IT history: simple history

IT History: Simple history of computer industry [2004-11-5] The computer development brief history is shown in the computer development of computer development, although it has not been detailed in detail to describe the brilliant process of computer development, but this It has enabled us to experience the hardships of scientists. 1900 1910 1910 1930 1980 1950 1960 1970 1980 1950 1930 1930 1930, before the 19th century, Pioneers in the mechanical computer era in Western Europe, from the Middle Ages entered the social revival period The big change has greatly promoted the development of natural science and technology, and people have been unprecedented by the creativity of Shenshi suppression. Among them, a machine that helps people calculates is one of the most dazzling ideological sparks. Since then, another scientist makes efforts to make this ideological spark into the torch that guides humans into the liberty of the kingdom. However, it is limited to the overall level of technology at the time, most of them fail, this is the common fate of Pioneers: often can't see the fruitful fruit. When you enjoy this sweetness, you should have some sweat and tears from China ... 1614: Scottish John Napier (1550-1617) published a papers, which mentioned that he invented a calculated four Combine and square root operations. 1623: Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635) has made a "calculation clock" capable of performing six internal number add-off and subtraction and subtraction, and can pass the answer to the ringtone. Operation by rotating the gear. 1625: William OUGHTRED (1575-1660) Invention ruler 1642: French mathematician Pascal improves the calculation based on the William OUGHTRED calculation ruler, and can perform eight calculations. And also sold a lot, becoming a fashionable product. 1668: British Samuel Morl and (1625-1695) have made a non-decimal addition device that is suitable for calculating coins. 1671: German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz designed a multiplication, the final answer can be up to 16. 1775: British Charles production has successfully made a machine similar to LeiBniz's computer. But more advanced. 1776: German Mathieus Hahn successfully made a multiplier. 1801: Joseph-Maire Jacuard has developed an automatic loom that can be controlled with perforated card. 1820: French Charles Xavier Thomas de colmar (1785-1870), the first finished computer, very reliable, can be placed on the desktop, which has been sold in the market in the market. 1822: British Charles Babbage (1792-1871) designed a differential machine and analyzer, in which the theory of design is very exceeded, similar to a hundred years of electronic computer, especially the design of the card input procedures and data is used by the future generation. . 1832: Babbage and Joseph Clement made a finished product of a differential machine, starting to perform 6-digit operations. Later, it has grown to 20, 30, and the size is near one house. The result is output in the form of perforation. However, it is limited to the manufacturing technology at the time, and their design is difficult to make. 1834: The George Scheutz of Stockholm has made a differential machine with wood. 1834: Babbage gives a universal analyzer, store programs and data in read-only memory (perforated card), Babbage continues his research work in the future, and raised an operand to 40 in 1840, and Basically achieve the concept of control center (CPU) and storage programs, and the program can jump according to the condition, can make a general addition in a few seconds, and a multi-division method is made in a few minutes. 1842: Babbage's differential machine project is canceled by the government because of the expensive cost of development.

But he still spends a lot of time and effort to study his analyzer. 1843: Scheutz and his son Edvard Scheutz have made a differential machine, and the Swedish government agreed to continue to support their research. 1847: Babbage spent two years designed a more simple, 31-bit differential machine, but no one is interested in and supports him. But later, the London Science Museum used modern technology to reproduce this machine and found that it can do accurately. 1848: British mathematician George Boole created binary mathematics. It is almost a century in advance to pave the way for modern binary computers. 1853: Let Babbage are pleased that Scheutzes has successfully made a real proportional difference, which can perform 15-digit operations. The result is the result of Babbage. Later, London's Brian Donkin made a more reliable second. 1858: The first player is bought by Albany's Dudley Observatory. The second is bought by the British government. However, the Observatory did not take advantage of it, and later sent into the museum. And the second is fortunate for a long time. 1871: Babbage has created some parts and printers of the analyzer. 1878: The Spanish Ramon Verea in New York, manufactures a work desktop calculator. Be faster than mentioned earlier. But he is not interested in pushing it to the market, but it is only to show that Spaniaries can do better than Americans. 1879: A investigation committee began researching the analytics, and finally their conclusion is that the analyzer is not possible. At this point, Babbage has passed away. After the investigation, people have completely forgot his analytics. But HoWard Aiken exception. 1885: More computers in this period have emerged. Such as the United States, Russia, Sweden, etc. They start replacing the easily faulty gears with a tank cylinder. 1886: The Dorr E. FELT (1862-1930) of Chicago manufactures the first calculator with the button operation, and the speed is very fast, the button is raised, and the result will come out. 1889: FELT launches the desktop print calculator. 1890: 1890 US census. The 1880 census artificial uses a 7-year time for statistics. This means that 1890 statistics will exceed 10 years. The US census department hopes to get a machine to help improve the efficiency of the census. Herman Hollerith, built the person of the labier company, and later his company developed into IBM. Drawing the Babbage inventions, storing data with perforated cards, and designed a machine. The result is only used for 6 weeks to have a accurate data (62622250 people). Herman Hollerith is equipped with money. 1892: William S. Burroghs (1857-1898) (1857-1898), Sheng Dome and Principe, has successfully created a machine than felt and truly created office automation industry. 1896: Herman Hollerith founded the predecessor of IBM. Back to top 1900 ~ 19101906: Henry Babbage, the son of Charles Babbage, under the support of R. W. Munro, completed the parser of the father's design, but only proved that it can work without launching it as a product. Second, the previous day of the electronic computer is based on mechanical operation, although some products began to introduce some electrical content, it is from the mechanical, and has not entered the computer's flexible: logical operation. And after this, with the rapid development of electronic technology, the computer has begun to transition to the electronic age. The electron is increasingly becoming the main body of the computer, and the machinery is increasingly becoming a dependent. The status of the two has changed, the computer It has also begun to change the quality. Below is the main events of this transition: 1906: Lee de Forest in the United States invented the tube. It is impossible to make digital electronic computers before this. This lays the foundation for the development of the electronic computer.

