People use 9 unparalleled machines to make an incredible task: unfold the secret of the universe. You can imagine that each of them is a bit special, but when you see such a large substitute, you will still be amazed because of unexpected. Just describe them with "big" has not been accurately described. They use thousands of parts that are assembled from all over the world, and their complexity is sighing. Take you with some of the world's largest physical experiments and bet for them.
(1) What is it? It is the fastest supercomputer in the world. Size: Earth simulator occupies the area of 4 tennis courts, using more than 5,000 computer processors, which are connected with cables with a total of 2,800 kilometers. Location: Japan Yokohama Earth Science Research Institute. What is the purpose? Simulate complex physical systems. The main job of the Earth Simulator is to build the most detailed global climate model in the world. It calculates the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere by continuously running a huge digital model of an enormous analog Earth weather and climate. Earth simulator can even predict climate change in the next 50 years. This supercomputer can also simulate earthquakes, local dynamics and magnetic fields. In addition to earth science, physicists also use it to predict the characteristics of new materials, understand the interaction between sub-particles and the flow of fuel in the analog rocket engine. Why is it so big? It needs to handle thousands of grounds and marine monitoring stations around the world and the signal sent by meteorological satellite. The Earth Simulator Recently the simulation of the atmosphere is calculated using pixels covering 10 square kilometers. Who is working for it? 700 researchers from 6 countries. Status: Earth Simulator is launched in April 2002, the calculation speed reached 35.6 trillion per second, which is 5 times the previous record holder. Two years, it is still far ahead of Thunder Supercomputer from its nearest competitors - California Lawrence's Laboratory. Cost: about $ 430 million. Subsequent: Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, USS, plans to build a supercomputer that can carry 500 trillion computing per second before 2007.
(2) "Cassini - Huye" detector What is it? The largest planet is running to study the spaceship. Size: "Cassini" is 6.7 meters high and 4 meters wide. It includes 5.7 tons of weight in the fuel. About the weight of an adult male African icon. Location: Run on the ribbon track. What is the purpose? Unveil the mystery of Saturn. The "Cassini-Huyez" will be run around Saturn with 4 years. During this period, it will study the atmosphere and magnetic field of Saturn, as well as the famous aura and frozen satellite. In Christmas, the "Cassini" will go to Saturn's largest satellite-Turana release pot shaped "Huyez" detector. The surface of the Tuzi is covered by a thick cloud, so astronomers still cannot determine the "Huye Sense" detector is on the ice, or splashing in the ocean of hydrocarbon oil. But they know that the atmosphere of the Saxi is helium and methane, which is similar to the earth atmosphere before life evolution. Why is it so big? In addition to the "Huyez" detector, "Cassini" also carries 18 scientific instruments, used to shoot Saturn pictures, draw Saturn maps and analyze Saturn. The "Cassini" spacecraft launched in 1997 was the best one of the equipment configuration in all emitted planet detection spaceships. However, it is more than 50% of its emission weight is the weight of the fuel. It is necessary to use these fuel through a 3.5 billion km journey, via Venus (twice), Earth and Jupiter to Saturn. Who is working for it? 260 planet scientists from 17 countries. Status: "Cassini" arrived at Saturn on July 1, "Huyez" detector is scheduled to reach the surface of Dirtuat in January 2005. Cost: US $ 3.27 billion. Seminant: The US Space Administration hopes to launch Xixing Satellite Satellite Orbit (Jimo), the earliest exploration of wood, two, wood, three, and Mu Wei, who explored ice in 2012. Jimo will become the largest spacecraft designed by the US Space Administration, weighing 20 tons. The gaming company said: Libo has found that the odds provided by smart creatures on the Dochang Six before 2010.
(3) What is it? What is it? The world's largest polyterior reactor. Size: It is a cyclic reactor inlayed in a container of 15 meters diameter and about 20 meters high. Location: Carlum Science Center located in Oxfordshire, England. What is the purpose? Simulate the fusion process given to solar energy. The idea behind it is very simple: heating the mixture of the hydrogen to L. billion, causing the nuclear nuclei, producing a helium atom, neutron, and a large amount of energy. It is extremely difficult to heat the fuel to the temperature that can cause the polygefinal reaction and maintain this temperature is extremely difficult. Jet's research team sprayed 0.1 grams of cold hydrogen fuel into the reactor, and heated with the impact wave generated by radio waves, current and particle beam. Hydrogen atoms quickly enjoys their electrons, generating a plasma having a hot ion and electron with a nuclear nuclei. Jet uses a fact that the magnetic field will deflect the charged particles. The spiral strong magnetic field prevents plasma from hitting the inner wall of the reactor. If the plasma hits the inner wall of the reactor, it will cool down, thereby causing the polyvertance. Why is so big? Large machines can reserve heat. The inner wall of the plasma with a colder reactor is separated by the key to maintaining the polyvertency reaction. Compared with the smaller machine, in large machines, heat is long. Who is working for it? 600 researchers from 20 countries. Status: This reactor maintains a world record that is energy-producing energy. However, after 13 years of fracture reaction for the first time, Jet still did not reach a critical point - output energy is equal to the energy required to heating the plasma. Cost: This year, it is necessary to rebuild JET will cost about 1.2 billion US dollars. Subsequent: The international agglomeration researchers hoped to build a reactor called "International Temperature Nuclear Fusion Reactor" (iTer), its volume will be 6 times the Jet. If everything goes well, it will become the world's largest polygon reactor. The gaming company said: Libo is estimated that the odds of the construction of a nuclear power plant before 2010 were 1 lost 100. (4) US National Ignition Device (NIF)
