Getting Started Install
Q: How to make installation disks?
You can use two middle methods to make installation disks. Under M $ -DOS, you can use the Rawrite command developed (install CD / DOSUTILS) to which it is specifically developed to the floppy disk; you can use the command DD under Linux. But don't put your floppy drive Mount into the system. The specific syntax is as follows:
E: /> E: / dosutils / rawrite
Enter Disk images Source File Name: ../Images/boot.img
ENTER TARGET DISKETTE DRIVE: A:
Please Insert a formatted diskette Into Drive a and press [Enter]
or
# DD if = boot.img of = / dev / fd0 BS = 1440K
Other Note: Boot.img is installed based on CD, BootNet.Img is based on network installation, pcmcia.img and pcmciaadd.img are based on the installation of the PCMCIA boot disk. Rawrite tools only accept 8.3 class (short file name. Triple extension)!
Q: I missed the production boot disk when I installed, I want to have a bootdisk how to do?
Command uname -a allows you to see how much your system is, generally expressed as ... kernel 2.x.xx-xx ..., then you can put a blank (of course, there is data) ,) The floppy disk is placed in the floppy drive, don't get used to soft drive! Direct command mkbootdisk - DEvice / dev / fd0 2.x.xx-xx is OK.
Q: boot: What are the following options? What does it mean?
Boot: Text Start Text Mode Setup (I don't know my Linux version)
Whether this is supported by computer graphics, it is highly recommended to use this mode; high efficiency installation mode)
Boot: NOFB This option allows you to use a grante installer (if you have problems in the graphics installation interface, you can try this option)
Boot: Linux MediaCheck Tests the integrity of the ISO image inspection (Little Red Hat 7.3 ISO file embedded MD5SUM, you can check the value test)
Boot: Linux NOPROBE installer does not correctly detect your hardware device to boot into expert mode (you can use Boot: Text NOPROBE, you can choose to load driver options when installing)
Boot: Linux Console = Perial Mode mode is installed in the Serial Mode (also can use boot: Linux text console =, Device is TTYS0 or TTYS1 you are using)
Boot: Linux Mem = 128M Let Linux recognize all of your RAM (can also use Boot: Linux text mem = 128m, if Linux can not recognize all your memory, you can do this)
Boot: Linux HDX = CDROM // x value is: A First primary IDE device, B first idE device, C second primary IDE device, D second time Ide device If your ATAPI optical drive cannot be If you find, please specify a location.
Boot: Linux Rescue enters the rescue mode, and rescue when the system crashes. Boot: Linux Single enters single-mode, single mode easy to use the system administrator root to use the password, because there is security problem, the server will generally modify the boot profile make it unable to use Single.
Boot: Expert enters the expert mode, the expert mode does not check most of the hardware, but allow you to choose the driver at the time of installation.
Boot: LowRes Start 640x480 resolution mode with graphics
Q: How to guide the installer from MS-DOS?
Start entering the MS-DOS mode,
A: /> E: Enter the optical drive E disk,
E: /> E: /DOSUTILS/AUTOOOT.BAT Enters the Enter. (Use this method to solve the use of this method directly from the CD-ROM drive or use non-ISO hard drive installation)
Q: How do I install Linux from the SCSID drive?
If you have a SCSI CD drive, you may not find the optical drive when you are detected, the installer will ask and let you choose an SCSI driver, select the most recent driver with your adapter (mostly supported).
Q: How do I determine which installation type should I choose?
Workstation, if you are a newcomer or need a graphical interface, you can use the workstation installation mode; server (server), the system has the appropriate server function module, based on system security factors, the default state is not It will be added to this mode; portable computer (laptop), settings for the features required for laptops; custom (Customer), you can define your system, you can define the features of your own types or completely installed; upgrade Update), when your system is important and you want to install the new version to your computer, use this type.
Q: Why do you reasonably partition when installing Linux?
Workstation, / boot is 50m, / partition size is self-defined according to the installation package; server, / boot is 50m, / for 384m, / usr stores local user configuration, program files, depending on the need to define the size; / Home Store all user data File, depending on the need to define the size; / var is 256M, store the log. Custom installation is convenient for multi-system coexistence, you can use partition mode such as workstations.
Q: SWAP partition size?
There is a passage that is twice the memory size. But if you already have a RAM of 256M, and the computer's use is just a personal entertainment, learning is used, you don't have to marry the 512M switch area (SWAP), it is recommended to use more than 32m or more below 128m.
Q: Why do I want to use the EXT3 file system format?
The EXT3 file system format is based on EXT2 system, and it has a big advantage that - billing. Using a billing file system reduces the time spent after the crash, because there is no need to run FSCK to verify the file system. Strongly recommended.
Q: What is MBR?
Master Boot Record, each hard disk has such an MBR, which is responsible for the request for the operating system to boot the operating system after the BIOS completes POST. Because of this, no hard disk is not MBR (of course, the MBR destroyed by Cih is just a bad MBR), so, if you want to uninstall GRUB or LILO, you can only use another MBR tool to replace ( FDISK / MBR). Q: LILO launches error message:
No prompt: LILO is not installed or installing the partition of LILO is not activated.
L
LI: LILO The first part is correct but the second part is executed. This is usually the hard disk parameter is incorrect or /boot/boot.b is not re-running the MAP installer after being moved.
LIL: LILO The second part begins, but cannot read the descriptor table from the "MAP" file. This is usually caused by the incorrect media error or disk parameters.
Lil? [/ B]: Lilo loaded in the wrong place. The reason is substantially the same as "Li".
LIL-: Descriptor Table error. Typical reason is that hard disk geometry is subtle or /boot/boot.b is moved without running the MAP installer.
LILO: LILO is correct.
1010101010: Partition situation has changed until reinstall LILO, in addition, overclocking may also come.
Q: How to back up LILO
FDFORMAT / DEV / FD0H1440 (formatted a blank floppy disk)
DD if = / boot / vmlinuz of = / dev / fd0 (replacing VMLinuz with your own kernel file name)
RDEV / DEV / FD0 / DEV / SDA3 (replacing / dev / sda3) with your root partition device
RDEV -R / DEV / FD0 1 (installation root file system into read-only mode)
Role: This time when the system LILO fails, the floppy disk can be used and the hard disk file system is installed.
Q: How to delete LILO in MBR
Start with Windows boot disk, run fdisk / mbr. Or run Lilo -u under Linux
Q: How to reload LILO to MBR
Start with floppy or disc to boot:
System installation: Windows XP, Linux Redhat 7.2
C: / Corresponds to Linux / DEV / HDA
Linux root is Linux / DEV / HDA4
Q: Tip "Kernel PANIC: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on xx: yy" What does it mean?
First, please check Device XX: YY in accordance with the Device Code list; Is it the correct root device? If not, then you may not have rdev -r, or you are the wrong image to perform RDEV -R. If Device Code is correct, please check the Device driver compiled into your kernel carefully. Please make sure it does not support FileSystem.
Q: What does the 0xxxx disk error code prompt at startup?
1,0x00 "Internal error". Generated from the LILO sector reading subroutine. It may be a crucial file to rebuild the Map file. Another reason is perhaps when using the linear parameter to access the cylindrical plane exceeding 1024. 2,0x01 "illegal order". It should not happen, if it appears, means lilo to visit the hard drive that the BIOS does not support. When I organized this document, I met the mist to the L010101 ..., because he put Linux on the second IDE port (/ dev / hdc), plus the Disk parameter.
3,0x02 "Did not find address tag". Usually a media problem, try a few times.
4,0x03 "Write protection". The appearance is only when the write operation is written.
5,0x04 "Sector is not found". Typical causes is that the hard disk parameters do not match.
6, 0x06 "Activation Sequence Change". This should be a short error, try again.
7,0x07 "invalid initialization". BIOS is not properly initialized, and the hot start may be helpful.
8,0x08 "DMA is out of limits". This should not occur, restart.
9, 0x09 "DMA tries to cross the 64K boundary". This should not occur, it is recommended to ignore the Compact parameter.
10,0x0c "invalid media". This should not happen, restart to see.
11,0x10 "CRC error". The medium error was detected. It is recommended to start a few times, run the MAP installer, write the MAP file from the bad block to normal media.
12, 0x11 "ECC correction success". Read the error occurs and then correct, but LILO does not know this situation and terminates the startup process.
13,0x20 "Controller Error". Should not happen.
14,0x40 "Positioning failed". This may be a media problem and try again.
15,0x80 "Disk timeout". Disks or drives are not ready. The medium is broken or the disk is not turned, and if it is started from the floppy disk, it may not be closed.
16, 0XBB "BIOS error". This should not happen, if it occurs repeatedly, consider the removal of the Compact parameter or add / cancel
Q: How to use the Disk Druid tool partition?
It is highly recommended to use PowerQuest PartitionMagic (Hard Distribution Magic) to manage the hard disk partition. The DISK DRUID tool based on the graphical interface is also very operability. You can first remove some partition (dele) and then re-partition your Linux system (multiple system coexisting), you can also have The partition is edited (edit), or you can create a partition of (New). The reset button can restore your original partition status.
Q: How to use FIPS?
The FIPST INTERACTIVE Partition Splitter program is a very powerful MS-DOS tool program that plans a partition on the hard disk without deleting the original data on the hard disk. The program can only split MS-DOS's primary partition and cannot split MS-DOS expansion partitions. The detailed document of FIPS In the Dosutils / FipsDocs directory of the Red Hat CD, it is assumed that all the hard disk partitions before segmented are all distributed to DOS / Windows.
Create a DOS boot disk, copy fips.exe, restorrb.exe, and errors.txt in the CDROM to the floppy disk, we do not recommend using FIPS directly on the hard disk. Before you run the FIPS, please check the hard drive to be divided by using SCANDISK (or Norton's latest NDD) provided by DOS or Windows 95, fixes the error, then use Defrag (Norton's latest version of Speedisk) to re-re- To finish, ensure that the second half of the hard disk does not have any MS-DOS files, note that the program like mirror or image will re-put some files on the last side of the hard disk, please use "Attrib -RS -H Image.IDX" or "Attrib -r -s -h mirorsav.fil "Reforms the properties of these files to read and delete them, and remove image or mirror and other anti-virus programs such as NAV in Autoexec.bat or Config.sys to prevent them from re-file Start the machine to restore the original hard drive partition table. Also, if you want to divide the DoubleSpace, Stacker, you can only divide the host disk of the compression disk when the disk is compressed by DoubleSpace, Stacker, and Drivespace. Next, start the machine with your Detailed FIPS boot disk. Run FIPS When the user launches FIPS, the program allows the user to write backups on the hard disk to the Boot, ROOT zone to the rootboot.00x on the floppy disk (where x represents a number from 0 to 9) files. If any errors occur when using FIPS, the user can boot and execute RestorrB from the floppy disk to restore the original configuration on the hard disk. Please note: If the user uses FIPS more than once (this is generally unnecessary, but may happen), the program will write more than one rootboot file to the floppy disk. RestorrB will make users choose which configuration file to be restored. RESTORRB.000 This file contains the original configuration.
Users must now enter which magnetic column should be started from the new partition. Use the left / right direction keys to increment or decrement counts of magnetic columns. The remaining partitions and the size of the new partition will be displayed in the program, so selecting the correct magnetic column is not difficult for the user. Users can use the up / down direction keys to increment ten magnetic columns at once. After ready, press Enter to continue. After that, you can choose to re-edit the partition table (this will allow the user to reselect the partition) or continue. If the user is type "C", the FIPS will calculate the changed boot partition, check once and prompt whether the user wants to continue. If the user is type "Y", the FIPS will write these changes to the hard disk and end. Restart the machine and use FDISK to see if the new configuration has played. Now, there should be two FAT partitions on your system. The first is your DOS / Windows file system, the second is an empty partition, which can be used as its own partition.
Also, if you have a version of PATIICAGIC 4.0, this is a very professional and powerful partition editing software, you can also use this tool to re-divide your hard drive partition.
Q: How to use fdisk?
FDisk contains a simple and useful online help. This is a tip:
The help command is m.
List the current partition with the P command
Add a partition with N.
The partitioned default type created by Linux fdisk is Linux Native. Don't forget to change the type with T command when you create a partition of the Linux swap type. The value of Linux native is 83. The value of LinuxSwap is 82.fat16 is 6. The list of partition types and corresponding values can be checked with the L command.
Linux allows a hard drive to four partitions. If you want to create more partitions, one must be an Extended partition, which can contain one or more logical partitions. Because the extension partition is a 'container', all its size cannot be less than the sum of the size of the logical partition it contains. You most should write down which file system (such as / usr) that corresponds to the partition (such as / dev / hda2) when creating a partition.
Note: All changes have not taken effect before you use the W command store and exit FDISK. You can exit FDISK with Q commands.
Q: How do I use NFS to install Linux?
If you want to install Red Hat Linux from the NFS server, select 'NFS Image' and select OK. Then, the installer checks your system to try to identify your NIC. Most of the cases will automatically identify your NIC. If you can't do it, you will let you choose a driver that supports your NIC and specifies some of the necessary options.
After configuring your network card, there will be several dialogs to configure your TCP / IP network. The first screen gives you one of the three network methods:
Static IP Address - You must manually set the network information.
Bootp - Network information is automatically provided by BOOTP requests.
DHCP - Network information is automatically provided by DHCP requests.
Please note: Bootp and DHCP selection requires that there is a configured BOOTP (or DHCP) server on your LAN is running.
If you choose Bootp or DHCP, your network configuration will be set automatically, you can skip the rest.
If you choose Static IP Address, you must set your own information. If you are in progress NFS installation, please read it.
The next dialog requires NFS server information. Enter the name or IP address of the NFS server, and the directory name containing the Red Hat Linux CD. For example, the NFS server is equipped with Red Hat Linux CD in / mnt / cdrom, in the Red Hatdirectory domain input / MNT / CDROM. If the NFS output is not a CD but an image of the Red Hat Linux installation tree, enter a directory name containing the Red HAT directory. For example, if your NFS server contains directory / mirrors / red hat / i386 / red hat, input / mirrors / red HAT / i386
After short delay, the next dialog appears and continues to install Red Hat Linux.
Q: How to drive the second network card?
In the Linux system, you can easily use the Configuration Tool NetConf to install the second block, select the second block of network cards in NetConf, device name: Eth1, select its driver module, enter the IO address and IRQ interrupt number, after exiting ,carried out:
/etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart
Q: Solutions after the Root password loss
Solution to start with GRUB:
Start to GRUB -> Press e to enter the editing interface -> In the boot menu root = / dev / hdax plus 1 or SINGLE
-> Press B to enter the single user mode -> Use the passwd command to change your password
Q: How to install Linux in PC?
When the computer system is started, press the DEL key (or f2, depending on the motherboard), enter the CMOS, set the startup item to prioritize, save and exit from the IDE CDROM device. Put the DISK1 of the Linux system installation disk into the CD-ROM drive, RESET your computer, go to the Linux installer. After pressing the Enter key directly, if you have a Linux distribution update, and the version containing XFree86 can support your graphics card, then you will enter the graphics installation interface, like all Window $ users, you can click Next To complete your installation.
Q: Why can't I start X?
First go to http://www.vmware.com/download/ to remove the latest version of the VMwareFor Window $, click "Next" to be installed smoothly. Start the VM to set the relevant RAM size, drive and network card and other devices, start the virtual machine icon you set up to install Linux. Then press the Alt Ctrl button to click on the VM's menu Bar Settings item, select VMware Tools Install ..., return to the virtual machine, Mount / dev / cdrom / mnt / cdrom, you will find it under / mnt / cdrom Called vmware-linux-tools.tar.gz package. #cp /mnt/cdrom/vmware-linux-tools.tar.gz / TMP // You have no way to submit package in / mnt / cdrom
#gunzip /tmp/vmware-linux-tools.tar.gz
#TAR -VFX / TMP/VMware-linux-tools.tar
# / TMP / VMware-Linux-Tools / Install.pl
The system will prompt you to add the previous X configuration file in the back .OLD to save it, recommend [YES]
#startx // If your display card has been supported, enjoyed IT
Q: I have a Linux ISO installation file, what should I install?