1920 ~ 1930 February 1924: IBM, a company with an epoch-making company was established. 1930 ~ 19401935: IBM launches IBM 601 machine. This is a perforated card computer that can calculate multiplication in one second. This machine has an important role in natural science or in business. About 1,500 units. 1937: Alan M. Turing (1912-1954) of the University of Cambridge, England published his papers, and proposed a mathematical model called "Chanel" by the later generation. 1937: George Stibitz of the Bell Laboratory demonstrates a binary device with a relay. Although it is just a show, it is the first binary electronic computer. 1938: Claude E. Shannon published a paper that was logically expressed with relays. 1938: Berlin's Konrad Zuse and his assistants completed a computer programmable binary computer, the theoretical basis is the Boolean algebra. Later was named Z1. Its function is relatively strong, with something like a movie film as a storage medium. Can operate seven index and 16-bit decimal. You can use a keyboard to enter numbers and display results with bulb. 1939 January 1: California David Hewlet and William Packard made a Hewlett-Packard computer in their garage. The name is determined by the two people using a coin. Includes part of the name of the two. November 1939: US John V. Atanasoff and his student Clifford Berry have completed a 16-bit adder, which is the first vacuum tube computer. 1939: The beginning of the Second World War, military needs greatly promoted the development of computer technology. 1939: ZUSE and SCHREYER have started to develop Z2 computers on the basis of their Z1 computer. And use relays to improve its storage and calculation units. But this project was interrupted for a year because Zuse service military service was interrupted. 1939/1940: Schreyer completed a 10-bit adder using a vacuum tube and used a neon lamp to make a storage device. 1940 ~ 1950 1940 January: The Samuel Williams and Stibitz manufacturing of the Bell Laboratory have successfully made a computer that can perform complex operation. A large number of relays are used, and some telephone technologies are used, and advanced coding techniques are used. In the summer of 1941: Atanasoff and student Berry completed a computer that can solve the linear algebraic equation, taking a "ABC" (Atanasoff-Berry Computer), with a capacitor memory, auxiliary memory with a perforated card, and those holes are actually "burning" Up. The clock frequency is 60Hz, and the additional addition is used for one second. December 1941: German Zuse production completed the development of Z3 computers. This is the first programmable electronic computer. The 7-digit index can be handled, 14-bit decumerations. A large amount of vacuum tube is used. Each second can work 3 to 4 additional addition. One multiplication takes 3 to 5 seconds. 1943: Computers in 1943 to 1959 are often referred to as the first generation of computers. Using vacuum tubes, all procedures are written with machine code, using perforated cards. Typical machines are: UNIVAC. January 1943: Mark I, automatic sequential control computer has been successfully developed in the United States. The entire machine has 51 feet long, 5 tons, 750,000 parts, 3304 relays, 60 switches as mechanical read only memory. The program is stored on the paper strip, and the data can be from a trace or card reader. It is used to calculate the ballistic fire table for the US Navy. April 1943: Max Newman, Wynn-Williams and their research teams have developed successful "Heath Robinson", this is a cryptographic machine, strictly said that it is not a computer. However, it uses some logic components and vacuum tubes, and its optical device can read 2000 characters per second. It also has a symptom.

September 1943: Williams and Stibitz completed "Relay Interpolator", and later named "Model Ii Relay Calculator". This is a programmable computer. The paper strip input program and data are also used. It is more reliable, and each number is represented by seven relays to perform floating point operations. December 1943: The earliest programmable computer is launched in the UK, including 2,400 vacuum tubes, the purpose is to decipher the German password, translated about 5,000 characters per second, but it was destroyed shortly after use. It is said that it has an error in the translation of Russian. 1946: ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator and Computer): The first real digital electronic computer. Started with 1943, completed in 1946. The person in charge is John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. Weighing 30 tons, 18,000 tubes, and 25 kW. Mainly used to calculate the development of ballistic and hydrogen bombs. Third, the transistor computer's development of the vacuum tube era computer despite the category of modern computers, it has a large volume, the energy consumption, and there are many faults, and the price is greatly restricted. Until the transistors were invented, the electronic computer found the starting point of the take-off, unable to receive ... 1947: Bell Lab William B. Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain. The transistor is invented, and the era of electronic age is opened. . 1949: EDSAC: Wilkes from Cambridge University and his team built a computer of a storage program. The input and output devices are still a paper strip. 1949: EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer): The first computer using a tape. This is a breakthrough that can store the program multiple times. This machine is a John Von Neumann proposed. 1949: "The future computer will not exceed 1.5 tons." This is a bold prediction of the scientific magazine. 1950 ~ 19601950: Soft disk is invented by Yoshiro Nakamats from the University of Tongkyo. Its sales rights are obtained by IBM. Create a new era of storage. 1950: British mathematician and computer pioneer Alan Turing said: Computer will have people's wisdom, if a person and a machine dialogue, this person can't distinguish between the machine or people, then this The machine has a human intelligence. 1951: Grace Murray Hopper completed a high-level language compiler. 1951: WHIRLWIND: The first computer control of the US Air Force is developed. 1951: UNIVAC-1: First commercial computer system. Designer: j. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. The American Census Department is used in the census of the census, marking the computer's application enters a new, commercial application era. 1952: EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer): Designed and completed by Von Neumann leadership. Name: Electronic discrete variable computer. 1953: About 100 computers in the world are running. 1953: The magnetic core memory is developed. 1954: IBM's John Backus and his research team began to develop FORTRAN (Formula Translation), completed in 1957. It is a computer high-level language suitable for scientific research. 1956: The first meeting of artificial intelligence was held at the Dartmouth College. 1957: IBM development successfully first dot matrix printer. 1957: Fortran advanced language development is successful. Fourth, the integrated circuit, the modern computer is inserted with the wings of the shot, although the use of the transistor has greatly narrowed the volume of the computer, it reduces its price and reduces the failure.

