; at the same time, the collection of literature data is wide, the amount is large, and more analyzed, compared, from the neutrality can reflect the new progress, new results Materials, abandoning outdated materials.
6.1.3 Requirements for Structures
The structure of the body and the whole paper is the level of the section, the level and its division. The body of different contents has their own reasonable structures, but the total requirements are clear, and the section, segment arrangements are in line with logical order, obey the readers' understanding and thinking.
For different scientific and technical issues, clarification or argumentation may vary, depending on the specific situation, flexible treatment, take appropriate structural order and structural hierarchy, organize paragraphs, arrange materials. Note, description, narration, and argument should pay attention, one, one paragraph, a natural section, or even a group, one sentence can only have a center, and should be coherent, and before and after connection; Adjustment, division and other methods to solve the problems existing in the document, to make the full-text topic, center highlight, clear the sharpness, distinct level, and transition nature, and reach a rigorous requirement.
6.1. 4 The requirements for argumentation refers to the reasoning process of the argumentation of the argument, and its role is to convince readers to believe the correctness of the author's topic, ie "taking the person". Argument is the main way of science and technology papers, of course, the basic writing means to be used in the body.
Arguments are composed of three links such as arguments, arguments and arguments. With regard to the arguments and arguments, the previous discussed; here only, the commonly used modal method is summarized, and the author is reasonably selected by the author according to different arguments.
Commonly used arguments have:
1) Example. That is, "putting a fact", with specific facts (including data) to prove the argument. The form of thinking is summarized.
2) Extension. The author's view is proved to prove the author's view. The form of thinking is the interpretation of the year.
3) Auto. From the reaction, the arguments are proof, such as mathematical anti-confidence laws. The form of thinking is also a truth.
4) Capacity. Contrast the ARC and the reference to the reference to the correct or not of the reference to the Cycorder to prove the correctness or not. The form of thinking is a ratio.
5) Contrast. Two comparisons are compared, form a distinct control, which demonstrates the presence or correctness of the one hand. The form of thinking is also a ratio.
6) Cuisine. Through the physical analysis, revealing the causality between the arguments and the arguments, the correctness of the arguments. The form of thinking is summarized.
7) 法. First assume a certain argument, then use this as a premise, exporting a conclusion that is obviously ridiculous, thus proves that the argument is wrong. This approach is only applicable to the reflection. The form of thinking is to interpret the refutory reasoning.
To make arguments have demonstrations, some logical rules must be observed.
1) The topic should be clear, exact, should not be ambiguous, and there is no ambiguity. If you don't do this, you will make a logic error of "topic unclear". The topic is the target of the entire argument. It is only clear that the topic is clear and exactly, and the argument may be "targeted and effective; therefore, the author must first figure out what the topic must be figured out, And express it as much as possible with a clear language. In order to avoid ambiguity, in the presentation topic, the meaning of clear words should be selected, and the key concepts in the topic should also be said to be in the world. In short, what is the topic, for yourself, you should be clear, understand. This is the minimum condition that demonstrates demonstration.
2) The topic should be maintained. Only 1 topic in a demonstration, and remain unchanged throughout the argument, that is, the logical rules of "same" are " If any conversion on the same argument is, the purpose of argument cannot be reached. If you don't do this, you will make a logic error of "stealing theory". Common "Stealing Topics" mistakes are "prove much" and "too little prove". "Prove too much" means that there is no argumentation on the topic in argumentation, and it is demonstrated that a certain judgment is more than the discrepancy. For example, it should be argued that "the factor and the coefficients are different", but the actual argument is "factor and coefficients are proportional multiplier." This is a "prove much" error demonstration, because, "factors and coefficients are multiplier" than "factors and coefficients are different", although they are multiplier, but concepts The same, may also be different, there may be something else, that is, the previous judgment contains the latter judgment, and the latter judgment does not contain the previous judgment. "Too much prove" refers to, in the argumentation, the topic is not demonstrated, and to demonstrate a certain judgment than the discussion. For example, in contrast to the previous example, the "factor and coefficients are proportional", but actually arguing "factor and coefficients are different." This is a "too little" error argument, because "factor and coefficients are different" than "factors and coefficients are proportional multiplier". 3) The argument should be true judgment. On the argumentation of argument is the basis of the topic, only the true discounted truth can launch the true truth of the topic. If you don't do this, you will make a logic error of "false argument". To make an argument, the argument must be true. Of course, the falseness does not mean that the problem is also false, but it is only lack of argument, and it is impossible to persuade. It should be noted that not only the complete false judgment is wrong, but it is also wrong to determine the judgment of authenticity (such as catching the wind shadow). This is also the required requirements in this section 6.1.2.