You can use the ISO installation file in two ways. The first is to engrave the ISO file to the disc and then install it from the optical drive (see the front); the second is to install directly from the hard disk. First use the software Winiso (assuming your download platform is M $ Window $) to copy the loadin.exe, autoboot.bat and the entire autoboot directory to the same directory where the ISO installation file is stored (strong suggestions). In the root directory), then start with the MS-DOS boot disk, after running the autoboot.bat file, you can specify the location of the installation medium based on the prompt.
Q: I am in the 8.4G extensive Linux system, what does LILO can't boot?
Some BIOS cannot recognize a hard disk greater than 8.4G, and the old LILO cannot identify the system kernel (kenerl) that is greater than 1024 cylindrical. It is therefore possible that the problem is: LILO is loaded into the MBR, and the hard disk partition prepared for Linux is outside the cylinder of 1024, so Linux cannot be booted.
solution:
Maybe you have already installed Linux, don't delete it, you can use it! Ok, start now:
1. Use partitionMagic5.0 to start a 10M EXT2 partition, formatted in the start of the first hard disk. It is best to prepare the partition prepared for Linux, and save the trouble.
2. Boot and RESCUE disk boot system with loadlin or linux. Mount 10m partition - / dev / hda1, suppose I use boot and rescue disk, Mount to / MNT / TMP. Copy / Boot / * and kernel image files to / dev / hda1 in the same directory, edit /etc/lilo.conf, plus the / dev / hda1 MOUNT path before all directories, and install LILO to / DEV / HDA1.
Put the lilo.conf
Boot = / dev / hda
INSTALL = /BOOT / BOT.B
Message = / boot / bootmsg
MAP = / boot / map
Image = /BOOT /VMLINUZ-2.2.13
change into
Boot = / dev / hda1
Install = / mnt/tmp/boot/boot.bmessage = / mnt / tmp / boot / bootmsg
MAP = / mNT / TMP / BOOT / MAP
Image = / mnt/tmp/boot/vmlinuz-2.2.13
Call the lilo -v command and reinstall LILO.
Note: In fact, today, today's release Linux tape, the above method is really "very" old. You just need to add LBA32 in lilo.conf.
Moreover, use GRUB ~ Beautiful
Q: How to re-restore the startup interface?
If your Linux's root is / dev / hda1
Start Linux with the start disk (the installation disk is available)
In Linux: Back Enter
VMLinuz root = / dev / hda1
Then enter the system and execute LILO.
Q: Re-restore the startup interface with GRUB
1) Start Linux with the start disk (the installation disk is possible)
In boot: back
Grub -Install / dev / hda1
2) Take RedHat 7.3 as an example]
1. Put the first place of the mounting disk in the CD drive, then restart the machine, and boot the system in BOIS.
2. After the installation interface comes out, press the [F4] button, which is Linux Rescue mode.
3. A series of keyboards and several simple formulations, [Continue] afterwards. . . This process, I don't say it, it is relatively simple.
4. Then there will be such characters
SH #
5. We can operate GRUB. . . what. . . As long as there is such an example, it is a small Kiss, I just don't say, no one can understand, the earth people know. . . .
SH # grub
There will be such characters
GRUB>
We can enter behind this character.
Grub> root (hdx, y)
GRUB> Setup (HD0)
If success, there will be a successful ...
Here, if it is a disk, it is 0. If the root partition of Linux you install is on the second hard disk, that X is 1; Y, is the root partition where the Linux system is located. Setup (HD0) is to write GRUB to the MBR of the hard disk.
Let me give an example, if I take my hard drive as an example. I installed XP on the first hard drive, put RH73 in the first hard disk. I have two hard drives. If I lost GRUB, I used this way to find it. If you don't know which partition is installed in your Linux, that is, don't know how much this Y is, this is not tight, first enter root (hdx, then use [Tab] to view, you will understand ...
The operation is as follows: [There is an explanation above the front boot]
SH # grub
The following words will appear
GRUB>
Then you do this, if I know that my Linux is on the first hard disk, but I don't know which partition is installed, you can enter root (HD0, then use the [Tab] button to make up, then understand .
GRUB> root (HD0, 8)
GRUB> Setup (HD0)
3)
Grub> cat (hd0, 0) /Root/grub/grub.conf (to see parameters.)
GRUB> root (HD0, 1)
Grub> kernel (HD0, 0) /BOOT/VMLINUZ-2.4.18-11 RO root = label = /
GRUB> Initrd (HD0, 0) /Boot/initrd-2.4.18-11.imggrub> boot
Q: How to set the resolution of the graphical interface?
There are two methods:
Execute the Xconfigurator plenary screen. Then choose OK Enter, and the program automatically finds the graphics. OK, the display list appears, select the display type, or select the Custom from defining a display. Next, select the memory size, and one window that appears later is the configuration of the identification clock, and the NO Clockchip Setting is selected. Then OK, then select three groups of color and resolution, then select OK Enter, then test it. The last Yes and NO are asking you to get directly to X for the next time. Yes ok again.
Or directly change / etc / x11 / xf86config-4 and / etc / x11 / xf86config file!
Use the right key to select the above file, select the high-level editor (of course, you can edit with the vi command in the command line), modify the last few lines of the file:
Modes "800x600" --- is a visual analysis
Virtual 800 600 --- The size of the virtual desktop
Q: How to set the refresh rate of the graphical interface? (Note: Please be careful!)
If you use redhat, your x window profile is
/ ETC / X11 / XF86Config
Slackware's X WINDOW configuration file is
/ etc / xf86config
In that file, you will see something like this:
# 640x400 @ 70 HZ, 31.5 kHz Hsync
Modeline "640x400" 25.175 640 664 760 800 400 409 411 450
# 640x480 @ 60 hz, 31.5 kHz hsync
Modeline "640x480" 25.175 640 664 760 800 480 491 493 525
# 800x600 @ 56 HZ, 35.15 kHz Hsync
Modeline "800x600" 36 800 824 896 1024 600 601 603 625
# 1024x768 @ 87 Hz Interlaced, 35.5 kHz Hsync
Modeline "1024x768" 44.9 1024 1048 1208 1264 768 776 784 817
Interlace
# 640x480 @ 72 HZ, 36.5 kHz Hsync
Modeline "640x480" 31.5 640 680 720 864 480 488 491 521
# 800x600 @ 60 Hz, 37.8 kHz Hsync
Modeline "800x600" 40 800 840 968 1056 600 601 605 628
HSYNC VSYNC
# 800x600 @ 72 HZ, 48.0 kHz Hsync
Modeline "800x600" 50 800 856 976 1040 600 637 643 666
HSYNC VSYNC
# 1024x768 @ 60 HZ, 48.4 kHz Hsync
Modeline "1024x768" 65 1024 1032 1176 1344 768 771 777 806
-HSync -Vsync
# 1024x768 @ 70 hz, 56.5 kHz hsync
Modeline "1024x768" 75 1024 1048 1184 1328 768 771 777 806
-HSync -Vsync
# 1280x1024 @ 87 hz interlaced, 51 kHz hsync
Modeline "1280x1024" 80 1280 1296 1512 1568 1024 1025 1037 1165
Interlace
# 1024x768 @ 76 hz, 62.5 kHz Hsync
Modeline "1024x768" 85 1024 1032 1152 1360 768 784 787 823
# 1280x1024 @ 61 HZ, 64.2 kHz Hsync
Modeline "1280x1024" 110 1280 1328 1512 1712 1024 1025 1028 1054
# 1280x1024 @ 74 hz, 78.85 kHz hsync
Modeline "1280x1024" 135 1280 1312 1456 1712 1024 1027 1030 1064
# 1280x1024 @ 76 hz, 81.13 kHz hsync
Modeline "1280x1024" 135 1280 1312 1416 1664 1024 1027 1030 1064
These things control this setting, such as
The following row of comments say that the resolution is 1280x1024, the refresh rate is 76 Hz, the sap frequency is 81.13 kHz
# 1280x1024 @ 76 hz, 81.13 kHz hsync
Below this line of specific settings display card:
Modeline "1280x1024" 135 1280 1312 1416 1664 1024 1027 1030 1064
The significance of each project in this line is as follows: (from left to right)
Mode line, resolution, pixel frequency (MHz), per linear image element, row synchronization (blanking) pulse start clock cycle, row synchronization (blanking) pulse ends clock cycle, each row clock cycle The number of images rows per frame, the scan line of the frame synchronization pulse, the scan line of the frame synchronous pulse end, the number of scan lines per frame.
Adjusting these numbers You can maximize your display cards and displays, for example, your display card has a megaby memory, you can set it to 1152x900 resolution. It is necessary to carefully check the scanning frequency allowed by your monitor, and some monitors will burn the scanning transistor after receiving excessive scan sync pulses.
The next question is what the cell frequency can be used in your display card. For example, the above line requires 135MHz, but your card is only 125 megahertz, what should I do? [/ B] Alternate, use Emacs or Vi to put 135 It is finished to 125.
If you have multiple modes lines in your profile, you can use the lower mode rows of other frequencies to be sealed, leaving only the frequency you want to change the frequency. .
Of course, you can also adjust the XvidTune software with XF86
Q: My 256M memory is not all used by Linux, what should I do?
You can join a line Append = "MEM = 256M" transfer parameter to the system to send parameters to the system Fully identify your big memory.
Q: When installing the system, the XXX XXX Signal 11 Error is interrupted and the installation is installed?
The error tips for Signal 11 may be because of hardware errors in your system bus memory. Memory hardware errors may be caused by executable files, or the system's hardware issues (such as the ability of the CD-ROM drive). Please find the latest version of the image file. If you still can't resolve the problem, try to close the CPU cache in the BIOS or turn your memory position or change your memory. Q: First install Linux and then load Window $ XP. After booting with the Linux BootDisk floppy disk, the following prompt appears:
......
Mounting root filesystem
VFS: Can't Find Ext3 FileSystem on dev IDE0 (3, 7)
MOUN: Error 22 Mounting EXT3
Pivotroot: Pivot_Root (/ sysroot, / sysroot / initrd) failed: 2
Freeing unused kernel memory
280k freed
KERNEL PANIC: NO INIT FOUND. TRY PASSING INIT = Option to Kernel.
What should I do? [/ B]
This is because XP has changed the partition table after installation. You can start the computer with Linux bootdisk when you installed, then boot: add a "Linux root = / dev / hdyx" (Note: Y is A, B, C, D, X is natural), you can be in syslinux A sentence in the head prompt is found in the line), because the partition table has been changed, so you can pass the position of the boot disk default / root as a parameter to the kernel, this time the value of x should be (x-1 or x 1). After starting, you will find that you can't activate SWAP, there is no relationship, you can modify / etc / fstab, and add "(/ dev / hdyx) swap swap default 0 0" X value plus 1 or minus 1, prior you only Need MOUNT, the system will tell you "It Seems A Swap". Finally, you have to recover the multi-system booting with LILO or GRUB, remember to change the items in the / root location 哟 ~, there is also the most important thing, don't forget to re-mkbootdisk - DEVICE / DEV / FD0 XX XX-X is a new bootdisk!
Q: I have installed WINDOW $ 2000 / XP, now I still want to install Linux, what should I do?
If you already know how to install Linux (Of course, I don't know, please see the front of FAQ), you are afraid of the main problem when booting. Suppose you don't want GRUB or LILO to destroy your WinLoader without putting the boot assembly ("no installation", instead of being installed in the first sector!), If you have trusted GRUB or LILO, please restart on your computer. After using the boot disk you made when you install Linux, launch the Linux system, log in as root
# Grub-install / dev / hda // Install GRUB, assume your hard disk location is IDE0
# LILO -V / / Install LILO, if you have any version of GRUB, you don't recommend LILO for novices.
If you know that third-party software can boot in the first sector Linux system boot, and you have installed GRUB or LILO on the first sector when installing, then you should also know that 2K / XP is allowed A multi-system boot mirror is available on the root location of the system disk. Similarly, start with your Linux boot disk, then log in to the root # mount -t vfat / dev / hda1 / mnt / vfat // put the C disk to any one
# DD if = / dev / hda4 bs = 512 count = 1 of = / mnt / vfat / linux.lnx // Assume your boot on / dev / hda4
# umount / mnt / vfat
Start entering 2000 / XP, modify the boot.ini file (XP can edit directly in the system properties)
Add a C: /Linux.lnx= "My Linux Loader Here"
Save and exit, start the next time you will see WinLoader can boot Linux.
Q: How to guide multiple Linux systems?
It is very difficult to use LILO boot multi Linux system (in fact, third-party boot procedures is also very good). The following describes how to use GRUB to boot multiple Linux systems on the same hard disk. The configuration file used by GRUB is grub.conf.
# more /boot/grub/grub.conf // You can see your grub's detailed profile
Then you will find that it is actually a very simple thing to boot the multi-Linux system on the same hard disk. It should be noted that when you install the second Linux, don't load any Linux system bootstrap (LILO / GRUB)! Because you will boot it using the first Linux boot program. After the installation is complete, just copy the guidance item in the GRUB once, modify its details parameters OK. I wrote my grub.conf, let's take a look.
# ......
# This symbol is used to comment out
# ......
# Boot = / dev / hda
Default = 0
TIMEOUT = 99
SplashImage = (HD0, 6) /BOOT /GRUB/SPLASH.XPM.GZ
# This is the beginning of a guiding item, guiding the small red cap
Title Redhat Linux 7.3
Root (HDA0, 5)
Kernel /Boot/vmlinuz-2.4.18-3 Ro root = / dev / hda6
Initrd /Boot/initrd-2.4.18-3.img
# 以下 below The following guidance item Please mount to the area to view the record, otherwise you can't boot!
# Guide XTeam
Title Xteam Linux 2.4
Root (HDA0, 7)
Kernel /Boot/vmlinuz-2.4.8 rtm Ro root = / dev / hda8
INITRD /BOOT/INITRD-2.4.8 tM.img
# Guide Mandrake
Title Mandrake Linux 8.0
Root (HDA0, 8)
Kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.16-3mdk Ro root = / dev / hda9
Initrd /Boot/initrd-2.4.16-3mdk.img
# Boot Window $
Title Microsoft Window $ 2K Pro / Data Center
Rootnoverify (HD0, 0)
ChainLoader 1
Q: What is the difference between I386, I586, and I686 and other versions
I386, I586, I686 refer to microprocessors for Intel i386, i586, and i686 compatible instruction sets. In general, the higher levels of machines accept lower grade RPM files. You can query your CPU level through / proc / cpuinfo. Q: GRUB usage:
1. Install GRUB
I use GRUB is a GRUB installation package belt with RedHat7.3: grub-0.90-11.i386.rpm
Installation: rpm -ivh grub-0.90-11.i386.rpm
Other installation methods are the same, as long as you are installed on GRUB. RH7.2 Default GRUB, 1, 2 steps
Province.
2. Establish a GRUB environment
CP / USR / Share / Grub / I386-Redhat / * / boot / grub
3. Generate a GRUB configuration file /BOOT /GRUB /MENU.CONF
The contents of menu.conf are as follows:
######### Beginning of menu.conf ####################
DEFAULT = 1
TIMEOUT = 4
# SplashImage = (HD0, 3) /BOOT/grub/splash.xpm.gz # wants to start the screen, go to the head "#"
Title Red Hat Linux (2.4.12)
Root (HD0, 3)
Keernel /Boot/vmlinuz-2.4.12 Ro root = / dev / hda4
Title Red Hat Linux (2.4.14)
Root (HD0, 3)
Kernel /Boot/vmlinuz-2.4.14 Ro root = / dev / hda4
######### End of menu.conf ##########################
There are two kernels, the first is a stable kernel to ensure the second core (just compiled) start.
When you fail, you can guide the system. In addition, this menu.conf did not set Password, the security role, the most
Good plus, how to add, look at the manual.
Note, my Linux is in / dev / hda4, so menu.conf is (HD0, 3),
You may not be the same, you can't completely "painted scoop"! Hereinafter, the partition of the third step in Install
The location should also be consistent with your system.
3. Install GRUB to Linux partition boot
Install the GRUB's Stage1 to the Boot sector (HD0, 3) of / dev / hda4. The process is as follows:
/ sbin / grub (running GRUB)
GRUB> Install (HD0, 3) / Boot / Grub / Stage1 D (HD0, 3) / Boot / Grub / Stage2 P
(HD0, 3) /BOOT /GRUB / MeNU.conf
(Note that "GRUB>" is a prompt of GRUB, and the content is written on one line.)
