Part 1 Introduction
Modern science and technology work has tended to integrate and socialize. A larger science and technology project, not 1 person or several people can bear; the links between science and technology work and society are also very close, there is no such connection, and the technology work is difficult; in a certain group of people in a scientific and technical field; In carrying out various directions (or the same direction, the same topics), this requires contact, communicating, and drawing from each other. This kind of connection, communication and reference are mainly carried out through the form of science and technology workers. Writing and publication of the thesis, in improving research levels, reducing invalid labor and promoting science and technology development. The history of science and technology tells us that many major inventions have been found from inheritance and communication, so it can be considered that scientific papers are almost the foundation of all scientific and technological exchanges.
The level of writing levels of science and technology papers often affects the progress of scientific and technological work. For example, a well-known research selection report or construction project feasibility argument report can promote a valuable research project or construction project to go to the horse as soon as possible; in turn, a paper written, expressing irregular papers, It will hinder a scientific research results, hindering a new theory, new methods are accepted by people, hindering a rapid promotion of a advanced technology, or although the research results have the value of the published, because the quality of the document is too poor, sometimes It is also difficult to accept by the journal editorial department: Therefore, as a scientist, it should master the general methods of scientific paper writing, understand the requirements of the editorial publication for the quality and specifications of the document, familiar with relevant national standards and regulations, and through writing practice, Continuously improve your writing ability, so that you can write your own paper, namely academic value or utility value, scientific strength, text details and technical details express normative technological papers, to society Let them play in promoting academic exchanges and promoting the development of science and technology and economic construction.
1 concept and classification of scientific papers
There are a lot of scientific papers, some simple, some are more complicated; from different perspectives, there will be different statements.
Simply put, scientific papers are the theoretical analysis and summary of scientific and technological writing materials for creative research results. The more informative definition is that scientific paper is the statement of the results of natural science research and technology development innovation work, it is to analyze the natural science theory and technology development by using logical thinking means such as concept, judgment, reasoning, provell or refute. Research results.
From the perspective of the content of the paper, it will make the reader who have a clear concept that is called scientific papers. This definition also reflects the difference between science and technology papers from other stories: scientific paper is innovative science and technology The scientific discussion of research work results is some scientific records of certain theoretical, experimental or observing new knowledge, and is a scientific summary of some known principles to achieve new progress and new results.
The classification of science and technology papers is like its definition, there are many different points. The scientific paper is classified from 2 different perspectives and explain the concepts and writing requirements of various types.
Scientific papers can be divided into three categories on its role: First, the second is technical papers, and the third is the dissertation.
1) Academic papers. It refers to the paper that the researchers are provided to academic journals or submitted to the academic conference, which is mainly based on the report of academic research results. The academic paper reflects the latest, cutting edge scientific level and development trends in the discipline, which plays an important role in the development of scientific and technical undertakings. Such papers should have new perspectives, new analytical methods and new data or conclusions, and scientific.
2) Technical papers. It refers to the paper submitted by engineers and technicians to report engineering technology research results. This research results are mainly to apply existing theories to solve specific technical issues such as design, technology, process, equipment and materials. Technical papers play a direct driving role in technological progress and improvement of productivity. Such papers should have advanced nature, practicality and scientificity.
3) Dissertation. Refers to the papers submitted by the degree applicants. This type of paper is divided into three types of degree: a bachelor's paper. Refers to the paper to apply for a bachelor's degree in a bachelor's degree. The engineering students have graduation design, graduation design and scientific papers have some of the same. The paper or design should reflect the author's specialized knowledge and skills, which have the initial ability to study science and technology or should be responsible for specialized technical work. This paper generally only involves less complex topics, the scope of the discussion is narrow, the depth is also shallow, so strictly, bachelor's thesis is generally unable to publish it as a scientific papers.
B. master 's papers. A paper refers to the post to be submitted by a master's degree. It is done under the guidance of the mentor, but must have a certain degree of innovation, emphasizing the authors' independent thinking. Through the master's thesis of the reply, it should be said that it is basically achieved.
Dr. C. Refers to the paper that doctoral students applied for doctorate to submit. It can be 1 papers, or it can be the sum of several people related to each other. Doctoral thesis should reflect the author's basic theory knowledge and system, in-depth expertise, with independent engagement of scientific and technical research work, should reflect the original outcomes of the scientific and technical field; therefore, doctoral thesis It is considered an important scientific literature.