4) The authenticity of the arguments should not rely on the authenticity of topics. In the argumentation, the authenticity of the topics is launched from the authenticity of the arguments, which depends on the argument; so if the authenticity of the arguments rely on the authenticity of the topic, then there is no evidence. . If you don't do this, you will make a logical error of "loop argument".
5) From the argument, the topic should be launched. The so-called discussion can launch the topic, that is, the discussion is the principle of the topic, from the authenticity of the argument, can introduce the authenticity of the topics. If you don't do this, you will make a logical error of "pushing". In order to eliminate such errors, the argument must avoid the "discovery" and the insufficient discussions "and" discussing the insufficient "must be abide by the relevant reasoning rules or requirements, because in violation of reasoning rules or requirements, it means that the title is not From the argument, it is the mistake of "pushing".
In short, the textual writing should be properly used, and the logical rules of the demonstrations are observed. On the basis of organizing real and fully materials, the main arguments of the paper are made by the author's arguments. The main point of view is accepted by the reader. Of course, the results of strict argument may also deny the original arguments. This is not terrible, but it is a good thing, because it guarantees the scientificness of the paper, and the author has a scientific attitude of "adhering to truth, correcting errors".
6.2 content of the text
In general, the body can be divided into several paragraphs. What kind of title is required for each paragraph, there is no fixed format, but in general, there may be the following sections (take the experimental report "as an example).
6.2.1 Theoretical Analysis
Also known as the basic principles, including the theoretical basis of the argument, the description of the assumptions and its rationality, and the description of the analysis method. Its point is that the hypothesis, prerequisites, analytical objects, applicable theories, methods of analysis, and calculation process, etc. When writing, you should pay attention to what is known (formerly existing), which is the author's first proposed, which is the author improvement, must be clear.
6.2.2 Experimental materials and methods
The expression of the material mainly refers to the elaboration of the source, nature and quantity of the material, as well as the selection and treatment of materials.
The expression of the method mainly points to the experimental instrument, equipment, and experimental conditions and test methods.
The writing point is: experimental object, the name, source, nature, quantity, selection method and processing method, experimental purpose, equipment (including model, name, measurement range, and accuracy, etc.), experiment and measurement Methods and processes, problems and measures taken.
The statement of materials and methods must be specific, true. If you use the former person, you only need to indicate the source; if it is improved, you must explain the improvement; if it is proposed, you should explain it in detail, if necessary, you can use a schematic diagram, block diagram or photo map, etc. .
Due to the research results of science and technology must be inspected, it is introduced to clear these contents, and the purpose is to enable others to be repeated.
6.2.3 Experimental results and their analysis
This is the value of the papers, is a key part of the paper. It includes a result of quantitative or qualitative analysis of the results.
The writing point is: in the drawing and / or list (if necessary), the experimental results are organized, and the reliability, reproducibility, and universality of the results of the columns, and the results of the experimental results and the theoretical calculation results will be described. The results of the results are applicable, and the analysis does not meet foresee and data, the correctness of the theoretical analysis.
When you give the experimental results, you should try to avoid all data and tray, but to organize the data, and use the appropriate expression form such as illustrations or forms. When you organize data, you can't just choose your expected, and you will be able to go with your own expectations or opposite. Some results are abnormal, although it is unable to explain, don't be easily went, you can explain it; only if you find conclusive evidence, you can explain that they are not errors.
At the time of analysis, it is necessary to start from the understanding of dialectical materialism. Based on theory, based on the fact, serious, carefully scrutinize the results, both of them must be determined and reproducible, and errors analysis, and The theoretical results are compared (in contrast, if the topic is the theoretical result, it should be verified by the test results), explaining the problems. Analysis of the problem should be cut in, and it is impossible to empty ahead. To compress or delete the narrative of well-known general truth, omit the unnecessary intermediate steps or derivation processes, highlight the essence. In addition, certain shortages or errors in the experimental design, experimental schemes, or implementation methods discovered during the experiment, should also be explained for readers.
6.2.4 Discussion of Results
The results are discussed, and the purpose is to explain the meaning of the results, explain the reason for the results of the outcome, continue to explain the authorship of their own opinions according to the results of the results.