4. Get the Boot information of GRUB
The process is as follows:
DD IF = / dev / hda4 of = / grub.lnx BS = 512 count = 1
This gives the GRUB boot information, as long as it is loaded with NT Loader.
5. Grub.lnx you get to get on the root directory of Windows C drive
You can make Grub.lnx on the floppy disk, then start Windows, copy to C: /; the case can be directly
Copy to C: under Linux. My C disk (ie equipment / dev / hda1) is FAT32, you can directly get it directly from Linux
Over the past. As follows:
Mount -t vfat / dev / hda1 / mnt / c
Cp /grub.lnx / mnt / c
Umount / MNT / C
6. Modify the Boot.ini of NT Loader
Join one line: c: /grub.lnx= "redhat linux - grub"
The content of Boot.ini is as follows:
[boot loader]
TIMEOUT = 5
Default = C: /Boot.lnx
[Operating Systems]
Multi (0) Disk (0) rdisk (0) Partition (1) / PNT40W = "Windows XP
.00
Multi (0) Disk (0) rdisk (0) Partition (1) / PNT40W = "Windows XP
.00
[VGA Mode] "/ Basevideo / SOS
C: /grub.lnx= "Redhat Linux - GRUB"
OK. You can load Linux with NT Loader, in fact, the above process is basically and loaded with NT Loader LILO.
Like. The basic idea is to load LILO or GRUB guidance area (GRUB.LNX) with NT Loader, where
The key is the acquisition of Lilo or GRUB's boot area, I like to install them on the Linux root partition, then use
DD acquires this guidance partition information (ie the first sector of the partition), which stores a file, put it in Windows C: / under,
Add the appropriate guidance instruction line in Boot.ini.
Q: How to install the sound card?
Run SNDCONFIG or SETUP in character mode, if this is not yet, download the sound card configuration tool ALSA (ALSA Toolkit includes ALSA-Driver-0.5.10b.tar.bz2, AlSa-lib-0.5.10b.tar.bz2 ,
ALSA-UTILS-0.5.10b.tar.bz2, 0.5.10 is the version number. ) Install in the order of DRIVE, LIB, and UTIL. You can also download the OSS toolkit to configure your sound card.
(OSS Installation Guide: http://www.linuxeden.com/edu/doctext.php? docid = 1974;
ALSA installation configuration AC 97 sound card: http://www.linuxeden.com/edu/doctext.php? Docid = 1251)
Q: How to install a graphics card?
Use Setup or Xconfigurator. If you can't find your graphics card and display, you can choose the replacement of the indicator. You can also use your XFree or go to the manufacturer's website to find for Linux drivers.
(Drive I810 graphics card: http://www.linuxeden.com/edu/doctext.php? Docid = 1248)
How to drive Intel i740 graphics card?
If your Linux can't identify I740, you can do this:
1) Download a new graphics card database and I740 XBF driver:
Xf86config-glibc-1.0.0.i386.tgz and xfcomi740.tgz
2) Unzip these two packs, cover the original directory:
TAR XVFZ /TMP/XF86Config*.tgz
TAR XVFZ /TMP/XFcomi740.tgz
3) Perform CP / USR / X11R6 / BIN / XFCM_I740 / USR / X11R6 / BIN / XF86_XBF_I740;
4) Configuration with XF86Config: Display horizontal scan frequency selection 6; vertical refresh frequency selection 2; when selecting 311 (ie, I740); graphics card server type selection 5;
5) If the configuration is complete, run startX.
How to drive SAVAGE4 graphics card?
1) Download the SAVAGE2000 driver to www.linhardware.com;
2) Unlock the driver using the TAR-XVFZ file name;
3) After decompression, you can see five files, one of which is XF86_svga; 4) Backup / usr / x11r6 / bin / xf86_svga, then copy new XF86_svga to this directory, replace this file;
5) Run the XF86Config configuration, no graphics card, when selecting X-Server, select 3 (which is SVGA), and does not detect;
6) After completing, run startX -bpp32, you can.
How to drive SAVAGE3D graphics card?
1) to ftp.lib.pku.edu.cn/incoming/savagex Download the SAVAGE3D graphics driver: Savagex_0_1_4.tar.gz;
2) Unzip this program, replace the original file of / usr / x11r6 / bin with new XF86_svga;
3) When running Xconfigurator, select Unlisted Card when configuring the graphics, then select XServer as SVGA;
4) After the completion, run the StartX to run the X-win.
Universal graphics drive method
Since the graphics card manufacturer supports limited, it is a problem that drives the graphics card under Linux. In order to solve this problem, Linux 2.2.x The above version provides a new solution --- use the Frame Buffer device, with the VESA VBE 2.0 standard, with the graphics SVGA feature, with Xfree86 XF86_FBDEV, drive your graphics. This can indeed help you.
1) Confirm that you have XF86_FBDEV files, if not downloaded from ftp.xfree86.org;
2) Perform "MKNOD / DEV / FB0 C 29 0" to establish a Frame Buffer device;
3) Modify the /etc/lilo.conf file, join:
Image = /BOOT/VMLINUZ-2.2.5-FB (new compiled kernel)
Label = Linuxfb (launch mark, available)
Root = / dev / hda2 (other part of lilo.conf)
VGA = 0x314 (display mode, refer to the following table)
Attachment: display mode table
640x480 800x600 1024x768 1280x1024
256 color 0x301 0x303 0x305 0x307
32K color 0x310 0x313 0x316 0x319
64k color 0x311 0x314 0x317 0x31a
16M color 0x312 0x315 0x318 0x31b
4) Execute / Sbin / LILO to make the configuration take effect, then restart the system to start the system with a new kernel. Of course, if your kernel has already supported it, there is no need to do this, plus VGA = that line.
5) Next, the configuration of Frame Buffer Server: Refer to the configuration of the VGA in / etc / x11 / xf86config, add a Screen section, as shown below:
Section "Screen"
Driver "fbdev"
Device "My Video Card"
Monitor "MAG XJ500T"
Subsection "Display" DEPTH 16 (deep, must be consistent with the color depth of the displayed display mode)
MODES "default"
Viewport 0 0
Endsubsection
Endsection
6) Point X to XF6_FBDEV:
CD / ETC / X11
MV X.bat
Ln -Snf / usr / x11r6 / bin / xf86_fbdev x
Q: How to install a network card?
Configure your network card and network environment with NetConf and NetConfig. The general network card can be selected as the NE2000 compatible network card.
Www.linuxaid.com.cn/support/showFom.jsp?i=665
How to drive D-LINK DE220 NIC?
D-LINK's DE220 is a cost-effective, supported ISA network card for plug-and-play. But it is precisely because of the plug-and-play function, it will encounter some trouble under Linux:
1) In the DOS environment, it is set to non-PNP with a tool setup in the Drive of the DE220 NIC.
2) Get its IO address and interrupt number in the Windows control panel, in general, the IO address is 240, the interrupt number is 10;
3) Start Linux, after logging in, execute "NetConf", set the first network card to Enable, the device is called Eth0, the module is NE, the IO address is 0x240, IRQ is 10;
4) After the deployment is exited, run /etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart.
How to drive D-Link DFE530 TX NIC?
The D-Link 530 TX network card is a cost-effective 10M / 100M adaptive PCI network card, which has a wide range of user groups, and Linux is not listed in the list in the installation wizard.
In fact, general Linux already contains the drive module of this NIC: Tulip.o, you can perform "Insmod Tulip" to complete the NIC installation.
How to drive D-LINK DFE540 TX NIC?
If your network card is D-Link DFE540 TX, do not choose the NIC when installing, otherwise some unnecessary trouble may be caused.
1) Under http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux/d...r/src/tulip;
2) Perform the following command to build Tulip.o:
#CD / USR / SRC / TULIP
#gcc -dmodversions -dmodule -d__kernel__ -wall -wstrict-prototypes -o6 -c tulip.c
3) Execute insmod tulip.o;
4) Execute /etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart to make the NIC take effect.
How to drive Davicom 9201 NIC?
Davicom 9201 PCI network card cannot be done directly when installing Linux. In fact, most Linux distributions provide this network card drive module - DMFE.O, if your machine is also this network card, you can have a short network card configuration when you install Linux, install the boot system, login After the execution: "Insmod DMFE" command adds a drive module, then execute "/etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart".
Process articles
Q: What is the dependency (dependency) of the RPM package installation?
RPM's full name is Redhat Packages Management, when you install an RPM package with the rpm command, you will prompt you a package or .o filemust be installed by xxxxx, this is the dependency problem installed by the RPM package. The solution is very simple, follow the system prompts you have not installed the first installation. If you encounter, if you rely on B, B is also dependent on A, use parameters - Nodeps, forcing RPM does not check the dependency installation of the installation file. Q: How to use rpm and tar (installation method for packages)
RPM:
1) Display progress when installing the RPM package: Use -VH parameters, such as rpm -ivh ipchains-1.3.6-1.i386.rpm, do not have to be used with GLINT or XRPM.
2) Install the RPM package directly by FTP: RPM -IFTP: //ftp.xxx.xxx;
3) Check all RPM packages to find lost files: rpm -va
4) Find a file which rpm package belongs to: RPM -QF / USR / BIN / WHO
5) List the description of an RPM package: for example: rpm -qpi mon-0.37j-1.i386.rpm
6) List the file information of an RPM package: for example: rpm -qpl mon-0.37j-1.i386.rpm
7) Install all RPM files in the same directory: for example: rpm -uvh * .rpm
8) Install all RPM files in the same directory, regardless of dependency:, for example: rpm -uvh *.rpm --force --Nodeps
Tar:
TAR ZVFX XXX.TGZ / XXX.TAR.GZ expands this package in the current directory
TAR ZVFT XXX.TGZ / XXX.TAR.GZ only test does not expand
TAR ZVFX XXX.TGZ / XXX.TAR.GZ -C / New DIR is started after the / new DIR directory
TAR ZVFC XXX.TGZ / XXX.TAR.GZ / TEST Pack all files under the / Test directory into test.tgz
Q: Use CDs and floppy disks
Mount -t ext2 / dev / fd0 / mnt / floppy (mounted floppy disk with Linux file system)
Mount -t vfat / dev / fd0 / mnt / floppy (mounted FAT32 file system floppy disk)
Under normal circumstances, you can use: mount / mnt / floppy
Mounting CDs: mount / mnt / cdrom (Remember: To uninstall first before the custom disk and floppy disk, use the command umount)
Q: redhatlinux7.x Chinese method
download:
www.linuxsir.org/software/fm-1.2.tar.gz
#TAR XVFZ FM-1.2.Tar.gz
#CD FM-1.2
#. / fm.sh
Restart
# TTFM.SH --ADD SIMSUN.TTTF (SIMSUN font in the current directory, if you use the Win2K's Song, the SIMSUM.TTC is named simsun.ttf)
Q: Optimize the virtual console
Edit / etc / inittab file
Most Linux issued suits have established six virtual console, actually three already enough, and can save valuable memory space. Edit / etc / inittab file, three below
Row of front plus #.
4: 2345: Respawn: / sbin / mingetty tty4
5:2345: Respawn: / sbin / mingetty tty5
6: 2345: Respawn: / sbin / mingetty TTY6
Q: Using up to 23 virtual console (VT) assumptions you have 6, which is simply followed by the files of / etc / inittab, join
8:234: Respawn: / sbin / getty 38400 TTY8
24: 234: Respawn: / sbin / getty 38400 TTY24
To skip VT7 because X uses this terminal. The Telinit Q then reload the configuration file. Use the left Alt Fn to switch between 1-6 and 8-12, switch between 13-24 using the right Alt Fn key
Q: Read the Windows directory at the command
Edit /etc/mtools.conf file
Under normal circumstances, it is installed in our own machine. Two operating systems are installed. By installing the MTools package, you can implement file systems without installing the corresponding file system, allowing file systems between MSDOS, Windows 98 and Linux. Read, write, move, display, etc. Suppose Windows 98 is installed under / dev / hda1, / dev / hda5 partition, modify the /etc/mstools.conf file, add the following:
Drive C: file = "/ dev / hda1"
Drive D: file = "/ dev / hda5"
This will execute MDIR C: and other commands.
Q: Copy various configuration files
According to the purpose of the machine, edit the corresponding profile, for example: Samba profile /etc/smb.conf, domain name server configuration file, DHCP configuration file
/etc/dhcpd.conf, etc. Under normal circumstances, once these files are configured, they rarely change, which can save a lot of time. Note that the original configuration file must be backed up, if
The configuration file is changed to make a backup!
Q: How to install a new kernel?
Under the / usr / src / linux directory (generally this directory, there are exceptions, and the specific situation will see the core program) under the / usr / src.
Have a six steps: (I take a long time every step, please wait)
Make MrProper (used to eliminate the effects of the original compilation)
Make Menuconfig (can be used in config, xconfig)
Make Dep
Make Bzimage
Make Modules (if you set up a module)
Make modules-install
CP / USR / SRC / Linux / Arch / I386 / Boot / Bzimage / Boot /
vi /etc/lilo.conf
Modify Lilo.conf, add (or modify)
Image = / boot / bzimage
Label = Linux
Read-only
Root = / dev / hdxx linux location partition
The storage is launched, running Lilo, if everything is OK, you can use NFS.
Q: Customize your login information
Edit /etc/rc.local file
If you need to customize your login information, pay attention to modify the /etc/rc.d/rc.local file, because each execution /etc/rc.d/rc.local file, you need to modify / etc / Issue with
/etc/issue.net file, you can note these commands, edit customize your own / etc / Issue file, speed up the Linux boot process, and add the following:
Echo "Base = 0xD8000000 size = 0x800000 Type = Write-combining" >> / proc / mtrr # enable Numlock
For tty in / dev / tty [1-3]; do
SETLEDS -D NUM <$ TTY
DONE
Description: Please see /usr/src/linux/documentation/mtrr.txt files for the first line of command.
Q: How to speed up the running speed of Linux?
By default, Linux is a DMA read and write method that does not open the hard disk. We can open manually:
HDPARM -D1 -X66 / DEV / HDA / / Open UDMA2 Transfer Mode
HDPARM -C1 / DEV / HDA // Turn on IDE 32-bit Transmission Mode
HDPARM -K1 / DEV / HDA // is still valid after restart
You can add these two sentences to the /etc/rc.d/rc.local file to automatically run when the system starts.
Test the hard disk read and write rate before and optimized with HDPARM -T / DEV / HDA
HDPARM -I / DEV / HDA View Hard Drive Settings Information
Q: How to make it not automatically enter XWindow when starting?
Modify /etc/inittab.conf
ID: 5: ... become
ID: 3: ... you can!
Q: How to get from xwindow to the console?
CTRL Alt F1 ... F6
Where F7, F8 is used by xwindow. such as:
StartX
Is the use of CTRL Alt F7
STARTX -: 2
Is the use of Ctrl Alt F8
Q: Several methods of loading a Windows partition under Linux
1) Manual loading
Suppose you want to load is a G disk in Windows, you can build a G directory in Linux / mnt directory (/ MNT is Linux specifically to load various storage devices, there is a FLOPPY by default. ) And CDROM (optical drive) two directory, HDA1 is C:, the logical partition starts from HDA5, and the general D: is HDA5, afterwards. Specific you can view partitions with CFDisk under Linux)
You can also use LinuxConf to mount your Windows partition, enter LinuxConf at the command prompt, select Access Local Drive under File System, add your new assembly point
#mount -o iocharset = CP936 / DEV / HDA8 / MNT / G
("Mount" is a command, "- o iocharset = cp936" is a parameter, use this parameter, after loading a partition, not only read and write files, but also display the Chinese long file name normally. "DEV / HDA8 "is the name of the G disk in Linux, which is placed as a device in / dev directory," / mnt / g "is the target directory of the G disk. The whole command means" dev / hda8 " (G disk) is hidded to the "/ mnt / g" directory, and the Chinese long file name can be displayed to read and write files.)