The degree papers should be approved and defense, so, whether it is discussed or literature, or introduces the experimental device, the experimental method is more detailed, and the academic or technical papers is written to the professional personnel, and always strive to be simple. In addition, there is no other stringent difference between dissertation and academic papers and technical papers. On writing methods, this classification does not make much sense, here only by category explains their respective characteristics and general writing requirements.
In science and technology research, people's research content and ways are different. Some experiments are research methods, find new phenomena through experiments, find scientific laws, or verify a certain theory and hypothesis, in short, the scientific record of experimental results And summary is the results of research work; some are first proposed, mathematical derivation or logic reasoning, or use mathematical methods as the study to test theory, such papers are discussed or demonstrated, or new Theory, or new supplementation and development of the original theory, or make a negation; some research objects are natural science or engineering technology, but the way the discussion is similar to certain papers of social sciences, using credible The fact or data of investigation and research is demonstrated to demonstrate new perspectives, and so on. According to this, the scientific and technological papers can be classified as follows, based on these, and the content discussed.
1) Real (try) research report. Such papers are different from the general (test) report, and its writing focuses on "research". It pursues reliable theoretical basis, advanced real (trial) test design, advanced, applicable test means, reasonable, accurate data processing and scientific, strict analysis and argumentation.
2) Theoretical derivation. Such papers are mainly to propose new hypothesis through mathematics derivation and logic reasoning, resulting in new theories, including theorem, laws and rules. Its writing requirements are scientific, accurate, logical reasoning, and accurately use definitions and concepts accurately, and strive to conclusions.
3) Theoretical analysis. Such papers are mainly theoretical analysis of new ideas, principles, models, institutions, materials, processes, samples, etc., and improve, supplement or correct the past theoretical analysis. Its argumentation must be rigorous. The mathematical operation should be correct. The data data should be reliable. In addition to accurate, it is generally necessary to verify the verification.
4) Design calculation. It is generally referring to computer programming for solving certain engineering issues, technical issues, and management issues; some systems, engineering programs, institutions, and product computer-aided design and optimization design, and computer simulation of certain processes; Some products (including whole machine, part or part) or design or adjustment, formulation, etc. of matter (materials, raw materials, etc.). The demand for such papers is relatively "new", the selection of mathematical models and parameters should be reasonable. The procedures prepared should be functioning properly, and the calculation results should be reasonable, accurate; design product or adjustment, formulated substance The test was confirmed or produced and used. 5) Special discussion. Such papers refer to certain career (industries), a certain field, a discipline, a work publishing (including the argument and reflection), through analysis, and its development strategy decision, development direction and road, And policies and policies, etc., propose new unique insights.
6) Comprehensive discussion. Such papers should be based on the author's exhibition book, comprehensive introduction, analysis, review of domestic and foreign research new achievements in the discipline (professional), develop new trends, and indicate its own point of view, making development scientific forecasts It is proposed to compare the constructive opinions and suggestions of 中 肯. A good comprehensive discussion, the research on the development of discipline, the research, design, process materials improvement research, the selection of science and technology research, and the choice of the selection of graduate degree papers and the choice of the selection of teachers and teachers The role is very large. The basic requirements for such papers are new and full, the author is high, the eyes are far, the problem is comprehensive, analyzed in the reason, opinions and suggestions.
The above two types of classifications seem to have a roughly understanding of the readers' concept and the most basic requirements for a wide variety of scientific papers. As for classification of scientific paper from other perspectives, such as different classifications according to the discipline, according to the author's downtown, according to the classification of different varieties, etc., will not be described here.
2 Significance of scientific papers writing and publishing
The writing and publication of scientific papers has the following meanings.
1) Writing of scientific paper is an important means of science and technology research. When we have accepted the scientific research task, we often think that they accept only "1" task is scientific research; in fact, they should be considered to accept "2" tasks - scientific research and writing, technology work It should be established to build such a concept. Farah is said, "pioneering, research is completed, published", can see how important writing and publishing to a science and technology worker.
Many authors often use the writing papers as the final stage of the research. Therefore, they often hear them say: "Waiting for the topic to finish!" In fact, the writing papers is not for "traffic", "returned", Not just to publish; the writing of scientific papers is a means of science and technology research and is an important part of science and technology research. The best practice is that the beginning of the topic research is the beginning of the paper, that is, don't wait for the topic to write, but should write in the topic research, because thinking about a more complex problem, it will be better. Write, use the text symbol to record the process of thinking one by one, let them visualize on the paper, easy to ponder and scrutinize, make floating, abstract, confusing thinking, avatars and provisioning, make thinking More dense. If writing is throughout the study, while studying, while writing, it can be found in time, supplementing and correcting the research work, making the research results more perfect; and there is also the possibility of writing inspiration The burst will lead to a significant improvement in research programs, thereby ultimately improve the level and value of research results.