However, the requirements from people are still far away, and each industry has also produced a large demand for computers. It is more powerful, lighter, and cheaper, and the inventions of the integrated circuit are just like "timely rain". When the spring did happen. Its height is integrated, not only reduces the volume, but also speeds up speed, and the fault is reduced. People began to make revolutionary microprocessors. After years of accumulation, computer technology has finally driven highways with silicon shop. September 12, 1958: Under the leadership of Robert Noyce, the integrated circuit is invented. The microprocessor is launched soon. However, since the technology of Japanese company is borrowed when the microprocessor is invented, Japan does not recognize its patents, as Japan has not obtained the interests. After 30 years, Japan admitted that the Japanese company can get some profit from it. But by 2001, this patent has been invalid. 1959: Computer designed from 1959 to 1964 is generally referred to as a second-generation computer. A large number of transistors and printed circuits are used. The computer volume is constantly narrowing, the function is constantly enhanced, and Fortran and COBOL can be run, and the English character command can be received. A large number of applications have occurred. 1959: Grace Murray Hopper began to develop COBOL (Common Business-Orientated Language) language, completed in 1961. 1960 ~ 19701960: Algol: The first structured programming language is launched. 1961: IBM's Kennth Iverson launches APL programming language. 1963: PDP-8: DEC launches the first small computer. 1964: Computers from 1964 to 1972 are generally referred to as third generation computers. A large number of integrated circuits, typical models are IBM360 series. 1964: IBM releases a PL / 1 programming language. 1964: Release IBM 360 first series of compatible machines. 1964: DEC Releases PDB-8 small computers. 1965: Moore's law published, the performance of the processor is doubled each year. Later, its content changed again. 1965: LOFTI ZADEH creates fuzzy logic to process approximate problems. 1965: Thomas E. Kurtz and John Kemeny completed the development of the Basic (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). Especially suitable for computer education and beginners, it has been widely promoted. 1965: DOUGLAS Englebart proposed the mouse concept, but there is no further study. Until 1983 was widely adopted by Apple Computer. 1965: The first supercomputer CD6600 has been successful. 1967: Niklaus Wirth began to develop PASCAL languages, completed in 1971. 1968: Robert Noyce found Intel Company and his friends. 1968: Seymour Paper and his research team have developed logo language in MIT. 1969: The Arpanet plan began to start, which is the prototype of modern Internet. April 7, 1969: The first network protocol standard RFC is launched. 1969: EIA (Electronic Industries Associa) Top 1970 ~ 19801970: The first RAM chip is launched by Intel, capacity 1K.1970: Ken Thomson and Dennis Ritchie began to develop UNIX operating systems. 1970: Forth programming language development completed. 19970: Internet The protothel Arpanet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) is basically completed. Start open to non-military departments, many universities and business sectors began access.

November 15, 1971: Marcian E. Hoff Development Successful First Microprocessor 4004 in Intel Company, containing 2,300 transistors, a 4-bit system, 108 kHz, and 60,000 instructions per second. In the later days, the processor developed main indicators Learn: processor clusters per second million directive 4004 108 kHz 0.068080 2MHz 0.568000 8MHz 0.78086 8MHz 0.868000 16 MHz 1.368020 16 MHz 2.680286 12MHz 2.768030 16MHz 3.9386 SX 20 MHz 668030 25 MHz 6.368030 40MHz 10386 DX 33MHz 10486 DX 25MHz 20486 DX2-50 50MHz 35486 DX4 / 100 100MHz 60Pentium 66MHz 100Pentium 133MHz 240Pentium 233MHz MMX 435Pentium Pro 200 MHz 440Pentium II 233MHz 560Pentium II 333MHz 7701971: PASCAL language developed. 1972: Computer habits after 1972 are called fourth generation computers. Based on large-scale integrated circuits, and later large-scale integrated circuits. Computer is more functional, smaller in size. People began to suspect whether the computer can continue to shrink, especially if the heat is issued? People have begun to explore the development of the fifth-generation computer. 1972: The development of C language is completed. Its main designer is one of the developers of UNIX systems Dennis Ritche. This is a very powerful language, development system software, especially loved. 1972: Hewlett-Packard invented the first handheld calculator. April 1, 1972: Intel launches 8008 microprocessor. 1972: Arpanet began to go to the world, the Internet revolution kicked off. 1973: Arcade game Pong is released to get a wide range of welcome. The inventor Nolan Bushnell, later Atari's founder. 1974: The first CLIP-4 with parallel computer architecture is launched. V. Computer technology aggravation before this, computer technology is mainly concentrated in the development of large machines and small machines, but with advances in oversized integrated circuits and microprocessor technology, the technical disorder of computer entry into ordinary people's home has been layered. breakthrough. Especially after publishing it from Intel, this wave is surged, and it has also emerged in a large group of information, such as Jobs, Bill Gates, etc., to the computer industry. Development also plays a pivotal role. In this time, Internet technology, multimedia technology has also been unprecedentedly developed, and the computer really starts changing people's lives. April 1, 1974: Intel released its 8-bit microprocessor chip 8080. December 1974: MITS releases Altair 8800, the first commercial personal computer, worth 397 US dollars, 256 bytes of memory. 1975: Bill Gates and Paul Allen have completed the first Basic program running on the Altair computer in MITS. 1975: IBM introduced his laser printer technology. In 1988, its color laser printer was introduced to the market. 1975: Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded MICORSOFT. It is now the largest and most successful software company. Three years later, $ 500,000, increased to 15 people. In 1992, it reached 2.8 billion US dollars, 10,000 employees. Its biggest breakthrough development is a huge impact on computer industry since then in 1981. 1975: IBM 5100 is released. 1976: Stephen Wozinak and Stephen Jobs founded Apple. And launch its Apple i computer. 1976: Zilog launches Z80 processor. 8-bit microprocessor.