2) Semi-automatic loading
On the desktop, right-click, select "Application Link" in the pop-up menu, enter your own name (such as "Loading G"), switch to "Execute" in the Text Input box of the "General" tab) Tab, enter "Mount -O IoCharset = CP936 / DEV / HDA8 / MNT / G" in the "Command" input box, select the "Run in the terminal" check box, point "OK" to exit. Click the "Load G disk" icon on the desktop, the terminal window flashes, the G disk can be loaded. 3) Fully automatic loading
Use any text editor to open the FSTAB file under the / ECT directory, add "/ dev / hda8 / mnt / g vfat defaults, IOCHARSET = CP936 0 0" to the last line, and exit after saving. The G disk is automatically loaded each time you restart your system. Description: "vfat" indicates that the FAT32 file system is loaded. If it is "MSDOS", the FAT16 file system, "NTFS" is NT's NTFS file system.
Q: My life is in the KDE why there is only some question mark in the FAT partition, what should I do?
Edit your / etc / fstab file Add a line
/ dev / hda1 / mnt / c vfat ocharset = GB2312, umask = 0, CODEPAGE = 936 0 0
Mount your C drive when starting. Of course, since you can certainly use the same interactive command to realize the identification of Chinese on the disc.
# mount -t ISO9600 -O IOCHARSET = GB2312, umask = 0, CODEPAGE = 936 / dev / cdrom / mnt / cdrom
Q: How to put your USB mobile disk into Linux
1) Enter the following command in the character mode or in the KONSOLE:
FDisk -l / dev / sda Note: Do not add the cords "*" or "?" after the SDA, otherwise the information returned after the command will be abnormal. If you have multiple USB hard drives, they are SDA, SDB, SDC, etc. in Linux.
I am running on my computer to return the information as follows:
DISK / DEV / SDA: 2 Heads, 63 Sectors, 512 Cylinders
Units = cylinders of 126 * 512 BYTES
Device Boot Start End Blocks ID SYSTEM
/ DEV / SDA1 * 1 511 32161 4 FAT16 <32M
Note: Displaying my U disk, the location is / dev / sda1, can be started (the * below the * represents the active partition), the size is 32MB. If the information returned by the above command is not similar to the above, then you should doubt if your USB port is not open in the BIOS or the U disk is not connected to the computer's physical connection.
2) Create a directory for the U disk in / mnt directory:
MKDIR / MNT / USBDisk
3) Then run the mount command:
Mount -t vfat / dev / sda1 / mnt / usbdisk Note: Mount your U disk into the / mnt / usbdisk directory.
4) Run the ls command to check:
LS / MNT / USBDisk Note: View the information in the U disk.
Q: The window moves, KDE is dead!
The problem of the death of the Drag KDE is basically confirmed as a bug supported by KDE to XIM. To "Control Center -> View -> Window Behavior -> Mobile" to solve this problem
Q: After the installation of Linux, what is the big pile in the root directory?
/ bin: Store the most common command;
/ boot: Start the core file of Linux; / dev: device file;
/ etc: store various profiles;
/ HOME: User Home Directory;
/ lib: The most basic dynamic link sharing library of the system;
/ MNT: Generally, it is used to mount other file systems;
/ proc: The virtual directory is a mapping of memory;
/ sbin: System Administrator Command Staves Directory;
/ usr: The largest directory, survival application and file;
/ usr / x11r6: x-window directory;
/ usr / src: Linux source code;
/ usr / include: system header file;
/ usr / lib: Storage common dynamic link sharing library, static archive;
/ usr / bin, / usr / sbin: This is a supplement to / bin, / sbin;
Q: How to use VI
You can use vi to edit a file file, which is the most popular text processing tool in UNIX, almost all UNIX machines have this editor.
1) Start VI: Execute "VI file name", start the VI in the command state, you can enter a variety of VI commands, can not be edited;
2) Stock: W, save exit: WQ, no disk exit: Q !;
3) Enter Edit Status: Insert: I, Add: A;
4) Exit Edit: Press the ESC key;
5) After entering the editing state, edit it like the edit under DOS;
6) There are some common commands in the command state:
x Delete the cursor where the cursor is located;
DD Deletes the column where the cursor is located.
In fact, if you can do it in English, what can be more detailed than MAN VI?
Q: How to operate files in Linux
You can use the ls -l command to list the details of the directory, which is equivalent to the DIR command of the DOS. The output of the LS command is as follows:
Total 2
DRWXR-XR-X 2 XU User 1024 Mar 13 0:34 SUB1
-rw-r ----- l xu user 678 jun 15 1:45 hodo.txt
The leftmost list is the file / directory permissions, D is the directory, R is readable, X is executable, W is writable. Since the second letter, every three are a group, which is the user | group | other attributes; the second column is the number of hard connection; the third column is the master information, the fourth column is the host user group The second column is the size of the space, the next is the date, the last column is the file / directory name. Here are some common file operation commands: RM: Delete file more: Browse file CP: Copy file
Q: How to delete Linux
We often say that Linux has two parts. One is to delete the Linux system; additionally restore other operating systems boot program. The method that is often used is to remove the Linux partition to remove the Linux system. MS-DOS command fdisk can do this. Select Dele All Non-DOS Partition (Delete all non-MSDOS partitions) to delete the partition of the EXT2 / 3 file system format. Of course, it is highly recommended that novices use PowerQuest PartitionMagic to complete such work. Then FDISK / MBR can restore the boot program for the Window $ 95/98 / ME system. For Window $ 2000, you need to use the "Disaster Recovery Disapper" in advance, start with 2000 boot disk (soft disk disc does not matter), then repair . Q: How to use roller mouse under Linux
Generally use mouseconfig to configure your mouse, select the model of your mouse. How is invalid, try to change "Protocol" "Protocol" "Protocol" "PS / 2" in Input Device related to / etc / x11 / xf86config-4, you can use your roller after the setting is complete.
Q: How to recursively delete all subdires in a directory
The RM -RF command can recursively delete all directory files in a directory without any hints (strong requirement that the ROOT users should use this command!).
Q: I can't do soft shutdown?
It is also a problem with the APM settings in your BIOS, but we now discussed the system's problem, please modify your use if you can shut down smoothly, please
/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt file
Message = $ "HALTING SYSTEM ..."
Command = "halt"
Change this line's halt command to "Halt -P" and save exit.
Q: Delete files with special file names
Suppose there is a file name "-ee" in the Linux system, if we want to operate it, for example, to delete it, enter the RM-Me command in the command line according to the general deletion method, the interface will prompt us "invalid option "(Invalid option), due to the first character of the file name" - ", Linux regards the file name as an option, we can use the" - "symbol to solve this problem, enter" RM - -ee " The command can delete the file named "-ee" smoothly. If you are other special characters, you can add a "" symbol in front of the special character, or create the entire file with a double quotation number.
Q: How to give a normal user Reboot privilege
Discussion in four cases:
1) Let anyone (including people who do not have system accounts at all) can pass through the console Reboot
Keep Ca :: ctrlaltdel: / sbin / shutdown -t3 -r now in / etc / inittab file
This line. Such a national people can reboot your machine, as long as you hand over the console.
2) Let all system users can Reboot
Perform #> /etc/security/console.apps/reboot. This is in Console.Apps
An empty file is generated in the directory, and the file name is authorized by Application. The above path is targeted
In the Mandrake system, I don't know other systems. However, the real elegant Mandraker may
At all, you will not rely on ">" to generate this file - they will use msec to control.
3) Let the specified user can reboot
Suppose we want users to have Reboot permissions, we rely on UID / GID to complete control: # GroupAdd reboot
# cd / usr / local
# MKDIR Reboot
# chown root: Reboot Reboot /
# chmod 750 reboot /
# cd reboot
# CP / Sbin / Reboot.
# chmod 4755 reboot
# Usermod -g reboot zhizunbao
Now, zhizunbao can run / usr / local / reboot / reboot to restart the machine.
4. Enable password verification on a machine that does not set up ordinary users. Reboot
This is actually implemented by adding a shutdown account, the shell of the account is added to the S bit
/ Sbin / Halt, and the password is only a few maintenance personnel know. What we use here is the fourth set of solutions.
Q: Add a large number of system users at a time
Use built-in tools newusers and chpasswd
Edit your account file first, each column must be written according to the format of the password file.
(Please use the copy replication function of the instrument editing program to generate a lot)
Example: A account file name is new_alist
Stu001 :: 600: 600: Stu: / Home / Stu001: / BIN / BASH
Stu002 :: 601: 601: Stu: / Home / Stu002: / BIN / BASH
Stu003 :: 602: 602: Stu: / Home / Stu003: / BIN / BASH
Stu004 :: 603: 603: Stu: / Home / Stu004: / BIN / BASH
Stu005 :: 604: 604: Stu: / Home / Stu005: / BIN / BASH
Stu006 :: 605: 605: Stu: / Home / Stu006: / BIN / BASH
Raised account:
NewUsers Execute PWUnconv Edit password control file: Example: Built a password control file, file name is new_plist STU001: Password STU002: Password STU003: Password STU004: Password STU005: Password STU006: Password Create password: Chpasswd Execute PWCONV Q: Linux start service interpretation Freewnn Amanda AMD This seems to be managed by Mixer devices? Amidxtape * anacron (command scheduling) * APMD (Advanced Power Management) arpwatch (see ARP?) * ATD (function cron is similar) * Autofs (Auto Loading File System) * bcm5820 BGPD CWNN BootParamd (Startup Parameter Management?) Chargen Chargen-UDP Comsat * crond Daytime (DAEMON in summer time management?) Daytime-UDP (UDP-User Data News Agreement, TCP with the same level) DBSKKD-CDB DHCPD (Dynamic Host Service) Echo (server back visual customer data service) Echo-UDP (UDP version of ECHO) Eklogin Finger (finger service) Gated (gateway service) * GPM (mouse under the console) GSSFTP (GSS FTP server also has WU-FTP server) HTTPD (hypertext protocol service) Identd IMAP (IMAP protocol in mail service) IMAPS (IMAP protocol in mail service?) InND (Internet News Service) * ipchains (firewall) IPOP2 (sending service for mail service 2) IPOP3 (sending service of mail service) * iptables (firewall) Irda * iSCSI (using high speed lines) SCSI disk arrays) * ISDN (provide support for ISDN devices) Junkbuster KWNN Kadmin Kdcrotate KeyTable (configuration of the keyboard) Klogin (remote login) Kprop KRB5-Telnet (What is KRB5? Provides Telnet service?) KRB524 Krb5kdc Kshell * Kudzu LDAP (directory service) * LinuxConf (Question: Why is LinuxConf to start as a service?) LinuxConf-web (open LinuxConf web configuration port) * LPD (providing support for printers) MARS-NWE (analog Novell Network Server) McServ Mysqld (provide support for MySQL database) NAMED (Domain Name Server) * Netfs (Network File System) * NetWork (providing web support) NFS (network file system) * NFSLOCK (network file system lock?) NSCD NTALK (Talk - Online Chat Service) NTPD Ospftd SPFD * PCMICA (providing support for PC card) POP3S (Is it a POP3 server?) * portmap (port mapping list, but not clear what is done) PostgreSQL (providing support for Postgre SQL databases) RADVD * Random (generating and storeing the random number of high-precision data operations, why should I start automatically?) Rawdevices (like support for reading and writing, such as tape drive?) (Read After Write) REGONGFIG (support remote configuration?) REXEC (remote execution?) RHNSD RIPD ripngd Rlogin (support remote login) ROUTED (Linux Routing Service) RSH (r shell?) Rstatd Rsync RUSERSD Rwalld RWhod * Sendmail (big name Ding Mail Server) SMB (Is Samba? - Yes) SGI_FAM SNMPD (Simple Network Management Service) Squid (proxy server) Swat (901WEC configuration) * SYSTLOG (System Log Service) Talk Telnet (Telnet Service) Time (resonant system time) Time-udp (UDP version of the system time) TUX (like kernel-based high-speed static web) UPS (provide control support for UPS?) VNCServer * Wine (execute Windows binary code directly under Linux!) WU-ftpd (FTP server at Washington University. Very good XFS (X Font Server) Xinetd (new version of the Internet server) YPBIND YPASSWDD Ypserv YHPXFRD Zebra KeyTable (keyboard image, suitable for languages, Japanese, Germany) Kzuzu ---- When the system is started, the PC hardware has no change, for example, change the graphics card, you will prompt you to re-formulate XF86 * GPM ---- as if it is the CP and Paste feature of mouse in console mode. * Crond --- A UNIX-based regular command scheduler Swat ---- SAMBA configuration program based on the window XFS --- XWindows Font Server BGPD (BGP Routing Protocol DAEMON) * GPM (Mouse driver in the character terminal) * ipchains (2.0 Kernel Firewall Process) * iptables (firewall process) Kshell (k shell) LDAP (LDAP service process) NTALK (Network Talk Process) NTPD (Network Time Service Process) OSPFTD (OSPF routing protocol process?) SPFD (SPF routing protocol process?) RIPD (RIP Routing Protocol Process) SMB (is Samba?) --- Yes Squid (Agent Service Process) Talk (should be a local Talk process) Zebra (a very famous routing service suite) Kudzu search hardware CWNN Chinese input method Q: Install chinput1, install Chinese font CD / TMP TAR ZXVF zh-fonts.tar.gz (Generating a MISC directory) CD Misc (To the subdirectory) Cp * .z / usr / x11r6 / lib / x11 / fonts / misc (copy font) Cat Fonts.Alias >> /usr/x11r6/lib/x11/fonts/misc/fonts.alias (Additional alias used in alien files) CD / USR / X11R6 / LIB / X11 / FONTS / MISC (to font directory) MKFONTDIR (Generated or updated Fonts.Dir) XSET FP REHASH (Update X Server font, now you can use) RM-FR / TMP / MISC (- 2, install the input method dictionary CD / USR / LIB (To library file directory) Tar Zxvf /Path/of /unicon2-im.tar.gz (Unzip file to this directory, Where Path is the directory where the TAR file is located) 3, install GNU PTH TAR ZXVF PTH-1.3.7.tar.gz (Decompress the PTH library) CD PTH-1.3.7 (Installation) ./configure Make Make Install 4, install chinput3.01 You must install the input dictionary and GNU Pth before installation. TAR ZXVF chinput-3.0.1.tar.gz CD chinput-3.0.1 Make Make Install 5, modify some settings (1) Compiling the new Locale, execute as root: LocaleDef -f gb2312 -i zh_cn zh_cn.gb2312 If there is no error, compile success, increase the zh_cn.gb2312 directory under / usr / lib / local. (2) Determine Alias GB2312-1980 // EUC-CN // in the / usr / lib / gconv / gconv-modules file One line, if not, join it. (3) Enable Chinese Locale support using Export LC_all = zh_cn.gb2312 under CXTERM. Excuting an order Date, see if there is any change? You can see the date in Chinese. (4) In order to automatically enter the Chinese support status in the next time, add: Bashrc in the home directory: Export lang = zh_cn.gb2312 EXPORT LC_ALL = zh_cn.gb2312 Or set it according to your needs. 6, let Linux support Chinese TRUE TYPE font (1) Enter the / etc / x11 directory, open the XF86CONFIG-4 file, change the fontpath to the font path you need. Section "Files" # Fontpath "UNIX /: 7100" Fontpath "/ usr / x11r6 / lib / x11 / fonts / misc: unscaled" Fontpath "/ usr / x11r6 / lib / x11 / fonts / 75dpi: unscaled" Fontpath "/ usr / x11r6 / lib / x11 / fonts / 100dpi: unscaled" Fontpath "/ usr / x11r6 / lib / x11 / fonts / misc" Fontpath "/ usr / x11r6 / lib / x11 / fonts / type1" Fontpath "/ usr / x11r6 / lib / x11 / fonts / speedo" Fontpath "/ usr / x11r6 / lib / x11 / fonts / 75dpi" Fontpath "/ usr / x11r6 / lib / x11 / fonts / 100dpi" Fontpath "/ usr / share / fonts / default / trueType" (this behavior us, pay attention to the path) The path to the font file below) Fontpath "/ usr / share / fonts / default / type1" Endsection Load the X-TrueType font interpreter. Section "Module" ... LOAD "XTT" Endsection (2) Copy your windows Chinese TrueType font to / USR / Share / Fonts / Default / TrueType directory, CP / Your Windows Mapping / Windows/fonts/simsun.ttf / usr / share / fonts / default / trueType This work is easy in the machine coexisting in Win98 and Linux, just need to look at FileSystem in LinuxConf, WIN98 The file system is located. (3) Enter the / usr / share / fonts / default / trueType directory, execute ttmkfdir> fonts.dir, generated Fonts.dir file, change SIMSUN's character set to GB2312.1980-0. Generate fonts.scale files, Cat fonts.dir> fonts.scale. Example: fonts.dir 4 SIMSUN.TTTF -MISC-SIMSUN-Medium-R-Normal - 0-0-0-0-P-0-ASCII-0 SIMSUN.TTTF -MISC-SIMSUN-Medium-R-NORMAL - 0-0-0-0-P-0-ISO8859-1 SIMSUN.TTTF -MISC-SIMSUN-Medium-R-NORMAL - 0-0-0-0-P-0-GB2312.1980-0 SIMSUN.TTTF -MISC-SIMSUN-Medium-R-NORMAL - 0-0-0-P-0-ISO8859-15 If you use the freeType font interpreter, you need to /usr/x11r6/lib/x11/fonts/encodings/encodings.dir Copy to / usr / share / fonts / default / trueType. Change the font definition in /etc/gtk/gtkrc.zh_cn to the TrueType font definition. (You can define it originally Use # 注释 掉, add the following sentence) STYLE "gtk-default-zh-cn" { "-Misc-SIMSUN-Medium-R-NORMAL - 12-0-0-0-P-0 - * - *" } Class "gtkwidget" style "gtk-default-en-cn" to this, Chinese TrueType font installation is complete! 