The writing point is to explain the results obtained, indicating the meaning of the results, pointing out that their results are different from the outstanding research results or views, and the discussion has not yet controversy and the opposite results, propose the direction and problems of research. The most important thing is to highlight new discoveries, new inventions, and illustrate the inevitability or incidentality of the results.
6.3 The writing requirements of the body and precautions to the general requirements of the text part writing are: clear, accurate, complete, and concise.
The specific requirements are as follows:
1) The argument is clear, the arguments are fully, and the argument is reasonable;
2) The facts are accurate, accurate data, accurate calculation, accurate language;
3) The content is rich, the text is simple, avoiding repetition, cumbersome;
4) Clearly, the logic is strong, the expression is comparable to the content;
5) Do not disclose, the data to be confidential should be processed.
Main attention to the following 2 points when writing the text:
1) Seize the basic view. The body part and even the whole paper always use the basic view of the author to explain the material (facts or data), forming the unity of materials and views. The view is not in the author's mind, the right or subjective, the right point of view comes from objective practical, from the summary, summary and summary of materials (such as experimental results) that reflect objective things (such as research objects). In the basic view, the problem of new discovery should be analyzed and elaborated. Otherwise, it is not possible to demonstrate, otherwise it will not have the correct, valuable conclusion, can't convince readers, and will not accept readers; For general questions, only the narrative of conciseness, do not charge the pen ink with the problem with basic views, even if there is only one word.
2) Pay attention to accuracy, that is, scientific. Special emphasis on scientific and technical papers, the scientific language is especially strong, and it is necessary to consistently in the papers, the principal part of the scientificity is more prominent. In writing, we must adhere to the principle of truth from facts, and must not be falsified, and you can't carefully. Technical errors should not occur in data collection, recording, finishing, and expression. When describing the facts, introduction, analysis, argumentation, and discussions, send words to be accurate, and strive to avoid confirmed, diffuse, and words are not intended. Given the bon, data, chart, and text, symbols, etc. must be accurate, and no fine omissions can occur.
7 conclusions and suggestions
Conclusion Also known as ending language, conclusion. It is based on theoretical analysis and experimental verification, and is descriptive, guided, empirical results description through strict logical reasoning. It reflects the value of the paper or research results in its own conditions, clearness, and objectivity. Conclusion Email the introduction, like the same summary, its role is to facilitate the reader to read and provide a basis for the second document author.
7.1 Conclusion Segment content and format
The conclusion is not a simple repetition of the research results, but a more deep understanding of the research results, it is from all the contents of the body, and involves partial contents of the introduction, judging, summarizing, reasoning, and the process of sublimation will sublimate into new Total view. The point of content is as follows:
1) What problems have been described in this study, what is the regular thing, solving what theory or practical problems;
2) What tests have been made to the views of this problem, which are consistent with the results of this study, which inconsistencies, what actions, supplements, develop or negate them;
3) The deficiencies of this study or legacy issues.
For a "conclusion", the above point 1) is required, and 2) and 3) depending on the specific content of the paper, or no; if it is impossible to derive conclusions, it is also necessary to carry out necessary discuss.
The format arrangement of the conclusion can be considered as follows:
If the contents of the conclusions are more, they can be written, and they are numbered, such as 1), 2), 3), etc., each, including a few words or 1 sentence; if the content is less content However, it can be written without writing, the whole is a paragraph, a few words. In the conclusion, the necessary data should be included, but mainly in writing, generally no longer use illustrations and forms.
7.2 Conclusions and Recommended Writings
The conclusion of writing should reach the following requirements:
1) Summarize accurate: Western wording is rigorous. Conclusion is the ultimate analysis of the thesis. The summary of the innovation content of the paper should be accurate and complete, do not give up easily, do not miss a valuable conclusion, but you can't make trouble. Wording should be rigorous, the statement can only be explained like a legal provision, clear and clear, and ambiguous word. Affirmation and negation should be clear, generally do not have to "probably", "maybe", "may be" such words, so as not to make people feel similar to not, doubt the true value of the paper.
2) It is clear and concrete, briefly refined. Conclusion Segments have relatively independence, professional readers and intelligencers can only understand the results and results of the results and results of the thesis, so the conclusions should provide clear, specific qualitative and quantitative information. For the point of view, it is specifically expressed and cannot be used in abstract and general language. The readability is strong, such as generally not single amount symbols, and should be used, for example, "T and ρ propagate" is not as good as "×× temperature and ×× pressure proportional relationship" is easy to read. The text should be short, no longer discussed, not simple repetition of the summary of the paragraphs in the paper. Language should be tempered, delete can have no words, such as "through theoretical analysis and experimental verification, you can draw the following conclusions" is generally nonsense.