2) The publication of science and technology papers can promote academic exchanges. British literati Xiao Bona said: "If you have an apple, I also have an apple, and we exchange each other, then you still have (only) an apple. But if you have a kind of thought, I also have one Thought, and we will communicate with each other, then we will have two ideas. "Writing and published science and technology papers are the permanent record of scientific thinking exchanges between scientific and technological workers, which is also a history of science. It records the exploration of truth. The process records various observations and research results, and scientific and technological research is a continuing continuity in the undertaking. The end of a study may be the starting point of another study; therefore, scientific and technological workers writing and publish The academic exchanges in form can promote the promotion and application of research results, which is conducive to the prosperity and development of scientific undertakings. 3) The writing and publication of scientific papers is conducive to scientific accumulation. Science and technology papers is written storage activities in the information. Through the writing and publication of the paper, the delivery of information will exceed the constraints of time and space, and the research results will be saved as literature and become an important part of the science and technology treasure house. Provide scientific and technical knowledge, shared by the entire humanity. The entire science and technology of human beings is made up of such a spray.
4) The publishing of scientific papers is an important channel for discovering talents, and is an important basis for assessing business scores of science and technology workers. A paper published, which may make a schematic technician worker to be discovered and reused, which is much more in science and technology and today's examples. The quantity and quality of published the paper is an important indicator of a scientist to learn about the level of knowledge and business, and it is also an important basis for the assessment of the promotion of degrees and technical positions.
3 technical papers characteristics and writing requirements
Science and technology papers have a common point in scientific and technological articles, with accurate, distinctive, vivid features, but as scientific papers, it has its own special attributes.
A scientific paper must have the following characteristics and simultaneously meet the following writing requirements.
1) Innovation or originality. The main research results reported by science and technology papers should be that the former people (or others) are not. There is no new point of view, insights, results, and conclusions, it is not a scientific papers.
The degree of innovation of science and technology papers is relative to human knowledge already. As for a piece of paper, its innovation may be large, or it may be small, but there must always be some uniqueness, always have to play a role in the development of science and technology knowledge treasure homes and promoting science and technology. "First proposal", "First discovery", of course, is a research results with significant value. This is not a lot of numbers; there is a new idea on a certain issue, and it is developing for a certain point. It should be a range of innovation, and basically repeat The work of others, although the author's own "research" "results", it is not a column of innovation. In actual research, there are many topics in the introduction, digestive, transplantation of advanced science and technology, and application existing theories to address the actual problems of the region, the industry, this system, as long as we are rich in rich theory, promote Production and development, driving technological advancement has effect, act, and reports such as this kind of papers should also be considered to have a certain degree of innovation.
Due to innovative requirements, the writing of scientific papers should not be associated with textbooks (lectures) and experimental reports, work summary, etc. Textbooks are introduced and taught already known. The main readers are foreigners, beginners, so it is very emphasized that systematic, integrity and continuity, and the writing method must be gradually close, and in depth, it is shallow. Experimental reports or work summary, etc., require the experimental processes and operations, and data materials, or what work, how to do, what achievements and shortcomings, what experience and experience, etc., even repeat others Work can also be written. Of course, it does not deny that some experimental reports or work summary, etc. are also new. The scientific papers reported their own research results, thus repeated research content, basic knowledge, certain general, specific experimental processes or mathematics derivation, and more shallow analysis, etc. Go, or only make a brief explanation and explanation, at the same time, it should be organized, there is a hit, improve, to form a new point of view, new understanding, new conclusions. For scientific papers, only new intentions are not enough, this is just every paper writing and the provision of the necessary conditions.
2) Theoretical or academic. Theoretical refers to a scientific paper should have a certain academic value. It has two meanings: a. The results obtained from the experiment, observe or use other methods, to analyze and summarize from a certain theoretical height to form a certain Scientific insights, including proposing and solving some of the scientific value issues; B. The scientific insights or problems they propose, using facts and theories to meet logic demonstrations or analytics, in short, in short, the practice is rising as theory. In terms of substance, the writing process of scientific papers is itself, it is the process of deepening and scientifically abstract on the basis of practice. Only in this way, the discovery or invention reported by the paper is not only practical, and it has theoretical value, the academic value; so, write a paper, if it is only to explain a practical problem, tell a certain technology and method It is far less than enough. Engaged in scientific research, especially engineering and technicians engaged in engineering technology, should pay attention to and learn from theoretical summary and improvement, and strive to write scientific papers that have both innovative and theoretical value.