7, optimize you to see setup (1) Modify /usr/lib/zwinpro/chinput.ad file: Since Xfree86 does not own itself BIG5 code font, if you don't need to enter a BIG5 code character, The following adjustments to chinput.ad: ... chinput.gblocale = en_cn.gb2312 chinput.big5locale = en_cn.gb2312 ... chinput.gbfont = - * - * - Medium-r-NORMAL - 16 - * - * - * - C - * - GB2312.1980-0 Chinput.big5font = - * - * - medium-r-NORMAL - 16 - * - * - * - C - * - GB2312.1980-0 Note: Space cannot be displayed in the font definition of chinput.ad, which is due to chinput limits. (2) Add Export XModifiers = @ imodifier to your home directory. Thebashrc file. And log in to take effect. (3) Because Chinput needs libstdc - libc6.1-2.so.3, while redhat's Compat-libstDC The compatible library contains only libstdc - 3-libc6.2-2-2.10.0.so, you need to create a library link manually: # ln -s libstdc - 3-libc6.2-2-2.10.so libstdc - libc6.1-2.so.3 8. Other users must use TrueType and Chiput, they must also change their home directory .bashrc files Export lang = zh_cn.gb2312 EXPORT LC_ALL = zh_cn.gb2312 Export XModifiers = @ im = chinput Dachel, some files mentioned in this article are compressed in the Petriobi Look at homepage. Http://go.163.com/~ Yumingjian. This article is done with five words in the text editing program GNOTEPAD on GNOME. Q: REDHAT 7.2 MinichInput may have problems and solutions Www.linuxeden.com/forum/showthread.php?threadid=9938 MINICHINPUT-0.0.2-1.i386.rpm on the second plate Mandrake8.1 on the first plate of chinput-3.0.1-5mdk.i586.rpm (The same may exist like this) 1. No BIG font is selected when installing Press CTRL space without reacting, type the chinput prompt font error while the command line 1, Modify /usr/lib/chinput/chinput.ad file line Will ........... - * - * - BIG5-0 Changed to. ......... * - * - GB2312.1980-0 2, Locate KDE-I18N-Chinese-Big5-2.2-8.Noarch.rpm on the second disk RPM-IVH KDE-I18N-Chinese-Big5-2.2-8.NOARCH.RPM can be. Second, the parameter setting problem 1. Check if the chinput is really running in the / .bash_profile. 2, ENV see if XModifier is @ im = chinput No in the above content is added to ~ / .bash_profile Export lc_all = zh_cn.gb2312export lang = zh_cn.gb2312 Export XModifiers = @ im = chinput Modify /etc/x11/xinit/xinitrc.d/xinit/xinitrc.d/xinit/xinitrc.d/xinput to automatically run Then we will restart X. use Ctrl Period (.) Change the full-angle to enter "," "." and other symbols. 3. Locale environment variable in the system is zh_cn (RH7.2 Locale_Config I don't know why people have no zh_cn.gb2312 options after installation?) And /usr/lib/chinput.ad The default setting is zh_cn.gb2312, certainly do not open the Chinese input method, and the zh_cn.gb2313 in / usr / lib / chinput.ad is changed to zh_cn and then Reboot is. 4, / root / .pyinput / usrphrase.tab is not valid pinyin phrase file. Find a good usrphrase.tab file replacement USRPHRASE.TAB 5, Option - The type of character set in the characteristic - font is different from the chinput settings. The entered Chinese characters cannot be displayed. For example, both the character set select GBK, and the above problems appear. , Chinput, default is GB2312. Q: g 5 latest version 1.0-1 installation Acknowledgments: Thank you yuking brother, with a G five, let the brethren feel free. At the same time, I would also like to participate in the test and use of my brothers! The latest features of this version: 1] Fixed a problem that Pinyin input can't enter spaces 2] Fixed a problem that location input input strips cannot be displayed normally 3] Fixed a few small bugs One. download 1.tar package download [Applicable redhat] www.linuxsir.org/gwubi/gwubi-1.0.tar.gz 2] RPM package download [Applicable to Redhat, Mandrake, SUSE, TURBO and other releases] The first stop download: Www.linuxsir.org/gwubi/gwubi-1.0-1.i386.rpm Second station download: Www.linuxsir.com.cn/gwubi/gwubi-1.0-1.i386.rpm two. Installation method [Note: One of them can be] 1. Two points explain [for novice] 1] Problem of operating permission A] When operating the command under the console, the case where the letter is required, remember, the following! b] To perform install or uninstall under the Roo identity, if you can use the following command before installing or uninstalling, the root user is exempt from step, the following! #SU Password: [Enter the root permission password here] 2] First remove the previous input method. If it is a G five previous version, available # rpm -e gwubi If it is the input method of the REDHAT system, it is available. # rpm -e minichinput If Mandrake is available in the following method to uninstall # rpm -e chinput 2. One of the installation methods [RPM installation method] 0] Applicable to most distributions such as Redhat, Mandrake, SUSE, TURBO, etc. 1] Download rpm Www.linuxsir.org/gwubi/gwubi-1.0-1.i386.rpm 2] Running on the terminal [running in the directory of the G five strokes you downloaded] # rpm -ivh gwubi-1.0-1.i386.rpm --Nodeps 3] Exit KDE, then enter, the G five pen can be used. 4] If the five strokes cannot be automatically loaded, such as in the release of SUSE, MANDRAKE, the following method can be used. For ordinary users [users outside root] $ ln -s / usr / bin / gwubi / home / you want to automatically load your username /.kde/autostart/gwubi Example: For example, I log in with Beinan users, then I should do the following link. $ ln -s / usr / bin / gwubi /Home/beinan/.kde/autostart/gwubi If you want to log in in the root user, you want to automatically load the G five pen, you can use the following method [universal] # ln -s / usr / bin / gwubi /Root/.kde/autostart/gwubi Note: The root user under SUSE may have a phenomenon that g five loading cannot be used, which is related to system settings or Chinese. Ordinary users have no such problem. 3. Second [TAR package installation method] Note: Only for Redhat 0] Download Tar Package www.linuxsir.org/gwubi/gwubi-1.0.tar.gz 1] First determine your system installed the following packages: Make Xfree86 with its development package GCC 2] Enter User ROOT (Recommended "Su -"), copy GWUBI-1.0rc.tar.gz to a directory, such as / Temp. Do the following: #CD / TEMP #TAR ZXVF GWUBI-1.0.tar.gz #CD GWUBI-1.0 #make #make install 3] This software will copy the following files to the system: / usr / bin / gwubi // main program /usr/share/gwubi/punc.mb // Chinese branch mapping table, you can modify /usr/share/gwubi/wbx.mb // Out from the GBK five code table of CJPVinput, there is a large number of phrases /usr/share/gwubi/py.mb // Pinyin code table file /usr/x11r6/lib/x11/fonts/misc/studio-song14.pcf.gz // 14 o'clock in the Chinese GB Font Library, from BluePoint Linux 1.0 4] The program is running in the current user directory .Gwubi, and may generate file config in this directory. Profile and wbx.mb.mb. 5] If you need to carry, you can execute it in the source directory: #make uninstall Or directly delete the software replication and generated files (note, files in the user directory. GWubi / Wbx.mb] User-defined phrase). 6] Any questions can be sent to me (Yuking_Net@sohu.com), if you can make a suggestion or error report, I will be grateful. three. Use the 98 version of the five-pen setting method [use the brother of the 86 version, this step is omitted] Use the brothers of the five-pen 98 version, you have to download the five-stroke code table, then do it with the following method, use the brothers of the 86 version, stop! will replace the code table /usr/share/gwubi/wbx.mb. If there is wbx.mb in the user directory., You should delete it. Five-pen 98 yards download: Www.linuxsir.org/gwubi/wb98.mb.gz g 5 description >> Copyright This program releases in GPL ... >> Compile instructions Compiling this program only needs to install XFree86 (4.x or later version, 3.3.6 and below. If you have a specific installation method, please refer to File Install. >> Function Description · Five-pen input: Provide a standard five-pen 86 input method, support 'Z' key blur input, enter special symbols (please check View file wb_fh.htm) · Word function: The maximum phrase allowed by this function is 10 Chinese characters. Due to well known reasons, newly added phrases It is impossible to add directly to the original five code table file (ie /usr/share/gwubi/wbx.mb), Instead, in the user directory, in (the file name is wbx.mb), there is different users Can have different five-strokes · Pinyin input: This program provides two pinyin input methods: - In the five state, enter "Z" first, then press full spelling (you need to open the z_pinyin option) ). When performing five inputs, if some words that will not be hit, you can use this method; - Switch to the pinyin method, directly press the full spell. The pinch in this program is GBK pinyin, and has a rich phrase · Location input: Since this function is just to facilitate entering a small number of special symbols, only a simple support is provided. hold. This mode only supports 0 to 9 inputs. · GBK support: When the system is installed with a font, the input strip can always display GBK Chinese characters correctly. · Quick Chinese and English switch · Full angle input · Delete the phrase: This feature can only delete the phrase and cannot delete the single word. · Adjust the word order · Automatically handled "." And "." · Automatically hide the input strip · Support Overspot cursor follow-up mode. >> Instructions for use · Switch to the Chinese Input Status: Press the Ctrl Space key; or press the left Ctrl button in the Chinese input state to quickly Change; · Switching input method: The mouse click the "five / pinyin / location" at the input strip, the program will press five -> Pinyin -> District Bit cyclic switching; or press left Ctrl Shift; or press Alt Digital (Alt 1 -> Five, 2 -> Pinyin, 3 -> location); · Quick Chinese English Switch: In Chinese input, press the left CTRL button to perform Chinese and English switching; · Chinese and English punctuation: The mouse click on the input strip. " · Full angle / half-angle switch: Mouse Click "a", or press SHIFT Space • In the input state, press the "Enter" to send the user input on the input strip to the application; • In the input state, press the "ESC" button to cancel all inputs; • Self-doctrine: This function can generate a custom phrase. Press the Ctrl 8 key in the input state to pop up the word window, press " " / "-" can increase / reduce the number of words. Here you can remember the last 10 of the startup G five Chinese character; · Delete the phrase: This feature can only delete the phrase and cannot delete the single word. Press Ctrl 7 in five input states, press Show information operation. · Adjust the word: This feature adjusts the order of the words / words that fully matches the input. Button in five input states Ctrl 6, press the prompt operation. · Automatic processing "." And ".": In the Chinese input state, if a number is entered, it is followed. "." Will output ".", Not "." · Reread the file profile: Hotkey is Ctrl 5; Note An action will not take effect on the modified display font. >> Profile This program generates a directory in the user's home directory, and generates two profiles. Config This file saves the status of the program without having to modify; PROFILE Users can set up programs in this file, including the following items: FontName: The display font of the program, the format is "Chinese font, English font", such as "- * - * - Medium-R-NORMAL - 14 - * - * - * - * - * - GB2312.1980-0 *, Fixed"; FontLocale: Program displays the locale of the font, when you have a font that supports GBK or GB18030 When, set this item to "en_cn.gbk" or "zh_cn.gb18030", otherwise set it to "Zh_cn.gb2312"; AutoHide: Whether the input strip is automatically hidden, the value is 1 (automatically hidden) or 0; AutoHideInterval: The input strip automatically hides the time interval, with seconds (set to 0 try?); HideMainLogo: Whether to hide the main icon of the program; TRACKCURSOR: The input strip follows, and the cursor can be achieved when the application supports Overspot; Z_Pinyin: Do you use "Z" in five ways, value 1 (use) or 0; Bell: Does the ring tips when an error, the value is 1 (ring) or 0. * Format is "item = value", pay attention to "=" has a space before and after. >> Precautions If the XIM program can cause an unexpected crash, it may cause X and the application software that uses the XIM program to crash, so you Be sure to save your own useful data at any time. Q: Some basic applications for Linux servers Disclaimer: This article is made from Xchen brothers [cdcxx@etang.com], any person's transfer must indicate the original name and electronic mailbox of the original creator Xchen brother. Secondly, it must be indicated from [URL] www.linuxsir.com [/ url ]. I have said "If you don't agree with what help you have, you can not indicate the source", you can not indicate that you are from this site, but now it looks a bit, because I look at other websites. From the original work from this forum, did not say the author's big name. So starting today, in order to express LinuxSir's respect for the original author, in order to prevent similar situations, I think it is still necessary to collect my original call. This is conducive to passing the source, truly knowing who is the true original author. Respecting others is respecting yourself! ! ! ! ! Acknowledgments: Thank xchen brothers [cdcxx@etang.com] is submitted to the brethren, awarded, confusing! *********************************************************** **************** Some basic applications of Linux servers: Xchen [cdcxx@etang.com] 2002.8 *********************************************************** **************** There is also a period of time in playing Linux. As a beginner, there is a lot of trouble. Fortunately, this is a network era. With the help of many good old brothers, I just got off, and it was a sweet and bitterness. Pay tribute to this world, the world, it is, it is for us to have such excellent operating systems. This thing is mainly for friends who have just contacted Linux and eager to match a server. Because the level of monks are limited, the mistakes are inevitable, welcome everyone to indicate. Now use the company's network architecture as an example, for the configuration of the Linux server. Let's talk about the functions you want to achieve before formal configuration: 1. data sharing 2. Print sharing 3. Analog NT domain 4. ADSL sharing 5. Internal DNS service 6. DHCP service 7. FTP service 8. WWW service 9. Openssh 10. Disk quota 11. Dynamic domain name The network architecture is as follows: [as shown below] http://www.linuxsir.org/photo/xchen.gif NetWork: 10.10.0.0 Server IP: 10.10.1.1 Server Subnet-Mask: 255.255.0.0 Client IP: 10.10.1.10-10.10.1.100 Client Subnet-Mask: 255.255.0.0 Client Getway: 10.10.1.1 Client DNS: 10.10.1.2, 202.96.134.133 First, ready to work: 1. Redhat linux 7.2 CD 2. Ether ADSL Dolk and your ADSL access account 3. Two network cards, preferably Plug and play, please check IRQ and IO. 4. Of course, except other machines other than this machine two, Redhat Linux 7.2 installation: 1. Beginner recommends using a graphical interface, please use custom installation. 2 The system partition is as follows (10g): SWAP: 500M /: 2G / var: 1g / HOME: 2G / Tools: 500M / DATA: 4G Please refer to the related article for rationalization of the partition. 