CP / M is an operating system for its development. Many famous software such as WordStar and DBase II are based on this processor. 1976: 6502, 8-bit microprocessor released for Apple II computers. 1976: CRAY 1, the first commercial supercomputer. It is integrated with 200,000 transistors and 150 million floating point operations per second. May 1977: Apple II computer is released. 1978: Commodore PET Release: 8K RAM, cassette machine, 9-inch monitor. June 8, 1978: Intel releases its 16-bit microprocessor 8086. However, because of its very expensive, 8-bit 8088 meet the market for low-cost processors, and is adopted by IBM's first generation PC. Its usable clock frequency is 4.77, 8, 10 MHz. About 300 instructions are integrated with 29,000 transistors. 1979: Arcade game "space intruder" released, causing a sensation. Soon like a large scale of similar gamers, its income exceeds the US film industry. 1979: Jean Ichbiah develops to complete the ADA computer language. June 1, 1979: Intel released 8 8088 microprocessors, purely in order to cater to low-cost computers. 1979: Commodore PET released a computer with 1MHz 6502 processor, monochrome display, 8K memory, and can purchase more memory expansion as needed. 1979: Invented a low-key disk. 1979: Motorola issued a 68,000 microprocessor. Mainly supplied Apple's Macintosh, follow-up product 68020 is used in the Macintosh II model. 1979: IBM has seen a computer market with Apple and other computer companies. It is decided to develop its own personal computer. In order to launch his own products as soon as possible, their average work is working with third parties, of which Microsoft has assumed its operation. System development work. They launched IBM-PC on August 12, 1981. But at the same time, it is also a fertilizer to the rise of Microsoft. 1980 ~ 19901980: "As long as there is 1 megaby memory, you have enough DOS to perform." Microsoft said in the early days of developing DOS. What do you think about this sentence today? October 1980: MS-DOS / PC-DOS development work has begun. But Microsoft does not have its own independent operating system, they buy others's operating system and improve. However, 300 bugs were found when IBM test was tested. So they continue to improve, the initial DOS1.0 has 4,000 rows of assembly. 1981: Xerox starts to work on graphical user interface, icon, menu, and positioning device (such as mouse). Results The research results were used for Apple. Apple Computer is later accused of Microsoft plaguarding their design and developed Windows series software. 1981: Intel released 80186/80188 chip, rarely used because of its registers, etc. It is not compatible with others. However, it adopts direct memory access technology and timephones. August 12, 1981: IBM releases its personal computer, priced at $ 280,000. The machine has a 64K memory, monochrome display, an optional cassette drive, two 160KB single-sided floppy drives. This machine has achieved great success than expected. August 12, 1981: MDA (Mono Display Adapter, Text Only) The monochrome display of the text is published with the IBM-PC. August 12, 1981: MS-DOS 1.0, PC-DOS1.0 release. Microsoft is commissioned by IBM to develop DOS operating systems, and they purchased a program called 86-DOS from Tim Paterson and improved. The called PC-DOS sold from IBM. The MS-DOS sold from Microsoft is called MS-DOS. MICORSOFT cooperation with IBM has been until DOS5.0 in 1991. The initial DOS1.0 is very simple, only one root directory on each disk, does not support subdirectories.

It has been changed until 2.0 in March 1983. MS-DOS has always been an IBM-PC-compatible operating system before 1995, and the last version of the last version is named DOS7.0 after the IBM-PC compatible operating system. Now Microsoft's operating system has been running on most of the world. 1982: Internet based on TCP / IP protocol. 1982: Based on the 6502 microprocessor, the computer is popular, especially in the school. January 1982: Commodore 64 Computer released, price: $ 595. February 1982: 80286 is released. The clock frequency is raised to 20 MHz and increase the protection mode to access 16M memory. Supports 1GB of virtual memory. To perform 2.7 million instructions per second, 134,000 transistors are integrated. 1982: Compaq released its IBM-PC compatible machine. 1982: MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) Standard. Allow computer connection to standard similar keyboard digital musical instruments. 1982: Sony and Phillips announced the red book with compressed audio. It quickly got the recognition of Europe and the United States. March 1982: MS-DOS 1.25PC-DOS 1.11982 April: Sinclair Zx Spectrum Release: Based on Z80 chip, clock frequency is 3.5MHz. You can display 8 colors. May 1982: IBM launches double-sided 320K floppy drive. January 1983: IBM PC is displayed in Europe. 1983: Borland was established. 1983 Spring: IBM XT is released, add 10 megaby hard drive, 128K RAM, a floppy drive, monochrome display, a printer, can add an 8087 digital coprocessor. The price is $ 5,000. March 1983: MS-DOS 2.0, PC-DOS 2.0 adds a management form similar to the UNIX hierarchical directory. October 1983: MS-DOS 2.25, including supporting other character settings, opening up the Oriental Market. 1984: DNS (Domain Name Server) Domain Name Server Published, more than 1,000 hosts on the interconnect. 1984: Hewlett-Packard released excellent laser printers, HP also maintains leading technology on the inkjet printer. January 1984: Apple's Macintosh is released. Based on Motorola 68000 Microprocessor. Can address 16M. August 1984: MS-DOS 3.0, PC-DOS 3.0, IBM AT is released, using ISA standards, support large hard drives and 1.2M high-density software drives. September 1984: Apple posted Macintosh with 512KB memory, but there is nothing improvement in other respects. 1984: Compaq starts to develop IDE interfaces, can transmit data at a faster speed and adopted many peers, and later, further EIDE, can support 528MB drives. Data transfer is faster. 1985: Philips and Sony cooperated to launch CD-ROM drives. 1985: The EGA standard is launched. March 1985: MS-DOS 3.1, PC-DOS 3.1. This is the first to provide some network functions to support the DOS version. October 17, 1985: 80386 DX launched. The clock frequency reaches 33MHz, addressing 1GB of memory. More instructions than 286. 6 million instructions per second, integrated 275,000 transistors. November 1985: Microsoft Windows is released. But in its 3.0 version, there is no extensive application. Need DOS support, similar to the Apple's operating interface, to be charged by Apple. Lawsuits have been terminated in August 1997. December 1985: MS-DOS 3.2, PC-DOS 3.2. This is the first system that supports a 3.5-inch disk. But it is only supported to 720KB. 1.44 megabytes can be supported by version 3.3. Jan 2006: Apple releases higher performance Macintosh. There are quadgroups, and SCSI adapters.