3) Scientific and accuracy. A paper has innovative and theoretical can only be qualitatively said that it has had the most important thing in papers, and the paper must have scientific and accuracy in specific research and writing phases.
The so-called scientificity is to correctly explain the special contradictions of the research object, and respect the facts and respect the science. Specifically, the argument is correct, the arguments are necessary, the argument is strict, the reason is logical, the data is reliable, the processing is reasonable, the calculation is accurate, the experiment is repeated, the conclusion objective, and so on.
The so-called accuracy refers to the approximate to the objective law, the progress of the study object, including the concept, definition, judgment, analysis, and conclusions to be accurate. It is estimated that the estimate of the research results is exact, appropriate, and the research results of others. (Especially when doing comparison), the evaluation is going to seek truth from facts.
4) Normative and readability. Writing scientific paper is to communicate, spread, store new technology information, let others use, so scientific papers must be written according to certain formats, must have good readability. In the text expression, the language is accurate, concise, smooth, clear, and the level is clear, and the discussion is rigorous. In terms of technical expression, including the use of noun, numbers, symbols, design, measurement units, and storage of documents, should comply with standardized requirements. A scientific paper lost normative and readability, which will seriously reduce its value, and sometimes even doubt whether the research results it report is reliable. 4 concept and role of scope of scientific papers
The Requirements of Scheme Norms of Scientific Papers from the Standardization and Standardization of Scientific and Technical Journals.
Here, the concept of standardization and standardization should be clearly identified. What is the standard? Standard is a standard of measuring things. In the field of science and technology and production, national organs or social groups have stipulated a unified technical requirement in the development of scientific and technological development and rational organizational production, and these technical requirements are standards. . my country is now available in four standards such as national standards, local standards, industry standards, and corporate standards, as well as international standards issued by international standardization organizations. What is a standard? Standards in a range, or to organize the technical requirements of the conventional techniques, it is specified in the specification. It can be seen that the difference between standards and specifications is that standards are a national regulations approved and published by the National Quality and Technical Supervision Bureau of my country, with authoritative, standardized and seriousness; norms Although it is also a "standard" (from the "criterion" point of view of things), it is not a national regulation, but some departments or groups will have some specified or from the conventional oriented will or from the orientation. It is recommended to have guiding, normative and orientation. Of course, the norms tend to mature, and if necessary, it can be rising by a certain form approval and release.
What is standardization and standardization? According to standards, standardization requirements, the requirements, standardization requirements are standardized and standardized.
The scientific journal is social product, of course, standardization, standardization. Science and technology academic journals are the carrier of the important literature of science and technology, and it is a new source of information in science and technology. With the rapid development of science and technology, the amount of scientific and technological information has increased, and the way to collect, organize, store, and disseminate information, and the general application of electronic computers is far from the requirements of technology information. Processing, spreading, storage, retrieving, and utilization provides great convenience. Information from "people" to identify "machine" identification. It is inevitable to require standardization and standardization of the proofability of scientific journals.
The main body of science and technology academic journals is the scientific papers. As a technological papers of new information sources, the standardization of its expression is the premise of implementation of information processing and communication. Science and technology papers only realize standardization of formats and standardization of various details, in order to truly reflect the scientific connotation, accurately express scientific content, thereby facilitating spreading, storage, retrieving, and utilizing.
In addition, it is important to indicate that scientific papers express norms, not only improve the level of the papers, but also reflects the author's rigorous research attitude and excellent writing cultivation. This provides a very favorable condition for the selection of the paper by the journal editorial department. It is true that if a paper can be adopted by the journal, it is mainly determined whether the research results in the paper have published value, but the expression specification is also a factor that cannot be ignored. Especially for journals of the draft source, when there is only one papers published in two, it is definitely the one who is specified, because its editing is small, or not It is necessary to revise the author to modify, so that the quality of the publishing can be guaranteed, shortened the publishing cycle; therefore, in order to make it easy to publish the value of the paper, avoid posting or postponation of the expression, the author strives to improve the writing quality of the paper It is very practical to achieve the requirements of normative expression. The norm of scientific papers involves the following main contents: 1) Standardization of format; 2) Standardization or standardization of the expression of text details and technical details, mainly including numerals, numbers, quantities, and units, mathematics, chemical formula, etc. And the reasonable design of illustrations and forms; 3) The standardization of scientific language and punctuation symbols.