3. If you are using the NIC, the system can detect, please set the IP address, subnet mask, etc., please set to 10.10.1.1 and 10.10.1.2, Subnet-Mask is 255.255.0.0; if it is a jumper network card , Then wait for the system to set it back. 4. The package is selected, it is not a matter of all, as long as you have space, if there is a limited space, you may wish to customize the package. Here is my choice, for reference only: Printing Support NetWork Support Dialup Support SMB: Windows File Server WWW: Web Server DNS NS Name Server Software development 5. Ok, now I will install it all the way, don't forget to make a label. Third, Linux network environment configuration 1] After restarting the machine into the system, remove some unnecessary services, keep them slowly start, and not safe, the following is some of the services that I have just reserved later after installing: GPM / Iptables / Netfs / Network / NFS / NFSLOCK / Portmap / Syslog / XFS / XINETD To other services, wait for us to configure and load it. 2] Install LinuxConf to configure the network. CD 1 Mount / dev / cdrom / mnt / cdrom CD / MNT / CDROM / RedHat / RPMS RPM-IVH LinuxConf-1.25R7-3.i386.rpm Use Setup / System Services or CHKCONFIG -LEVLEL 3 LinuxConf ON to set LinuxConf to the system self-start service. NetConf Select Host Name and IP Network Devices for host name and network settings: Host Name Domain: CxServer ------ First NIC ---------- Config Mode: Manual PRIMARY NAME DOMAIN: ABC IP Address: 10.10.1.2 Netmask: 255.255.0.0 Net Device: eth0 KERNEL MODULE: NE I / O Port: 0x300 IRQ: 3 ------ Second NIC ---------- Config Mode: Manual PRIMARY NAME DOMAIN: CXSERVER IP Address: 10.10.1.1 Netmask: 255.255.0.0 Net Device: eth0 KERNEL MODULE: NE I / o port: 0x320 IRQ: 5 Select Accept to exit, restart will see the ETH0 and ETH1 two network cards start successfully. After entering the system, you can use the ifconfig command to view the status, with the ping command to test its connectivity, such as ping a Windows machine. Fourth, DNS server configuration In order for the local area network to access the server, configure a DNS server is very necessary. After all, a name is better than a string of numbers. Below I put the server 10.10.1.1 a domain name [URL] www.cx.com [ /ur】, [ur]ftp.cx.com[/url], good, start actions: Required files: /etc/named.conf /etc/resolv.conf /VAR/NAMED/NAMED.HOSTS /VAR/NAMED/NAMED.LOCAL /VAR/NAMED/NAMED.10.10 1] Configure the /etc/named.conf file. This file is a DNS boot file, and the NAMED process reads it when starting. vi /etc/named.conf // generated by named-bootconf.pl Options { DIRECTORY "/ var / named"; // query-source address * port 53; } "in { Type hint; File "named.ca"; } // ------------------------------------------- --------- ZONE "cx.com" in { TYPE MASTER; File "named.hosts"; } Zone "10.10.in-addr.Arpa" in {type master; File "named.10.10"; } / / -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ Zone "0.0.127.in-addr.Arpa" in { TYPE MASTER; File "named.local"; } // incrude "/etc/rndc.key"; The following three files are DNS database files, and the specific parameters are not detailed. Please refer to the relevant information. 2] vi /var/named/named.local $ TTL 86400 @ In SOA ns.cx.com. Root.ns.cx.com. 1997022700; Serial 28800; Refresh 14400; RETRY 3600000; EXPIRE 86400); Minimum IN ns ns.cx.com. 1 in ptr localhost. 3] vi /var/named/named.hosts @ In SOA ns.cx.com. Root.ns.cx.com. 2002042302; SERIAL 28800; Refresh 14400; RETRY 3600000; EXPIRE 86400; MINIMU ) IN ns ns.cx.com. CX in A 10.10.1.1 CX1 IN A 10.10.1.223 Www in cname ns.cx.com. FTP in CNAME CX 4] vi /var/named/named.10.10 @ In SOA ns.cx.com. Root.ns.cx.com. 2002042302; SERIAL 28800; Refresh 14400; RETRY 3600000; EXPIRE 86400; MINIMU ) IN ns ns.cx.com. 1 in ptr ns.cx.com. 2 in ptr ns1.cx.com. 5] Edit /etc/resolv.conf file vi /etc/resolv.conf Domain cx.com Nameserver 10.10.1.1 Ok, let's start the service: /etc/rc.d/init.d/named start ChkConfig -Level 3 Named ON # Set the DNS service into system service, boot from start Test: ping cx.cx.com ping [url] www.cx.com [/ url] Ping ftp.cx.com Or use nslookup, please refer to Nslookup -help for use. Fives, DHCP server configuration 1] Install DHCP. Put it in an optical disk 1 or CD 2 Mount / dev / cdrom / mnt / cdrom CD / MNT / CDROM / RedHat / RPMS RPM-IVH DHCP-2.0P15-8.i386.rpm Use Setup / System Services or CHKCONFIG -LEVLEL 3 LinuxConf ON to set LinuxConf to the system self-start service. 2] Configure the dhcpd.conf file. Vi /etc/dhcpd.conf SUBNET 10.10.0.0 Netmask 255.255.0.0 { Range Dynamic-Bootp 10.10.2.0 10.10.2.100; #ip Address Assignment Scope Option routers 10.10.1.1; # default gateway Option Subnet-Mask 255.255.0.0; # Default subnet mask Option domain-name "cx.com"; # default domain name Option Domain-Name-Servers 10.10.1.1, 202.96.134.133; } # Last row: DNS server settings, put 10.10.1.1 in front is to give the client when the internal DNS server is preferred when making a domain name, if the domain name cannot be resolved, use the next DNS server to resolve, 202.96.134.133 It is a Shenzhen region ADSL Internet user main DNS server. Under the next DNS server, 202.96.134.133 is a Shenzhen region ADSL Internet user main DNS server. 3] Startup service: /etc/rc.d/init.d/dhcpd start 4] Use: No matter how Win9X or 2K is used, you can use it without setting. six, ADSL and firewall configuration 1] Download software: http://www.roaringpenguin.com/pppoe/rp-pppoe-3.5.tar.gz 2] Install the software: TAR ZXVF RP-PPPOE-3.5.TAR.GZ CD RP-PPPOE-3.5 . / GO # Start installing the software 3] After the software is installed, the setup program ADSL-SETUP will be run. User name >>> Enter Your PPPoe User Name (XXX): ________ # 此 此 a a 户 account Interface (default eth0): _____ # Ether interface, eth0 or eth1 >>> Enter the demand value (default no): # can not fill DNS >>> Enter The DNS Information Here: 202.96.134.133 # Main domain server provided by local telecommunications >>> Enter The Secondary DNS Server Address Here: # 本地 电信 提供 提供 服务 Password >>> please enter your pppoe password: >>> please re-enter your pppoe password: # Password FireWalling 0 - None: This Script Will Not set Any Firewall Rules. You are responsible For Enssuring the security of your machine. You are strongly Recommended to Use Some Kind of FireWall Rules. 1 - Standalone: Appropriate for a Basic Stand-Alone Web-Surfing Workstation 2 - Masquerade: Appropriate for a Machine Acting as an in Internet Gateway For a lan >>> CHOOSE A TYPE OF FIREWALL (0-2): 0 Firewall settings, select 2 allows the host to set the Internet gateway, turn the client network as the native IP, and DNS is set to the DNS server IP provided by Telecom. It is made by IPchains IP camouflage, and IPChains in RH7.2 has no IP_masq_ftp module, so the client cannot use FTP services, so we don't have to have a firewall here, choose 0. There is already iptables in RH72, which is an alternative to ipchains, and the function is also more powerful, and we will write a script and use it to implement ADSL share. >>> ACCEPT THESE SETTINGS AND Adjust Configuration Files (Y / N)? Y # Save Settings 4] Next, we write a script /etc/rc.d/firewall vi /etc/rc.d/firewall #! / bin / sh Echo "Start Iptables Rules ..." /etc/rc.d/init.d/iptables stop Echo 1> / Proc / Sys / Net / IPv4 / IP_FORWARD MODPROBE IP_TABLES Modprobe ip_nat_ftp MODPROBE IP_CONNTRACK Modprobe ip_conntrack_ftp iptables -t nat -a postrouting -o ppp0 -j masquerade iptables -n mine iptables -a mine -m state --state established, Related -j Accept iptables -a mine -m state --state new -i! PPP0 -J ACCEPT / / Allow external access to my WWW server iptables -a mine -p tcp --dport 80 -i PPP0 -J ACCEPT // Allow the external use of OpenSSH service, OpenSSH is equivalent to Telnet, but its data transfer is encrypted. // So safer, strongly recommended. iptables -a mine -p tcp --dport 22 -i PPP0 -J ACCEPT / / Allow external access to my FTP server iptables -a mine -p tcp --dport ftp -i PPP0 -J ACCEPT iptables -a mine -p tcp --dport ftp-data -i ppp0 -j acceptpt // Do not protect the external ping iptables -a mine -p icmp --ICMP-type echo-request -i ppp0 -j drop // IPTABLES -A MINE -I PPP0 -M Limit -j log --log-prefix "Bad Packet from PPP0:" iptables -a mine -i! ppp0 -m limited -j log --log-prefix "Bad Packet NOT from PPP0:" iptables -a mine -j drop iptables -a input -j mine iptables -a forward -j mine // iptables feature is very powerful, not explained here, please refer to the relevant information. 5] Add this feet to /etc/rc.d/rc.local to automatically run when it is turned on. Chmod 700 /etc/rc.d/firewall # Set FireWall to an executable Echo FireWall >> /etc/rc.d/rc.local can also be edited by the VI editor /etc/rc.d/rc.local file, add a line of FireWall at the end. 6] CHKCONFIG -LEVEL 3 iptables ON # Start iptables when boot 7] Good, restart, use the root login system Connect the network with the adsl-start command, after a few seconds, it has been connected, well! Let's test: Prerequisites: The front-written firewall script has been running, the internal local area network has been connected, the DHCP service has been run, the client TCP / IP is set to automatically obtain IP addresses, other don't fill, restart after login, try WWW / FTP / QQ and other services, fast, cool you, haha. 8] Existing problems: PING Take the domain name server we set up, ping [urlwww.cx.com [/ url], you will find ping not pass, why? You should still remember that when we installed the installation of ADSL, fill in the local telecom DNS server address, Ha, it is the disaster. When we run ADSL-STAR, we call the ADSL-Connect script, and it will override the /etc/resolv.conf file: Original: cat /etc/resolv.conf Domain cx.com Nameserver 10.10.1.0 Now: cat /etc/resolv.conf Nameserver 202.96.134.133 In this case, if the DNS server is running, then it is very unhealthy, huh, huh. Solution: Modify /etc/resolv.conf file: vi /etc/resolv.conf Domain cx.com Nameserver 10.10.1.1 Nameserver 202.96.134.133 Modify / usr / sbin / adsl-connection script file: VI / USR / SBIN / ADSL-Connect Find the following line and comment out: -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------- If Test "$ DNSTYPE" = "Server"; then # Sorry, Dude ... RM -F /ETC/Resolv.conf Ln -s /etc/ppp/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf Elif Test "$ DNSTYPE" = "Specify"; then # Sorry, Dude ... RM -F /ETC/Resolv.conf Echo "Nameserver $ DNS1"> /etc/resolv.conf IF Test -n "$ DNS2"; THEN Echo "Nameserver $ DNS2" >> /etc/resolv.conf Fi Fi -------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- 9] Restart, the ADSL connection is successful, the DNS server is normal, OK, continue to move! Seven, file (print) server, analog NT domain implementation. 1] Edit /etc/samba/smb.conf file vi /etc/samba/smb.conf [global] Workgroup = CX # Take it as a NT login domain. Server string = Samba Server NetBIOS Name = CxServer # NetBIOS name of the server Hosts allow = 10.10.1. 10.10.2. 127. # Only 10.10.1.0, 10.10.2.0 network segment is allowed PrintCap Name = / etc / printcap Load Printers = YES Printing = lprng Log file = /var/log/samba/%m.log Max log size = 0 Security = User # Security Level is USER-level, access resources require authentication Encrypt passwords = yes SMB Passwd File = / etc / samba / smbpasswd Socket Options = TCP_NODELAY SO_RCVBUF = 8192 SO_SNDBUF = 8192 Domain master = yes preferred master = yes Domain logons = yes # can be logged in DNS Proxy = NO [homes] # After logging in, you can see the user home directory. Comment = Home Directories Browseable = no Writable = yes Valid users =% s Create Mode = 0664 Directory mode = 0775 [Printers] # If there is a printer, you can see the printer in // mineServer, right-click installation Comment = all printers Path = / var / spool / samba Browseable = no Guest ok = no Writable = NO Printable = yes [public] # Share / MNT / DATA / PUBLIC folder, shared named public, ADMIN group has write permissions Comment = Software PATH = / mnt / data / public Public = yes Wirte List = @admin 2] Whether the syntax in the TestParm test /etc/samba/smb.conf file is correct 3] /etc/rc.d/init.d/smb start Launch Service, and use the SMBCLIENT -L localhost test server is normal, if prompted to enter the password, then see the server information after the carriage return, the server is normal. 4] Add users and groups UserAdd Test GroupAdd Admin gpasswd -a test admin 5] Set the SMB user password SMBPASSWD -A TEST Enter your password and verify 6] Configure a local printer with Setup, please refer to the relevant information here, but more details. 7] Test: Please set the network properties of the Windows machine, log in to the network user, log in to the NT domain, the NT field is CX, then log in with the previously added TEST account, password to the password set when SMBPASSWD -A TEST, after the system Modify the login password with the "User and Password" of the control panel. Open an online neighbor to see if you can browse to CxServer, or you can use // CxServer to access. Last setting: chkconfig -Level 3 SMB ON # Let SMB turn on automatically Eight, disk quota In front of us, there is a shared resource for homes, such as the AA login, there is an AA folder in // cxserver, AA user reads and write permission on this file fixture, If we don't limit AA, he may hold the hard disk, and any administrator does not want to see this matter. Here we use quota to implement restrictions on the user's disk space. 1] First understand a concept, quota is targeted, so we separate a / home area when we install Linux in front. 2] And all user home directory is under / home, starting to build two files in the home directory: CD / home Touch quota.user Touch quota.group CHMOD 600 quota.user // only allows root to read and write these two files CHMOD 600 quota.group 3] In the /etc/rc.d/rc.local file, join the Quota boot script: IF [-x / sbin / quotacheck] THEN Echo "Checking Quotas. This May Take Some Time ..." / sbin / quotacheck -avug Echo "DONE" Fi IF [-x / sbin / quotaon] THEN Echo "Turning on Quota" / sbin / quotaon -avug Echo "OK" Fi 4] The one in the / etc / fstab file defines the / home partition: Original content: / dev / hda3 / home ext3 defaults 1 2 New content: / dev / hda3 / home ext3 defaults, usrquota, Grpquota 1 2 It is only to add usrquota, Grpquota after Defaults. Note, is USRQUOTA instead of userquota, if it is wrong, it is difficult to expect. 5] Restart, error during the startup process, mainly because quota can't do two files in / home directory, there is no relationship, let's enter the system to slow down. 6] Log in with root, then we generate two files for Aquota.user and Aquota.group: Convertquota -u / Home Convertquota -g / home If the above steps are not wrong, we will see Aquota.user, Aquota.Group File 7] Restart, pay attention to observation, will not go wrong again. After entering the system, you can limit the user home directory. For example, there is a Test user, we restrict him: Edquota -u Test # This command will enter a VI edit mode, the contents are as follows: FileSystem Blocks Soft Hard Inodes Soft Hard / DEV / HDA3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Note Identification: A B C D e f Two ways to talk about limitations before explaining each parameter: Soft, Hard Soft: Also known as soft restrictions, when the user reaches this limit, the system will give a warning, but still written. Hard: Also known as hard restrictions, reaching this limit, completely ban any writing. ABC is the limit setting of disk space, and DEF is the limit of total files. A: Space has been used, no need to set up B: User space usage limit, for soft restrictions, need to be set. C: User space usage restrictions, for hard limits, need to be set. D: There is a total number of files, no settings. E: The total number of files is limited, for soft restrictions, need to be set. F: The total number of files is limited, which is hard restrictions. We must limit TEST users to use space of 100M, up to 120m, total file total, 2000, Up to 2,500, set as follows: FileSystem Blocks Soft Hard Inodes Soft Hard / DEV / HDA3 0 102400 122880 0 2000 2500 Note: Space constraints are in K. 8] Test: Enter your own home directory, then copy the file, if it exceeds 120m, it is not allowed to write. 9] Use of other orders: Copy the same subject to other users: Edquota -P test -u username1 username2 username3 username4 ...... Display a user current disk usage: Quota -v username Show all user current disk usage: Repquota -a Please refer to the relevant information for some other commands. Nine, FTP server: RH72 comes with WU_FTP, but because there is a lot of problems, we don't have to use it, we use performance and security performance instead of it. 1] Download software: ftp://ftp.proftpd.org/distrib/source/proftpd-1.2.5.tar.gz 2] Installation: TAR ZXVF PrOFTPD-1.2.5.tar.gz CD ProftPD-1.2.5 ./configure -prefix = / usr / local / proFTPD // Specify installation in / usr / local / proFTPD directory Make Make Install CP Contrib / Dist / RPM / Proftpd.init.d /etc/rc.d/init.d/proftpd CHMOD 700 / Etc/rc.d/init.d/proftpd ChkConfig -Level 3 ProftPD ON / / Set to System Self-starting Services Cp / usr / local / proFTPD / SBIN / PrOFTPD / USR / SBIN / / Copy ProftPd to / usr / sbin directory, Conditional automatically searches, so you can also add another search path. 3] Configuration /usR /LOCAL/ProftPd/etc/proftpd.conf file: vi /usr/local/proftpd.conf ServerName "Xchen FTP Server" // Server login prompt Servertype Standalone DefaultServer on Port 21 Umask 022 MaxInstances 30 User Nobody Group nobody // originally nogroup, please change into nobody Requirevalidshell OFF / / manual Add this name, important / / Limited Test group users can only access their own home directory, and not browse up Defaultroot ~ test / / Limited Test Group Users can only access their own / home / ftp directory, not to browse the default ~ / ftp test / / Limited Music group users can only access the / home / music directory, not to browse up DefAultroot / Home / FTP Music / / In addition to the / home / music directory outside the MUSIC group, you cannot browse up Defaultroot / Home / FTP Music ,! BB // The above group needs to build itself: GroupAdd Test, gpasswd -a username test ServerIdent Off // When logging in, no version information AllowoverWrite on User FTP Group FTP Useralias anonymous ftp MaxClients 10 DisplayLogin Welcome.msg DisplayFirstchdir .Message Denyall 4] Startup service: /etc/rc.d/init.d/proftpd start 5] Test, access ftp.cx.com in the client with FTP software or command line FTP program. 