3) Not self-evaluation. The real value of research results or the paper is to be reflected in specific "conclusions", so it is not advisable to use "this study has international advanced level", "this research is the first in China", "The results of this study have filled the domestic gap" The statement is self-evaluating. What level of results is to the end, is it the first, whether it fills a blank, and readers say that they don't have to write it in conclusion by the author by the author.
The "suggestion" portion can be used separately, or in the conclusion section, such as the final one of the conclusion. If there is no suggestion, don't force it.
8 thank you
Modern science and technology research is often not a person who can be completed separately, and the cooperation and help of others, so when the research results are published in the form of the paper, the author should be fully affirmed to others, and thank them.
Acknowledgment is that any groups and individuals that provide funds, equipment, manpower, and literature directly with this study.
The "Acknowledgment" section can list the title and serial number, such as "6 Acknowledgments" after the "5 conclusion" segment, may also be columnized, and the empty 1 line is placed behind the "conclusion" segment.
9 reference
The so-called "reference" refers to "post-text reference". The concept is the relevant book information referenced by writing or editing the discussion.
According to the regulations, in scientific paper, all the views, data and materials in the literature that quote former (including the author have passed), are indicated in the places that appear in the text, and in the end of the article (after acknowledgment) ) List the reference tables. This work is called a reference.
9.1 The purpose and role of reference literature
For a complete papers, reference is indispensable. Incident, the purpose and role of reference recordings is mainly reflected in the following five aspects.
1) Recording References can reflect the scientific attitude and thesis of the author's scientific attitude and the discussion, and also reflect the start and depth of the paper. 2) Recording references can easily distinguish the results of the author of the paper. Although the research results reported by the paper are their own own, they are unable to cope with the results of predecessors in the elaboration and argument, including perspectives, methods, data, and other information. If the reference part is marked, the results of others will represent It is very clear. This not only shows the respect of the author's labor, but also exempt from plagiarism and plagiarisming the results of others.
3) Recording references can work with index. The readers can easily retrieve and find out the book information by filing through the recorded references to have more detailed understanding of the citations in the paper.
4) Recording references are conducive to savings. Some of the contents of the paper need, wherever there is no need to be detailed, it is only possible to see what the text will be indicated. This not only refines the language, saves the space, but also avoids general expression and data accumulation, making the paper to meet the shortage of sects and content.
5) Recording References Help science and technology intelligence personnel for intelligence research and literature metrology research.
9.2 Reference principles
1) Only focus on the most necessary, latest literature.
2) Only literature on public publication.
3) Use a standardized recording format.
9.3 References Recording Method and Requirements
The recording method of reference in the paper, there are many kinds of international popularity, and the "order coding system" and "Welfare - published annual system" are used in my country's national standard "GB7714-87). . Among them, the order-coding system is generally adopted by the scientific and technical journals in my country, so this is only introduced.
9.3.1 Wonderful Issue Format
When encoding sequentially, at the citations, the sequence code is continuously encoded in the column, and the sequence code is placed in square brackets, and the sequence code is used as the upper corner, or as an integral part of the statement. E.g:
(Introduction Start) The author in the literature [1], on the basis of Richard S.Crandall [2] and Porponth Sichanugrist et al., Using average field area approximation, PIN A-Si: H thin film solar cell Analysis of analysis is carried out to obtain a relationship between performance parameters such as filling factor FF and battery structural parameters. In this paper, the relationship between the battery performance parameters and the optical band gap EG and the electronic mobility μn of the electronic mobility of the electron mobility is continuously studied. Here, [2] and [3] are used as angular attention, and the upper corner is used in the form of the upper corner, and [1] is the component of the statement, and the corner is not written.
9.3.2 Writing format of the reference table
When using sequential encoding system, in the article Reference table, each document is arranged in the order of the literature sequences in the paper, the project should be complete, the content should be accurate, the order of each project should meet the regulations (please note: Reference The symbols between the recordings in the literature are "Recording Symbol", not "punctuation" in written Chinese or other languages, so don't understand the concept of punctuation).
The reference table is placed behind the "Avatar" section before the "Appendix" segment.