September 1986: AMSTRAD Announ has released inexpensive and powerful computer AMSTRAD PC 1512. With CGA graphics adapter, 512KB memory, 8086 processor 20 trillion hard drive. Using mouse and graphical user interface, home design. 1987: Connection Machine Super Computer Release. Use parallel processing, 200 million computing per second. 1987: Microsoft Windows 2.0 is released, successful than the first edition, but there is not much improvement. .1987: British mathematician Michael F. Barnsley finds a method of graphic compression. 1987: Macintosh II is released, based on the Motorola 68020 processor. The clock is 16MHz, 2.6 million instructions per second. There is an SCSI adapter and a color adapter. April 2, 1987: IBM launches PS / 2 system. Originally based on 8086 processor and old XT bus. Later, transitioned to 80386 and started using a 3.5-inch 1.44MB floppy drive. The microchannel technology has been introduced, and this series of models has achieved great success. The shipments reached 2 million units. 1987: IBM releases VGA technology. 1987: IBM released its own design microprocessor 8514 / a. April 1987: MS-DOS 3.3, PC-DOS 3.3. Release 1.44MB drives and hard disk partitions with IBM PS / 2. Multiple logical drives can be separated for hard drives. April 1987: Microsoft and IBM Release the S / 2Warp operating system. But did not achieve much success. August 1987: AD-LIB sound card release. A Canadian product. October 1987: Compaq DOS (CPQ-DOS) V3.31 is released. The supported hard disk partition is greater than 32MB. 1988: Optical computer is put into development, replacing electrons with photons, and improves the processing speed of the computer. 1988: The XMS standard is established. 1988: ESA standard is established. 1988 June 6: 80386 SX is released in order to cater to the demand of low-cost computers. From July 1988 to August: PC-DOS 4.0, MS-DOS 4.0. Supports EMS memory. But because there is a bug, 4.01A will be launched later. September 1988: IBM PS / 20 286 is released, based on 80286 processor, no microchannel bus is used. But other machines continue to use this bus. October 1988: Macintosh IIX is released. Based on the Motorola 68030 processor. Still use 16 MHz frequency, 3.9 million instructions per second, support 128M RAM. November 1988: MS-DOS 4.01, PC-DOS 4.01 released. 1989: Tim Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web prototype, he worked in the European Physical Particle Institute. Through hypertext links, novices can easily browse. This greatly promotes the development of the Internet. 1989: Phillips and Sony release the CD-I standard. January 1989: Macintosh SE / 30 released. Based on the new 68030 processor. March 1989: E-IDE standard is established, which can support more than 528MB hard disk capacity. It can reach the transmission speed of 33.3 Mb / s. And by many CD-ROMs. April 10, 1989: 80486 DX released, integrated 1200,000 transistors. Its subsequent clock frequency reaches 100 MHz. November 1989: Sound Blaster Card is released. 1990 ~ 20001990: SVGA standard was established. March 1990: Macintosh IIFX is published, based on 68030CPU, frequency 40MHz, using a faster SCSI interface. May 22, 1990: Microsoft released Windows 3.0. Compatible with MS-DOS mode. October 1990: Macintosh Classic is published and has a display adapter that supports 256 colors. November 1990: The first generation MPC (Multimedia Personal Computer Standard) is released.

The processor is at least 80286 / 12MHz, which is later increasing to 80386sx / 16 MHz, and a optical drive, at least 150 kb / sec transmission rate. 1991: Release ISA standard. May 1991: Sound Blaster Pro is released. June 1991: MS-DOS 5.0, PC-DOS 5.0. In order to promote the development of OS / 2, Bill Gates said: DOS5.0 is the Terminator of the DOS, which will no longer flow here in the future. This version has broken through 640KB basic memory restrictions. This version also marks the end of Microsoft and IBM's cooperation on DOS. 1992: Windows NT is released, address 2G RAM. April 1992: WINDOWS 3.1 is released. June 1992: Sound Blaster 16 ASP is released. 1993: The Internet started commercialization. 1993: Classic game Doom released. 1993: Novell M & A Digital Research, DR-DOS becomes Novell DOS. March 22: Pentium released in 1993. More than 3 million transistors are integrated. The initial work is 60-66MHz. Perform 100 million instructions per second. May 1993: MPC standard 2 released. CD-ROM transmission rate requirements 300kb / sec. Play 15 frames per second in the 320 * 240 window. December 1993: MS-DOS6.0 release, including a hard disk compression DoubleSpace, but a small company claims that Microsoft plaguards its technical. So in the later DOS6.2, Microsoft is named: Drivespace. Later, the DOS in Win95 became DOS7.0, WIN95OSR2, called DOS7.10. March 7, 1994: Intel releases 90-100 MHz Pentium processor. September 1994: PC-DOS 6.3 is released. October 10, 1994: Intel releases a 75 MHz Pentium processor. 1994: Doom II is released. Opened the PC game vast market. 1994: Netscape 1.0 browser is released. 1994: Comm & Conquer is released. March 27, 1995: Intel releases 120 MHz Pentium processor. From 19956: Intel releases 133 MHz Pentium processor. August 23, 1995: WINDOWS '95 released. Very different from its previous version. Exactly from MS-DOS, but care for user habits and still retain DOS form. Pure 32-bit multitasking operating system. This version has achieved great success. November 1, 1995: Pentium Pro is released. The main frequency can reach 200 MHz, complete 440 million instructions per second, and 5.5 million transistors are integrated. December 1995: Netscape releases it .javascript. 1996: Quake, Civilization 2, Command & Conquer - Red Alert and other famous game release. January 1996: Netscape Navigator 2.0 released, the first browser that supports JavaScript. January 4, 1996: Intel releases 150-166 MHz Pentium processor, integrated with 3.3 million transistors. 1996: Windows '95 OSR2 released, fixed part of the BUG, ​​expanded part of the features. 1997: Gr and Theft Auto, Quake 2, Blade Runner and other famous games, 3D graphics acceleration cards. January 8, 1997: Intel Releases Pentium MMX. Enhanced games and multimedia functions. April 1997: IBM's dark blue computer, overcoming human chess world champion Casparov. May 7, 1997: Intel releases Pentium II, add more instructions and more Cache.