6] Proftpd skills only, there are still many advanced applications, please refer to the relevant information, this will not be described here. Ten, WWW service WWW services are implemented in Apache, and the steps are extremely simple, of course, here is primary applications. Because we have to implement a simple WWW service, just change the following parameters: 1] vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf ServerName [URL] www.cx.com [/ url] DocumentRoot "/ var / www" 2] copy web file to / var / www directory 3] Start service: /etc/rc.d/init.d/httpd start Set httpd to system self-starting service: chkconfig -level 3 httpd on 4] Test: in IE http://www.cx.com test. Why do WWW services is so simple, mainly because this single type of web file service is used, and most of them use CGI, ASP, PHP, and a database, etc., regarding this area, please refer to Relevant information, not explained here. XI, dynamic domain name service The dynamic domain name is not much proper and should be called the dynamic IP for domain. Up to now, FTP and WWW services we have implemented, you can use [URL] www.cx.com [/ url] in the LAN, but we have used ADSL to connect Internet, how do we allow external access to our FTP? WWW server, always notify the IP of the other party server, so the dynamic domain name service is used to update the IP to the domain name corresponding to the external DNS server database each time the ADSL cleaning. So we can visit this domain name each time, discuss the implementation of the dynamic service provided by [URL] www.3322.org [/ url]. 1] Login [URL] www.3322.org [/ url] website, register a user, and apply for a dynamic domain name xxxx.3322.org. 2] Download Linux Client Software: Http://www.3322.org/dyndnspage/ez-ipupdate-3.0.10-linux-i386.tgz3] Installing software: TAR ZXVF EZ-IPUPDATE-3.0.10-Linux-I386.tgz MV EZ-iPUPDATE-3.0.10-Linux-i386 / usr / local / ezip 4] Edit /usR/local/ezip/qdns.conf file: Vi /usr/local/qdns.conf Service-type = QDNS User = username Assword // username and password, separated by colon Host = xxxxx.3322.org // The domain name you apply Interface = PPP0 // interface is PPP0 Max-interval = 2073600 Cache-file = / tmp / ez-ipupdate.cache 5] Put the current IP is new to our application: CD / usr / local / ezip EZ-ipupdate -c qdns.conf The system will prompt the data to be updated successfully. Well, let's come to ping xxxx.3322.org, ha, really is PPP0 IP, reuse Http://xxx.3322.org tried, everything is OK, cool. 6] The problem is coming again. Do we have manually updated once every time, you may think of crontab updated every few minutes, suggestions, but CROND service is enabled for IP updates. It seems a bit of a small question, my method, modify / usr / sbin / adsl-start script: Vi / usr / sbin / adsl-start Find a row of 25 lines "TTY -S && $ Echo" Connected! ", Increasing the line: / usr / local / ezip / ez-ipupdate -c /usr/local/ezip/qdns.conf The storage disk exits, OK, let's automatically update the ADSL cleaning, cool! 7] Test: ADSL-START "Connected! EZ-IPUPDATE VERSION 3.0.10 (C) 1999-2000 angssay. Connected to Members.3322.org (202.108.36.139) on Port 80. Request Successful OK, data update is successful. Ok, now you can use xxxx.3322.org to access your service anytime, anywhere, right. Twelve, OpenSSH settings If you control your server at home or else, you may think of telnet, it is ok, but because Telnet is used by the bright transmission, it is easy for those who don't have a lot of people, so we use OpenSSH instead of Telnet. 1] Uninstall the original 2.9X version, 2.9X has bugs, unsafe: RPM-E OpenSSH 2] The latest package download: ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/openbsd/openssh/portable/openssh-3.4p1.tar.gz 3] Installing the software: TAR ZXVF OpenSSH-3.4P1.TAR.GZ CD openssh-3.41 ./configure --prefix = / usr / local / ssh / --sysconfdir = / etc / ssh / --with-TCP-Wrappers / --with-ipv4-default / --with-MD5-Passwords Make Make Install Note: After the installation is complete, the host key will be automatically generated, and the SSHD user account will be prompted to add an SSHD user with useradd. Install /contrib/redhat/sshd.pam /etc/pam.d/sshd CP Contrib / RedHat / Sshd.init /etc/rc.d/ininit.d/sshd ChkConfig --Level 3 Sshd On; configured to system service 4] Configure OpenSSH / etc / ssh / ssh_config file Vi / etc / ssh / ssh_config Host * ForwardAgent No Forwardx11 NO RhostSauthentication NO Rhostsrsaauthentication NO Rsaauthentication Yes PasswordAuthentication Yes BatchMode No Checkhostip YES StrictkeyChecking Ask IdentityFile ~ / .ssh / identity Port 22 Cipher 3DES Escapechar ~ 5] Configuring OpenSSH / etc / ssh / sshd_config file Vi / etc / ssh / sshd_config Port 22 ListenAddress 0.0.0.0 ListenAddress :: HostKey / etc / ssh / ssh_host_key HostKey / etc / ssh / ssh_host_rsa_key HostKey / etc / ssh / ssh_host_dsa_key KeyRegenerationInterval 3600 ServerKeyBITS 768 Syslogfacility Auth Loglevel Info LogingRacetime 600 #Ppermitrootlogin yes # still don't let root login directly! Strictmodes YES Rsaauthentication Yes PubkeyAuthentication Yes RhostSauthentication NO Ignorerhosts YES Rhostsrsaauthentication NO HostBaseDAuthentication NO Ignoreuserknownhosts NO PasswordAuthentication Yes PermitemptyPasswords No Subsystem sftp / usr / local / ssh / libexec / sftp-server 6] Configure the user's encryption key UserAdd Test Passwd test Su Test SSH-KEYGEN -D Please enter the passenger and enter the passwd again. Note: This password is used when the system encryption is used, and the original password is used when logging in. 7] start service /etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd start 8] Tests with the TEST account. Q: About SMB services Configuration of Samba Installation articles (only RPM installation): First use rpm -q samba If there is a prompt installed It is not needed. If you are not installed RPM-IVH Samba * .rpm Pack SMB Samba-2.2.3a-6.i386.rpm Samba-client-2.2.3a-6.i386.rpm Samba-Common-2.2.3a-6.i386.rpm Samba-swat-2.2.3a-6.i386.rpm Samba-swat-2.2.3a-6.i386.rpm can be installed in the setting: To start SMB, you need to set /etc/samba/smb.conf Set some simple (You can delete the original SMB.conf content. Then use VI to create a new SMB.conf. Write the following) [global] Workgroup = Samba Security = Share # The first Share Dir [TEST] Guest OK = YES Path = / home / test Writable = NO After writing, restart the SMB with the following command (you can use TestParm to test the SMB.conf file before starting) TestParm after that: /etc/rc.d/init.d/smb start This completes the sharing of the first directory. I want this directory to let others write. I need to type a command. CHMOD 777 / HOME / TEST / Let this SMB service runs on it. Type: Chkconfig --Level 3 SMB ON Or use NTSYSV to select the SMB service. Let it turn it directly. Further setting with SMB.CONF [global] Workgroup = Samba Security = Share Server string = Samba Server Log file = / var / log / samba / log.% m Max log size = 1000 Encrypt passwords = yes SMB Passwd File = / etc / samba / smbpasswd # Start setting a personal shared directory [first] Guest OK = YES Path = / home / test / Writable = yes [zq] # 注解 This directory is accessed Comment = DIR for ZQ #path Path = / home / zq # Whether you can write Writable = yes Just allow ZQ this user Valid users = zq [zzm] Comment = DIR for ZZM PATH = / home / zzm Writable = yes Valid users = zzm Then build a Samba password file [root @ Linuxsmb Samba] # cat / etc / passwd | mksmbpasswd.sh> / etc / samba / smbpasswd [root @ Linuxsmb Samba] # chmod 600 / etc / samba / smbpasswd (this step is to do this password not to get this password) Restart SMB /etc/rc.d/init.d/smb start Built the password for the SMB user [root @ Linuxsmba] # SMBPASSWD ZQ [root @ Linuxsmba] # SMBPASSWD ZZM (Of course. Premise requires these two users in the system.) Ok, so I will do this SMB. Talking about the User security level SMB Just need Security = Share Change to Security = User Then restart SMB At this time, you have to pass the Samba. (I didn't try this step) Talking about the Server security level SMB Security = server Then add one sentence Password server = servername # This sentence means setting the host name to verify the password is ServerName SMB passwd file = / etc / remoteesmbpasswd # Specifies the location of Passwd Server to store password file If it is the NT host verification password, you don't have to use this line. Tell the domain security level SMB To install the SMB server to the Win2000 domain carried out: SMBPASSWD -J Samba -R DC_MACHINE Samba Here, the host name, DC directory of DC Then modify the smb.conf Workgroup = Samba # To join the workgroup name Security = doman Password server = DC_MACHINE Q: How to set up your B / Cat or routing in Linux If you want to go online with your Bath and Route Cat [What is Bath and Route Cat, simple say is that ADSL interface is directly connected On the NIC, the routing cat can make each computer can be able to access the Internet through the host, and the EtOAc. EtOAc. Now I mainly say that B is too ADSL. Because routing cats can be online by setting [DHCP], it is the simplest. However, B is too cats to set up: please see! Ether ADSL Cat setting: First, point in the KDE desktop [System] - [Internet Configuration Wizard] - [XDSL Connection] Second, fill the name you want to use in [provider name], you may wish to fill in the user name to your telecom; Third, fill in [login name]: Telecom gives you the username Fill in [Password]: Your password; Five, [OK] Sixth, click [System] - [Network configuration], then [Device], then we can see the ADSL link we just joined, then select it, click [Edit], we click [genernal], then we Just put the two sections. One is activated to activate and select it. [Other] If you have multiple machines, you want to put Windows as a host, then you have to build a shared connection, and your network card is also set as follows: Windows host network card TCP / IP settings: IP address: 192.168.0.1 Submasking: 255.255.255.0 Default gateway: [Not set the best] DNS: It is your ISP provider to you, each region may not be different, I am 202.101.103.54, this can also be used, but because the region is too far, sometimes it is not very good! Linux machine network card settings: IP address: 192.168.0.x [x can be set casually, but don't be the same as your Windows host. If you have two machines, it can be set to be 2, and so on. ] Submasking: 255.255.255.0 Default Gate: 192.168.0.1 DNS: The same as Windows host settings! This linux machine is online through the Windows host! Route ADSL Cat setting: Click [System] - [Network configuration], then [Device], we can see the [EH0] this network card device, then select it, click [Edit], we click [Protoclos], then we will choose [ AutomationCally Obtain IP Address Settings with DHCP, you can! ! ! *********************************************** Under the conditions of ADSL with Ethernet, I tried to use Linux as a host, Windows as a client, Windows machine, using Linux, but I can't be implemented. Please ask your guidance now! Q: Linux stand-alone access settings NIC settings [EH0] [System] - [Network configuration], then [Device] - "EH0, put EH0, set it as follows. IP address: 192.168.0.1 Submasking: 255.255.255.0 Default Gate: Do not set DNS: Set it to your local. If you can't find your local, use the following. But the speed is a bit slow 202.96.134.133 202.101.103.54 202.96.168.68 Ether ADSL Cat setting: First, point in the KDE desktop [System] - [Internet Configuration Wizard] - [XDSL Connection] Second, fill the name you want to use in [provider name], you may wish to fill in the user name to your telecom; Third, fill in [login name]: Telecom gives you the username Fill in [Password]: Your password; Five, [OK] Sixth, click [System] - [Network configuration], then [Device], then we can see the ADSL link we just joined, then select it, click [Edit], we click [genernal], then we Just put the two sections. One is activated to activate and select it. Q: How to create a DNS server author on Linux: Stone cubic users OpenView E-mail: ws_sh@hotmail.com First, suppose This article assumes that you have a basic understanding of the domain name server DNS. If not, please refer to the related attractions. Many DNS articles have begun to introduce from DNS principles. I will provide some simple and practical application instances from the perspective of use. Below, we have to establish a business network DNS primary server, the application conditions are as follows: (1) A Class C network segment address (assuming 192.22.33 in this example) (2) Enterprise domain name is My.com, and has been registered (the main domain server address 192.22.33.20, the host name is Linux.my.com) (3) Enterprise Network Connects to Internet by Routers If your application environment is different from the above conditions, please see it down, this article will be amended to the following examples on the basis of the above example: (1) multiple network segments (2) Closed internal network (3) Only access to local public networks (such as 169 network, Shanghai hotline, etc.) Second, named, / etc / named.boot and NDC The main body of the DNS server is the domain name server process named. After the NAMED is started, the DNS client provides a domain name resolution service to convert the domain name into an IP address. When named starts, you need to read a initialization file, default is /etc/named.boot, so /etc/named.boot is the basic configuration file of NAMED. Although starting NAMED can perform NAMED directly, we can use a tool NDC that controls NAMEDs on Linux. NDC can be used to start, abort, restart, refresh DNS data, output DNS data, etc., I recommend you to use this tool to help DNS servers debugging. For detailed usage of NDC, please see Linux related documentation. Third, establish a named configuration file /etc/named.boot /etc/named.boot is the basic profile, but does not contain any DNS data, for our previous assumption, let's establish the following /etc/named.boot first, the content is as follows: ; Boot File for Name Server ; Directory / var / named PRIMARY My.com DB.my PRIMARY 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa db.127.0.0 Primary 33.22.192.in-addr.Arpa db.192.22.33 Cache. db.cache Among them, the line of ";" is a notes, and the meaning of other lines is (1) DireTory / VAR / NAMED Specify the NAMED to read the DNS data file from the / var / named directory. This directory user can specify and create itself, and all DNS data files after specify are stored in this directory. (2) Primary my.com db.my Specifies NAMED as the primary domain server of my.com domain, and the DB.my file contains domain name conversion data in the form of * .my.com. (3) Primary 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa db.127.0.0 Specify NAMED as a 127.0.0 network segment address translation master server, the DB.127.0.0 file contains 127.0.0. * The address to the domain name translation data. (127.0.0 network segment address is the internal loopback address of the local area network interface) (4) Primary 33.22.192.in-addr.Arpa db.192.22.33 Specify NAMED as a 192.22.33 network segment address translation master server, DB.192.22.33 file contains all 192.22.33. * Forms of address to Data of the domain name. (5) cache. Db.cache Specify NAMED to get the top "root" server address of the Internet from the DB.Cache file Be Note (3) (4) The network segment address in both lines is inserted, and each file name can also be determined by themselves. Fourth, establish each DNS data file Next, press the definition in /etc/named.boot to create each DNS data file. (1) Establish a forward domain name conversion data file db.my According to the definition of /etc/named.boot, we build DB.my in the / var / named directory, which should include all host nodes in the My.com domain. However, when the number of machines is more, it is recommended that only a few nodes are placed in the file, and the data of the other nodes is added to the beginning of the NAMED. Here is an example of db.my: @ In soapux.my.com. Root.linux.my.com. 199511301; Serial, TodayS Date TodayS Serial # 28800; Refresh, Seconds 7200; Retry, Seconds 3600000; EXPIRE, SECONDS 86400); Minimum, Seconds NS Linux.my.com. MX 10 Support.my.com. Localhost A 127.0.0.1 Linux A 192.22.33.20 Support2 a 192.22.33.102 HP712 A 192.22.33.160 Support a 192.22.33.100 Mail mx 10 