9.3.3 General Format of various types of literature
1) monograph
Serial number. Title. Version. Publishing place: Publisher, publication year. Document number (selection)
Example:
1 Xue Huaheng. Management Information System. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, Page 1993.230
2 Hosny P K. Principle of Cereal Science and Technology. Translation of Li Qinglong. Beijing: China Food Press, 19892) Monologist
Name author. See (in): Original responsibility. Title. Version. Publishing place: Publisher, publication year. Number of positions in the original literature
Example:
3 Huang Yunhui. The Trend of International Mineral Studies. See: Cheng Yuqi. World Geological Technology Development Trend. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1982.38-39
3) The literature in the papers
Name author. See (IN): Editor. Collection name. Publishing place: Publisher, publication year. Location in the original literature
Example:
4 Zhao Xiuzhen. Suggestions on several quantities and unit usage in computer disciplines. See: China University of Natural Science Research and Technology Research, Science and Technology Editing Papers. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press, 1997.125-129
4) Preparation in the journal
Name author. Tit. Other responsible. Issue, Year, Volume (period): position in the original literature
Example:
5 Yao Zhenxing, Zheng Tianshi, Cao Bai, et al. Strong earthquake induction process and method in the measurement of P-wave waveform data. Progress in geophysics, 1991,6 (4): 34-36
5) literature in the newspaper
Serial author. Tit. Newspaper name, year - month - day (version)
Example:
6 State Council Information Office. China's food problem. People's Daily, 1996-10-25 (2)
6) Patent Document
Serial number patent applicant. Patent title. Patent country, patent document type, patent number. Publish date
Example:
7 Jiang Xizhou. A preparation method of warm external dressing medicine, China Patent, 881056073.1989-07-26
7) Technical standards
Sequence Drafting Responsible. Standard Code Standard Sequence - Release Year Standard Name. Publishing Location: Publisher, Publishing Year (also drafted responsible, publishing, publishing, publishing, publishing year)
Example:
8 National Sports and Unit Standardization Technical Committee. GB3100-3102-93 quantity and unit. Beijing: China Standard Press, 1994
8) Dissertation
Name author. Title: [Dissertation]. Preservation: Preserver, Year
Example:
9 Chen Huaijin.Study, Multi-Machine Power System Dispersion Best Extension Magnetic Control Mobs: [Dissertation]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Motor Engineering Department, 1988
9) Conference papers
Submit authors. The title. Meeting name, site, annual meeting
Example:
10 Hui Mengjun, Wu Dehai, Liu Weikai, et al. Development of Austenites - Bainite Breed Railway. National Casting Society Austrian-Bainite Breakfast Special Academic Conference, Wuhan, 1986
10 appendix
The appendix is the supplementary project of the main body of the paper, and it is not necessary for each scientific papers.
In order to reflect the integrity of the entire papers, the writing of the text may be damaged, logic and refinement, such materials can be written to the appendix segment.
The appendix segment generally includes some materials:
1) More detailed description, research methods, and technical points than the body more detailed, it is recommended to read the reference list of reference documents, and supplementary information useful for the content of the text;
2) Due to the excessive length or material of the copy, it is not appropriate to write into the text; 3) The rare precious information inconvenient to write into the body;
4) General readers are not necessary to read, but there is a reference value for the same value for this major;
5) Some important raw data, mathematical derivation, calculation procedures, block diagrams, structural diagrams, statistics, computer printouts, etc.
After the appendix segment is placed in the reference table, use uppercase status A, B, C ... numbers, such as "Appendix A", "Appendix B".
The sequence number in the appendix, form, formula, reference, etc. are separated from the body, and can be prepared separately, such as "Figure A1", "Figure B2"; "Table B1", "Table C3"; "formula (A1)" (C2); "Document [A1]"; "" "[B2]", etc.
11 note
Explain the title name, some of the authorities and the paper can use annotations. If you can use parentheses, you can use the brackets directly, try not to listen separately.
The notes listed in the absence are called footnotes. Place the word, phrase or sentence of the desired comment, phrase, or sentence, or the upper right corner of the need to comment, the word 1, 2, 3, etc., or a tab code 1, 2, 3, etc. From digital 1) or 1 per page, only 1 footnote is only 1) or 1. The comment content should be placed at the foot of the page, and a short horizontal line is separated from the body on the left side of the page, the length of the thin line is 1/4 of the layout width.