June 2, 1997: Intel released 233 MHz Pentium MMX. From 1697: Apple encountered a serious financial crisis, Microsoft extended a helping hand and quoted $ 150 million. The condition is apple to undo its complaint: Microsoft imitates the prosecution of its window interface, and pointed out that Apple also imitates Xerox design. February 1998: Intel releases a 333 MHz Pentium II processor. Use 0.25 micron technology to increase the speed and reduce the heat generation. June 25, 1998: Microsoft released Windows '98, some people attempted to understand Microsoft, Microsoft's attack said that this would hurt the United States's national interests. January 25, 1999: Linux Kernel 2.2.0 released. People are highly hoped. February 22, 1999: AMD issued K6-III 400MHz. There is a test that its performance exceeds Intel P-III. Integrated 23 million transistors, Socket 7 structure. Today, it is today. Compared with traditional science and technology compared to traditional science and technology, we are in the day and threshold changes, and we are wrapped in a big chalk. . I hope that there is more China's tide children in this tide ... (above the content from the international Internet, for reference only) Source: computer enthusiasts Boregang computer's development history modern electronic computer technology rapid development, inventory of human science and technology knowledge The accumulation, inseparable from many scientists who are keen on this and the painstance, is the accumulation of this generation, the accumulation of today's "information building". From the following computer development in time, we can feel the hardships of technology development and the huge driving force of science and technology. I. The birth of mechanical computers in Western Europe, which has entered the social change of the Renaissance in the Middle Ages, which greatly promotes the development of natural science and technology, and people have been unprecedented released by the creativity of Shenshi. In these ideological creative sparks, it is the most dazzling machine that makes a calculation, and most eye-catching. Since then, a scientist is working hard to achieve this great dream. However, it is limited to the scientific and technological level at that time, and most experimental creations ended in failure. This also showed the common fate of Pioneers: I often see the results of my efforts before falling. When the future generations are enjoying these sweet results, it is often able to taste the taste of sweating and tears ... 1614: Scottish John Napier (1550 to 1617) published a papers, which mentioned that he invented a kind It can be used for four computational and square root operations. 1623: Wilhelm Schickard (1592 ~ 1635) made a "computing clock" that can be added within 6-digit additional and subtraction and can pass the answer to the ringtone output. The device operates by rotating the gear. 1625: William OUGHTRED (1575 ~ 1660) invented rules. 1668: British Samuel Morl (1625 ~ 1695) made a non-decimal addition device, suitable for calculating coins. 1671: German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz designed a computing tool that can be multiplied, the final answer length of 16 bits. 1822: British Charles Babbage (1792 ~ 1871) designed a differential machine and analyzer, its design theory is very superior, similar to a hundred years of electronic computer, especially the design of card input procedures and data is used by future people. . 1834: Babbage envisaged manufacturing a universal analyzer, store programs and data in read-only memory (perforated card).

Babbage continued his research in the later time, and in 1840, the number of operational digits was increased to 40, and found the concept of control center (CPU) and storage programs, and the program can jump according to the conditions. Make a general addition in a few seconds, multiplied, division in a few minutes. 1848: British mathematician George Boole founded a second-generation mathematics, and in advance, the development of modern binary computers in advance was in advance. In 1890: The US Census Department hopes to get a machine to help improve census efficiency. Herman Hollerith (later his company developed into IBM) to borrow Babbage's invention, storing data with perforated card, and designed a machine. The result is only 6 weeks to draw accurate demographic data (if used in manual methods, it takes about 10 years). 1896: Herman Hollerith founded the predecessor of IBM. Second, the electronic computer has been born in a mechanically operated calculator. With the sharpness of electronic technology, the computer has begun to realize the transition from the mechanical to the electronic age, and the electronic device has gradually evolved into the main body of the computer. The components are gradually in the dependent position. When the two status transitions, the computer also officially started the transformation of the amount to quality, thereby causing the electronic computer to officially came out. Here is the main events of this transition: 1906: Americans Lee de Forest invents, the electronic pipe, laid the foundation for the development of electronic computers. February 1924: IBM was established, from this time with an epoch-making company. 1935: IBM launches IBM 601 machine. This is a perforated card computer that can calculate a multiplication within one second. This machine has an important role in natural science or in commercial applications, and approximately 1,500 units. 1937: Alan M.TURING (1912-1954), a university of the University of Cambridge published his paper and proposed a mathematical model called "Tuling Machine" by the later generation. 1937: George Stibitz of the Bell Laboratory demonstrated the use of a relay representing a binary. Although it is just a show, it is the first binary electronic computer. From January 1940: The Samuel Williams and Stibitz manufacturing of the Bell Laboratory successfully made a computer that can perform complex operation. The machine uses a large number of relays and draws on some telephone technology, using advanced coding techniques. In the summer of 1941: Atanasoff and student Berry completed a computer that can solve the linear algebraic equation, taking the "ABC" (Atanasoff-Berry Computer), with a capacitor memory, a auxiliary memory with a perforated card, and those holes are actually "burning "On, the clock frequency is 60 Hz, and the time is completed for one second. January 1943: Mark i automatic sequential control computer has been successfully developed in the United States. The entire machine has 51 feet long, 5 tons, and 750,000 parts. The machine uses 3304 relays, 60 switches as mechanical read only memories. The program is stored on the paper strip, and the data can be from a trace or card reader. Mark I is used to calculate the ballistic fire table for the US Navy. September 1943: Williams and Stibitz completed "Relay Interpolator", and later named "Model II Re-Lay Calculator" computer. This is a programmable computer that also uses paper strip input programs and data. It runs more reliable, and each number is represented by seven relays to perform floating point operations. 1946: ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrator and Computer) was born, this is the first true digital electronic computer.

Started in 1943, in 1946, the person in charge is John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, with 18,000 tubes, 25 kW, mainly used to calculate the development of ballistic and hydrogen bombs. Third, the development of the transistor computer's development of the vacuum tube era, although it has entered the category of modern computers, due to its large volume, high energy consumption, more fault, expensive, thereby restricting its popularization and application. Until the transistors were invented, the electronic computer found the starting point of the takeoff. 1947: William B. Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain in the Bell Laboratory invented the transistor and opened an electronic era. In 1949: Wilkes from Cambridge University and his team made a computer that can store the program and the input and output devices are still a paper strip. 1949: EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer - Electron Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) - Computer using tapes. This is a breakthrough that can store the program multiple times. This machine is a John Von Neumann proposed. 1950: Yoshiro Nakamats of the Tokyo Empire University in Japan invented a soft disk, and its sales rights were obtained by IBM. This created a new era of storage age. 1951: Grace Murray Hopper completed a high-level language compiler. 1951: UNIVAC-1 - The first commercial computer system is born, and the designer is J. Presper Eckert and JohnMauchly. It was used by the American Census Department for the census, marking the computer into the business application era. 1953: The magnetic core memory is developed. 1954: IBM's John Backus and his research team began developing FORTRAN (Formula Translation), completed in 1957. This is a computer high-level language suitable for scientific research. 1957: IBM has developed successfully the first point-staple printer. Fourth, the integrated circuit is a modern computer, although the use of the transistors has greatly narrowed the volume of the computer, it reduces the price, reducing the fault, but the actual requirements of users are still far away, and each industry has also produced a larger The demand, the production performance is stronger, the weight is lighter, and the price is lower. The invention of the integrated circuit solves this problem. High integration not only reduces the volume of the computer, but also speeds up speed, and the fault is reduced. Since then, people began to make a revolutionary microprocessor. September 12, 1958: Under the leadership of Robert Noyce, the integrated circuit is born, and the microprocessor is invented soon. However, since the technology of Japanese company is borrowed when the microprocessor is invented, Japan does not recognize its patents, as Japan has not obtained the interests. After 30 years, Japan recognized that Japanese companies can get some profits from it. But in 2001, this patent was invalid. 1959: Grace Murray Hopper began to develop COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) language, completed in 1961. 1960: Algol - The first structured programming language is launched. 1961: IBM's Kenne Iverson launches APL programming language. 1963: DEC launched the first small computer - phDP-8. 1964: IBM releases a PL / 1 programming language. 1964: Release IBM 360 first series compatible machine. 1964: DEC releases a PDB-8 small computer. 1965: Moore's law is published, the number of transistors of the processor is doubled every 18 months and the price is half.