support.my.com. MX 20 Support2.my.com. WWW cname hp712.my.com. FTP cname hp712.my.com. NS cname Linux.my.com. The first line is the SOA record that defines the basic information of the domain name data, which is the DNS server name, the DNS administrator email address, the first number in parentheses is the file version number, each time this file is modified, must be changed. This number. The remaining numbers are related to DNS server directly, we do not need to change here. There is an NS record and a MX record behind parentheses, defining the domain name of the domain name server itself and the name of the mail server corresponding to the username@my.com form. Here are the various domain name / address translation data, where A record is a record of the DNS domain name to IP address. It must be, hp712.my.com as an example, and record the mid-domain my.com is omitted, only Write as HP712, named automatically adds my.com based on definition in Named.boot during processing, and its corresponding IP address is 192.22.33.160. Another record is MX record. MX is a mail address translation record. In this example, the mail address of UserName@mail.my.com is defined into username@support.my.com or username@support2.my.com, that is, the actual mail server is Support .my.com and support2.my.com, where support.my.com is 10, support2.my.com's priority is 20, so usually the message is first sent to the priority small host support.my. COM. There are also some CNAME records that are provided. CNAME defines some aliases of hosts. For example, we will hp712.my.com as the company's WWW and FTP servers, so we provide Www.my.com and ftp.my.com as alias hp712.my.com, users only need to access the company's WWW, FTP server, if we exchange other hosts WWW and FTP servers, You only need to modify the CNAME record, you have no effect on the user. Note: MX and CNAME have a last name of the host name to bring one "." (2) Establish a reverse DNS data file DB.127.0.0 and DB.192.22.33 Reverse DNS data files are used to provide the corresponding DNS host name based on the IP address query, each network segment has a data file. For internal network segments 127.0.0 usually only one address, that is, 127.0.0.1 loopback address, DB.127.0.0 The content is as follows: @ In soapux.my.com root.linux.my.com. 1997022700; Serial 28800; Refresh 14400; RETRY 3600000; EXPIRE 86400); Minimum IN ns Linux.my.com. 1 in ptr localhost. The data file DB.192.22.33 of the external network segment contains conversion data for all host IP addresses to the DNS hostname. DB.192.22.33 The content is as follows: @ In SOA Linux.my.com. Root.pc590.my.com. 199609206; Serial 28800; Refresh 7200; RETRY 604800; EXPIRE 86400); Minimum TTL NS Linux.my.com. ; ALL HOSTS ; 20 ptr linux.my.com. 102 ptr support2.my.com. 100 ptr support.my.com. 160 ptr hp712.my.com. The main part of the reverse DNS data file is the PTR record. The IP address in the PTR record is only host number. " (3) Get db.cache files On the Linux system, a named.ca has been provided under / var / named, which contains the top-level domain name server of the Internet, but this file usually changes, so it is recommended to download the latest version from Internet. This file can be downloaded from ftp.rs.internic.net by anonymous FTP, in the Domain directory, file name is named.root. Note that this file is downloaded to copy to the NAMED's work directory and rename the file name specified in Named.boot, this article is db.cache. V. Start and test Named First, start NAMED with NDC according to the previously recommended method: NDC START Then, in order to use and test NAMED, set Linux to use the DNS state. The method is to create a resolv.conf file in the / etc directory. With our example, / etc / resolv.conf content is: Search my.com Nameserver 192.22.33.20 Then we can test Named. The Linux and other UNIX systems provide NSLookup tools to enter: Nslookup Just enter the swap nslookup environment, if named starts normally, Nslookup displays the address and domain name of the current DNS server, otherwise NAMED has not started normally. The following brief introduces some basic DNS diagnostics: (1) Check the forward DNS analysis In the NSlookup prompt, enter the host name of the domain name, such as hp712.my.com, nslookup should display the IP address corresponding to the host name, if only HP712 is input, NSLookup will automatically add according to the definition of /etc/resolv.conf My.com domain name and answer the corresponding IP address. (2) Check the reverse DNS analysis Enter an IP address in the NSLookup prompt, such as 192.22.33.20, NSLookup should answer the host name corresponding to the IP address. (3) Check MX email address record Enter: in the NSLookup prompt: Set Q = MX Then enter a domain name, in an example of this article, enter my.com or mail.my.com, Nslookup should be able to answer the corresponding mail server address, support.my.com and support2.my.com. (4) Check CNAME alias record Enter: in the NSLookup prompt: Set Q = CNAME Then enter a separate name, such as Www.my.com, Nslookup should answer the corresponding real host name, namely hp712.my.com. To exit NSLookup, enter exit. Six, modify DNS data If you want to add a host in the network, for example, an PC called pc01.my.com is to add a record of the host corresponding to the host in db.my, and add corresponding to DB.192.22.33. PTR record, then update the NAMED data with NDC: NDC RELOAD Be aware that the A record and PTR records must be changed at the same time. Many administrators often add only A records and ignore the PTR records used by the reverse query, and the result will make many applications not run normally. Special note, once the content of the DNS data file is modified, be sure to change the version number of the data file (Serial), so that other systems (clients) in the network use DNS servers. Once the DNS server starts working, you can configure hosts in all enterprise networks to use DNS services. The method of the UNIX host configuration has been explained earlier, that is, create a /etc/resolv.conf file, see the previous section 5. The configuration of Windows 95 is in the TCP / IP configuration of the NIC, select Using DNS (Enable), then fill in each parameter in the configuration window. In the example of this article, if the host running Windows 95 is named pc01.my.com, fill in the PC01 in the host name (Host) column, fill in my.com in the domain column, then put the domain server ( DNS Server Add to the Search list. The configuration of the Windows NT node is approximately the same. Eight, amendment in several different environments (1) If the IP network segment is more than one Assume that an IP network segment 192.22.37 is now added to the My.com domain, and the definition of a network segment is added in the content of /etc/named.boot, as follows: ; Boot File for Name Server ; Directory / var / named PRIMARY My.com DB.my PRIMARY 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa db.127.0.0 Primary 33.22.192.in-addr.Arpa db.192.22.33 Primary 37.22.192.in-addr.Arpa db.192.22.37 Cache. db.cache The reverse DNS data file adds a file DB.192.22.37 that defines the 192.22.37 network segment, including all nodes in the 192.22.37 network segment, which is similar to DB.192.22.33. (2) If the enterprise network is closed If the enterprise network does not directly interconnect with the outside Internet, the DNS server does not have to care about the domain name other than the enterprise domain, so you can ignore DB.Cache when configuring NAMED, we can remove the Cache line in /etc/named.boot. (3) If you enter the public network that you will not access the Internet If your internal network accessible public network can only access a limited range, such as free 169 network, Shanghai hotline, etc., your DNS server cannot perform address resolution through the Internet's top server (ROOT Server), so you must Use the DNS server you can access directly to the DNS server. The specific method is to use the Forwarders option to specify the upper-level DNS server. Take this article, named.boot is: ; Boot File for Name Server ; Directory / var / named PRIMARY My.com DB.my PRIMARY 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa db.127.0.0 Primary 33.22.192.in-addr.Arpa db.192.22.33 Primary 37.22.192.in-addr.Arpa db.192.22.37 Forwarders ... Options forward-only Among them, the address you can directly access the DNS server, usually your ISP (169, Shanghai Hotline, etc.) DNS server address, at least one. With the specification of the Forwarders and Options Forward-Only parameters, your business DNS server works in Forward-Only mode, all local unresolved names are transmitted to the ISP DNS server to resolve. Nine, establish a backup DNS server (Secondary DNS Server) There is usually a DNS primary server, the network can work normally, but according to the management specification of the domain name, a separate domain name must have at least two DNS servers, namely a DNS master server, and a backup DNS server. (Secondary Server), this is mainly reliable for the reliability of the DNS service, making the Internet more reliable. Now still in front, now you have to join a machine nspc.my.com running Linux, the IP address is 192.22.33.60. (1) Modification on the primary server First confirm that the DNS primary server works fine, then, in the forward DNS data file DB.my on the primary server, add NSPC.my.com's relevant records, and add an NS record to make DB.my on the primary server. The following: @ In soapux.my.com. Root.linux.my.com. 199511301; Serial, TodayS Date TodayS Serial # 28800; Refresh, Seconds 7200; Retry, Seconds 3600000; EXPIRE, SECONDS 86400); Minimum, Seconds NS Linux.my.com. NS nspc.my.com.; Must increase record MX 10 Support.my.com. Localhost A 127.0.0.1 Linux A 192.22.33.20 Support2 a 192.22.33.102 HP712 A 192.22.33.160 Support a 192.22.33.100 NSPC A 192.22.33.60; Added record Mail mx 10 support.my.com. MX 20 Support2.my.com. WWW cname hp712.my.com. FTP cname hp712.my.com. NS2 cname nspc.my.com.; Added record NS cname Linux.my.com. Simultaneous modifications are then made to the respective reverse DNS data files on the primary server, add the NS records of the backup server, and then restart the named. It can be seen that the change in the main DNS server is mainly an increase of NS records, the rest and adds a normal node. If it is used to make a backup DNS server with an existing node, increase the NS record is the only step. . (2) Configuration of the backup DNS server (Secondary Server) The configuration file that needs to be created on the backup DNS server is similar to the Named.boot and Db.cache, the format is similar to the primary server, and the named.boot is: ; Boot File for Secondary Name Server ; Directory / var / named Secondary my.com 192.22.33.20 db.my Secondary 0.0.127.in-addr.Arpa 192.22.33.20 DB.127.0.0 Secondary 33.22.192.in-addr.Arpa 192.22.33.20 DB.192.22.33 Cache. db.cache The three lines of secondary definitions make Named from 192.22.33.20, that is, all DNS data on the primary server, and there are local data files. Local data files are generated by NAMED from the NAMED download from the primary DNS server, usually as exactly the data file on the primary server, in case the backup server is lost to the primary server without downloading DNS data, the backup server can utilize local data files jobs. The DB.cache of the backup DNS server is usually copied from the system administrator from the primary server. Typically, the backup DNS server can be built in the enterprise network, and can also be used as an external DNS server as so that the ISP server is used as a backup DNS server of the company, which improves the reliability of the DNS service. Note that the same DNS server can be a server that simultaneously becomes multiple DNS domains, and can make both primary servers in some domains, and at other domains of backup servers. (3) Changes in DNS client For UNIX hosts on the internal network, you should add a row of Nameserver instructions in /etc/resolv.conf, so that the system can search for backup DNS servers, with the examples of this article, / etc / resolv.conf: Search my.com Nameserver 192.22.33.20 Nameserver 192.22.33.60 Note that we can decide the order of the DNS server listed in /etc/resolv.conf as needed, usually selecting a server that is fast. For Windows 95 and NT, the backup DNS server is added in the list of DNS servers, and the order of adding can also determine the priority of each DNS server. Welcome friends from this article to revise and improve their opinions, I e-mail: ws_sh@hotmail.com Well, the configuration of nsswitch.conf and how the DNS is configured as cache only, but it is relatively simple, there are many books. Q: Establish a local area network server with Linux The Linux system is an advantageous number of network servers, but it has a lot of disadvantages, especially the cumbersome configuration, so many people look. This article uses Turbolinux 4.0 as an example, introduces some experiences when configuring the LAN Linux server, I hope to have some help to readers, and I hope to play the role of tile jade. First, TCP / IP network configuration TurboLinux supports the support of the NIC still, most NIC can automatically detect when installing. If your luck is not good, Linux can't find your network card, you can enter x windows, run the LinuxConf command with root. This is a configuration tool for a graphical interface, most Linux settings can be completed in a simple mouse. First, find the Basic Host Setting, set the type of network card, I / O Port and IRQ, generally not listed ISA cards can be used with NE, PCI can use NE or NE2K-PCI, then set IP Address and subnet mask, as long as the other machines in the local area network can be set in the same subnet. Set the gateway if you want to connect to the external network. About this issue can also refer to TurboLinux's help file. Second, the configuration of the Samba server Samba is a file and print server. Its most important feature is that you can share files with Win98 / NT, and you can provide print services. In short, it is to see Linux servers in Win98 online neighbors and can access them. About Samba configuration is stored in /etc/smb.conf, most of which can be used by its default settings, I will not say more, but there are fews are not changeable: The SMB.conf file is similar to the Windows INI file, with [] as a beginning, each behavior is an equivalent expression, the comment is headed. Each of these [] has a shared directory (except "Global and Printer), except [global] is some universal configuration, one of which is more important to Win98 machine is GUESTACCOUNT, indicating user name without password, if this is in Win98 Username Login, access to public = yes directory does not have a password, but cannot access publications of public = no. [global] guest account = guest Workgroup is changed to the name set in Win98 network configuration, otherwise this machine can not be found online. Workgroup = Samba Server [homes] Because Win98 is not case sensitive, the Linux is case sensitive, so add two lines to join Preserve Case = YES Short Preserve Case = YES [myshare] If you want to set a directory, only the read and write permissions for several users, just add the following lines, each two usernames are separated Valid users = user1 USER2 USER3 After setting the smb.conf file, run Turboservice and set the Samba service to boot automatically. After the Linux is turned on, it can be found in the Win98 online neighbor. The above is just shared Linux resources with Win98, so how to share the files in Win98 with Linux? In fact, it is simpler, just use the command SMBMount. For example: To share another host NTServer, the user name is student, the password is 1234, as long as the command: SMBMOUNT '// NTSERVER / ShaRefile' -u student -p 1234 / mnt / sharefile The / mnt / sharefile will become a ShareFile directory in NTServer. If no username and password -P and -u parameters can save. Third, the configuration of the Apache server Do you want to post a homepage on the LAN? Then choose Apache. Installing HTTP Server with Apache is the simplest, just start using the Turboservice command to start the Web Server service. Its default home page is /Home/httpd/index.html, replaced it into your own homepage, then enter the IP address of the Linux host in the browser to see if there is any reaction. It is really monotonous to use the IP address. If you don't want to try with www.ld60.com such a domain name, let's take a look at the introduction below. Suppose the IP address in the LAN in the Linux host is 192.1.1.1, open the / etc / hosts file, find the one of the rows corresponding to 192.1.1.1, change the alias of the host to www.ld60.com. The other WIN98 machine in the LAN is then set to the LAN, and the IP address of the Linux host is filled in the local area network proxy server setting column. Finally open IE, enter www.ld60.com, enjoy your labor results!