What is it? The world's largest laser. Scale: NIF is 215 meters long, 120 meters wide, and is as large as the ancient Roman Arena. Location: Lawrence, California, California, USA, Lawmore, USA. What is the purpose? Simulate similar conditions with the inner and other stars. The kernel of the sun is very hot and is under huge pressure, which makes the hydrogen nucleus into a helium nuclei and releases energy. NiF researchers hope that their lasers can do the same thing with heavy hydrogen atoms on Earth, before, laser is used to initiate polyvertency reactions, but NIF's goal is the first facility, that is, laser The energy generated in the fusion reaction is greater than the energy they consume. To this end, NIF focuses 192 laser beams in a pertish rice size, equipped with heavy hydrogen fuel. Each bundle laser laser laser has a pulse ultraviolet light that contains 1.8 million Joule energy - these energy is 500 times more energy generated by all power stations in the United States. When these pulses hit on the target reaction chamber, they will generate X-rays. These X-rays are concentrated on a plastic enclosure that is filled with heavy hydrogen fuels in the center of the reaction chamber. The NIF research team estimates that X-rays will heat the fuel to 100 million degrees, and apply sufficient pressure to fractive reactivity. The released energy will be 15 times more of the input energy. However, people want NIF to do more work. Its laser is also able to simulate the huge pressure in the neutron star, the planet core, the supernova and nuclear weapons, the hot and high temperature and huge magnetic fields. California will become a physicist to test their theory about the theory of the most extreme situation in the universe. Why is so big? Because it requires powerful heat and pressure to make the fusion. At NIF, researchers convert a laser to 192 harvested lasers, with total energy to increase to 300 billion times of the original energy. This is because the laser is reflected back and reflected between the mirror and passes through 3000 phosphate glass, wherein the iodide atom enables the laser beam. Who is working for it? There are 850 scientists and engineers for Lifmore. There are approximately 100 physicists to design experiments. Status: 4 of the 192 bundles of lasers have worked for 18 months. And have emitted the strongest laser in the world. NIF's project has been extended many times since starting in 1994, but its ultimate goal is to achieve fusion reactions in 2010 and reach a balance point. Cost: Construction and run spend $ 3.5 billion. Subsequent: The problem of NIF is that its laser can only be transmitted once a few hours. However, there is a scheme known as the Mercury laser. It is not necessarily a larger than NIF, its goal is to transmit 10 pulses per second. (5) Laser interferometer gravitational wave observation station (LIG0)
What is it? The longest gravitational wave detector in the world. Scale: LIGO has a 4 km long probe arms. Location: Ligo consists of two detectors, one in Lensten in Louisiana, another Hamford in Washington, 3,000 km away. What is the purpose? Look for gravitational waves through the Earth. Einstein Generalized Relative On Prediction Black Cave Colliscies or Super Superstars will disturb the time and space structure. However, no one has directly observed these gravy waves. LIGO's scientists want to change this situation and reveal the dramatic process of the universe formed. Each of the probes of LIGOs are all minimal spatial displacements caused by search gravitational waves. In order to achieve this, the LIGO research team allows the laser beam to reflect between the mirror. The mirror is suspended at both ends and intersections of the L-shaped vacuum tube. The beam is integrated in the intersection of two 4 km long probe arms in the detector. The laser is here to produce a light-shaped strip with a brightly dark stripe. These light strips will also change if the gravitational wave changes by changing the length of the probe arm. As the via the gravitational wave passes, distortion occurs in the surrounding space, resulting in a detector arm of the L-shaped detector, and the other is shortened. Why is so big? Because the corrugations in time and space are very weak. Gravity waves will be shorter than the spatial length or the extremely small amount of compressed. Therefore, the LIGO's probe arm must be quite long, and the gravitational wave may be detected. Even if the detector has 4 kilometers long, the change in the LIGO research team is looking for in the detector is less than 10-18 meters. This is equivalent to measuring the width of an atom between the earth and Jupiter. LIGO's two detectors are 3,000 kilometers, and researchers want this to remove any errors. LIGO's two detectors have experienced equal time and space aberrations caused by a gravity wave, while the earth's vibration, the rumble of the trains and the aircraft, and thunderstorms, etc., will only affect one detector. Who is working for it? At least 400 scientists from 7 countries. Status: LIGO has been looking for gravitational waves since 2002. There is no discovery so far. Cost: Remove operating costs, cost is 292 million US dollars. Subsequent: LIGO is inefficient compared to the next ambitious plan. The physicist hopes to place a huge gravitational wave detector in space, which will have a lot of probe, and it will not be disturbed by ground vibration. If all according to plan, the US Space Agency and the European Space Agency will launch Lisa gravitational wave detectors in 2012. The LISA will make the laser beam at 3 million kilometers away from the spatial aircraft with triangular structural flight. Because the LISA's probe arms are much longer than the LIGO, it will be able to find more gravitational wave sources, and may detect the original ripples generated after the big explosion. The gaming company said: Libo's odds provided by LIGO probation in 2010 were 1 lost 500.