1965: Lofti Zadeh created fuzzy logic to handle approximate problems. 1965: Thomas E.KURTZ and JOHN Kemeny completed the development of the Basic (Beginner 'S All-Purpose Symbolic in-Struction Code). It is especially suitable for computer education and beginners to be widely promoted. 1965: Douglas Englebart proposed the mouse to envisage, but did not have further studies until 1983 was used by Apple Computer. 1965: The first supercomputer CD6600 was developed successfully. 1967: Niklaus Wirth began to develop Pascal language, completed in 1971. 1968: Robert Noyce found Intel Company and his friends. 1968: Seymour Paper and his research team have developed logo language in MIT. 1969: The ADVANCED Release Projects Agency Network plans to start launching, which is a prototype of modern internet. April 7, 1969: The first network protocol standard RFC is launched. 1970: The first RAM chip is launched by Intel, with a capacity of 1KB. 1970: Ken Thomson and Dennis Ritchie began to develop UNIX operating systems. 1970: Forth programming language development is completed. In 1970: Internet's protothel Arpanet is basically completed, starting to open to non-military departments. November 15, 1971: Marcian E.Hoff has successfully developed the first microprocessor 4004 in Intel, containing 2,300 transistors, a word length of 4 bits, and a clock frequency is 108 kHz, and 60,000 instructions per second. 1972: Computer habits after 1972 are called fourth generation computers. Based on large-scale integrated circuits and later large scale integrated circuits. The computer is more functional in this period and the volume is smaller. At this point, people have begun to suspect whether the computer can continue to shrink, especially if the heat of the heat is solved. At the same time, people have begun to explore the development of the fifth-generation computer. 1972: C language development is completed. Its main designer is one of the developers of UNIX systems Dennis Ritche. This is a very powerful language, especially loved. 1972: Hewlett-Packard invented the first handheld calculator. April 1, 1972: Intel launches 8008 microprocessor. 1972: Arpanet started to go to the world, the Internet revolution kicked off. 1973: Arcade Game Pong is released to get a wide range of welcome. The inventors are Nolan Bushnell (Atari's founders). 1974: The first CLIP-4 with parallel computer architecture is launched. V. Contemporary Computer Technology is gradually brilliant before this, should be said that computer technology is mainly focused on the development of large machines and small machines. With the advancement of large-scale integrated circuits and microprocessor technology, the technical barriers of computer enterproduction are gradually broken. Especially after Intel released its microprocessor 8080 for individual users, this wave is finally surging, and also promoted a large group of information, such as Stephen Jobs (Stephen Jobs), Bill Gates (Bill Gates), etc., so far they also play a pivotal role in the development of the entire computer industry. In this time, Internet technology and multimedia technology have also received unprecedented applications and development, and the computer truly starts to change our lives. April 1, 1974: Intel posted its 8-bit microprocessor chip 8080. 1975: Bill Gates and Paul Allen completed the first BASIC program running on the Altair computer of Mit (MIT).

1975: Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft (now there is the world's largest, most successful software company). After 3 years, it has increased by $ 500,000, and the employees increased to 15 people. In 1992, it reached 2.8 billion US dollars, 10,000 employees. In 1981 Microsoft's IBM's PC development operating system has laid a leadership in the field of computer software. 1976: Stephen Wozinak and Stephen Jobs founded Apple and launched its Apple I computers. June 8, 1978: Intel releases its 16-bit microprocessor 8086. In June 1979, the quasi-16-bit 8088 was launched to meet the market's needs of low-cost processors and were adopted by IBM's first generation PC. The processor has a clock frequency of 4.77 MHz, 8MHz and 10 MHz, about 300 instructions, integrated 29,000 transistors. 1979: The low-density soft disk was born. 1979: IBM has seen a computer market with Apple and other computer companies, decided to develop their own personal computers. In order to launch your own products as soon as possible, IBM handed a lot of work to third parties (where Microsoft has undertaken the development of operating systems, which also laid the foundation for Microsoft's later rise), on August 12, 1981. IBM-PC has been introduced. 1980: "As long as there is 1 megaby memory to perform DOS," Microsoft has developed DOS in the initial stage. What do you think about this sentence today? 1981: Xerox has started working on graphical user interfaces, icons, menus, and positioning devices (such as mice). Results The research results were apple, and Apple Computer Company later accused Microsoft plagued their design and developed Windows series software. August 12, 1981: MS-DOS 1.0 and PC-DOS 1.0 release. Microsoft has developed a DOS operating system from IBM, and they purchased a program called 86-DOS from Tim Paterson and improved. The version of IBM is called PC-DOS, and MS-DOS is sold by Microsoft. Microsoft's cooperation with IBM has been until DOS 5.0 in 1991. The initial DOS 1.0 is very simple, only one root directory on each disk, does not support subdirectories, until the 2.0 version of 2003 has changed. MS-DOS has been compatible with the IBM-PC compatible operating system before 1995, and the last version is named DOS 7.0 after the Windows 95 is launched and quickly occupied the market. 1982: Internet initial weapon based on TCP / IP protocol. February 1982: 80286 is released, the clock frequency is increased to 20MHz, increasing the protection mode, can access 16MB of memory, support 1GB of virtual memory, 12.7 million instructions per second, integrated 134,000 transistors. In the spring of 1983: IBM XT is released, adds 10MB hard drive, 128KB memory, a floppy drive, monochrome display, a printer, can add an 8087 digital coprocessor. The price at the time was $ 5,000. March 1983: MS-DOS 2.0 and PC-DOS 2.0 have added management forms similar to the UNIX hierarchical directory. 1984: DNS (Domain Name Server) Domain Name Server is published, more than 1,000 hosts on the Internet. At the end of 1984: Compaq began to develop IDE interfaces, it can transmit data at a faster speed and adopted many peers, and later developed a better EIDE interface. 1985: Philips and Sony cooperate to launch the CD-ROM drive. October 17, 1985: 80386 DX launched.

The clock frequency reaches 33MHz, addressing 1GB of memory, 6 million instructions per second, 275,000 transistors are integrated. November 1985: Microsoft Windows is released. The operating system requires DOS support, similar to Apple's operating interface, which is terminated by Apple, which is terminated by August 1997. December 1985: MS-DOS 3.2 and PC-DOS 3.2 release. This is the first system that supports 3.5-inch disk, but only supports 720KB, 3.3, support 1.44MB. 1987: Microsoft Windows 2.0 is released. 1988: ESA standard is established. 1989: Tim Berners-Lee of the European Physical Particle Institute founded the WORLD WIDE Web prototype. Through hypertext links, novices can easily browse. This greatly promotes the development of the Internet. March 1989: EIDE standard is established to support more than 528MB hard drives, which can reach 33.3MB / s transmission speed and are used by many CD-ROMs. April 10, 1989: 80486 DX released. The processor integrates 1200,000 transistors, which have a clock frequency of a subsequent model reaches 100 MHz. November 1989: Sound Blaster Card is released. May 22, 1990: Microsoft released Windows 3.0, compatible with MS-DOS mode. November 1990: The first generation MPC (Multimedia Personal Computer Standard) was released. This standard requires that the processor is at least 80286/12 MHz (later increasing to 80386Sx / 16MHz) and a optical drive, at least 150 kb / sec transmission rate. 1991: ISA standard is released. June 1991: MS-DOS 5.0 and PC-DOS 5.0 release. In order to promote the development of OS / 2, Bill Gates said that DOS5.0 is DOS Terminator, which will no longer flow here in the future. This version has broken through 640KB basic memory restrictions. This version also marks the end of Microsoft and IBM in DOS. 1992: Windows NT is released, address 2GB of memory. April 1992: WINDOWS 3.1 is released. 1993: The Internet started commercialization. 1993: Classic game Doom is released. March 22, 1993: Pentium is released, the processor integrates more than 3 million transistors, the earlier version of the core frequency is 60 ~ 66MHz, and 100 million instructions per second. May 1993: MPC Standard 2 release, requires a CD-ROM transfer rate to 300kb / s, and play 15 frames per second in 320 × 240 windows. March 7, 1994: Intel releases 90 ~ 100MHz Pentium processor. 1994: Netscape 1.0 browser is released. 1994: The famous instant strategy game Command & Conquer is released. March 27, 1995: Intel releases 120MHz Pentium processor. June 1, 1995: Intel releases 133MHz Pentium processor. August 23, 1995: Pure 32-bit multitasking operating system Windows 95 is released. The operating system is greatly different from previous versions, completely detached from MS-DOS, but the DOS mode is retained for taking care of user habits. Windows 95 has achieved great success. November 1, 1995: Pentium Pro is released, the main frequency can reach 200MHz, can perform 440 million instructions per second, and 5.5 million transistors are integrated. December 1995: Netscape releases its JavaScript. January 1996: Netscape Navigator 2.0 is released.

This is the first browser that supports JavaScript. January 4, 1996: Intel released a Pentium processor for 150-66 MHz, integrated 310 ~ 3.33 million transistors. In 1996: Windows 95 OSR2 is released, amended part of the BUG, ​​expanding some of the features. 1997: Heft Auto, Quake 2 and Blade Runner are released, and the 3D graphics acceleration card will rise rapidly. January 8, 1997: Intel releases Pentium MMX CPU, processor game and multimedia function to enhance. April 1997: IBM Deep Blue Computer Battle Human Chess World Championship Casparov. May 7, 1997: Intel releases Pentium II, add more instructions and cache. June 2, 1997: Intel released 233 MHz Pentium MMX. February 1998: Intel released 333MHz Pentium II processor, manufactured by 0.25 μm process, and reduced heat during speed improvement. June 25, 1998: Microsoft released Windows 98, some people attempted to understand Microsoft, Microsoft's counterattack, said this will hurt the United States's national interests. January 25, 1999: Linux Kernel 2.2.0 is released, and people will give them a hopes. February 22, 1999: AMD issued a K6-3 400MHz processor. July 1999: Pentium III released, the initial clock frequency is above 450 MHz, the bus speed is above 100MHz, using 0.25 μm process manufacturing, support SSE multimedia instruction set, integrated with 512KB or more secondary cache. October 25, 1999: Pentium III processor codenamed Coppermine (copper mine). The core size of the Coppermine chip manufactured by a 0.18 μm process is further reduced, although the internal integration of 256kb full speed ON-DIE L2 Cache, built-in 2.8 million transistors, but its size is only 106 square millimeters. March 2000: Intel posted a new generation of Celeron processors that codenamed "Coppermine 128". The most significant difference between the new Celeron and the old Celeron processor is to adopt the same Coppermine core as the new P III processor and the same FC-PGA package, while supporting the SSE multimedia extension instruction set. April 27, 2000: AMD announced that DURON is officially launched as a trademark of its new inexpensive processor, and it is prepared to launch a bigger impact to the intel, at the same time, the high-end Thunderbird is also a month after one month release. July 2000: AMD leading Intel released 1GHz Athlon processor, then released a 1.2GMHz Athlon processor. July 2000: Intel released the research and development of the Pentium 4 processor for Willamette, the pin is 423 or 478, and the interior of its chip integrates 256KB of secondary cache. The outer frequency is 400MHz, using 0.18 μm process manufacturing, use SSE2 instruction set And integrate the heat sink, which starts from 1.4GHz. On May 14, 2001, AMD released Athlon 4 processors for laptops. The processor uses 0.18 microns, and the front-end bus frequency is 200MHz, with 256 kb level 2 cache and 128KB level cache. On May 21, 2001, VIA released C3 processors.