On the measures to build a world-class university in my country
Building a world-class university is the need of my country's modernization and national great revival, and it is also a dream of several generations of Chinese people. For more than a century, China's higher education causes from nothing, from small to large, has achieved great development. However, relative to foreign countries, in particular Western developed countries, there is still a big gap between my country's higher education, whether in infrastructure, funding, and discipline, whether teachers, or cultivate student influence, and it is difficult to catch up with developed The level of national first-class university. Especially in the beginning of the new century, my country's higher education is experiencing the most profound changes since the birth. It is facing severe challenges in history, challenges the commitment from my country to join WTO to education services. On the other hand, from the requirements of economic structure and industrial structure adjustment. In the face of new conditions, my country's higher education must further accelerate the pace of reform and development. And learn from the management experience of all countries in the world, expand international vision, breakthrough and innovation in college management, thus shrinking the gap between the world, is a very urgent and far-reaching thing.
First, the characteristics of the world's first-class university
Although people are different from the evaluation methods of the world's first-class universities, the internationally recognized ranking of the first few universities in the world have the UK Cambridge University, Oxford University, Japan's Tokyo University, Paris University in France, Germany, Munich University, Germany, And the United States, Harvard University, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of California, Berkeley, Princeton University, Yale University, California Institute of Technology, etc. These world-class universities have the following characteristics:
1. Discipline and have a group of world-recognized high-level disciplines
From the current 12 disciplines in my country, these schools have basically covered 8 disciplines such as philosophy, economics, law, literature, education, engineering, medical, management, and schools for agriculture, history, education. According to your own characteristics and needs, you choose to set the corresponding discipline. The comprehensive nature of these universities makes them nearly two hundred majors to undergraduate or graduate students, and there are nearly 100. Such professional settings are based on the combination of sputum, and the literatism penetration is made, and it is also easy to form a multidisciplinary atmosphere, enhance the strength of interdisciplinary research and teaching. These world-class disciplines have gradually established and have a group of world-recognized high-level disciplines in a group and systematic basis.
2, the teacher's team is strong
It has a team of teachers with high academic level and strong research capabilities. A group of world-recognized academic authority and well-known scholars as academic leaders are a significant feature of the world's first-class university. For example, the Professor Stanford University has 11 Nobel Prize, Academician, 88 National Academy of Sciences, Academician, academician, academician, 65 National Academy of Engineering, academicians, academicians of 16 National Academy of Education. They play an important role in the development of the school.
3. There are major scientific research results, especially in basic research, have achieved the scientific research results.
The development of the atomic bomb, the fractal technology of hydrogen bombs, the electronic computer storage procedure theory, the leret radar transmission, computer memory code, electronic counterparts, etc., the results of these famous universities, so that these universities have high prestige and impact .
4, students high quality
These schools have attracted outstanding students in the country, so they have sufficient birthplace, and they can admit high-level students enrollment. The students' academic level is high, and the graduation rate is high.
5. Implementing an open internationalized school policy
They have many foreign students, visiting scholars, have an international research center, carry out many international, regional research topics. As Tanford University In 1993, more than 3,000 foreign students from 96 countries have 8.6% of the total number of undergraduate students in schools, accounting for 27.7% of the total number of postmens, accounting for 45.6% of the total postlice. The open-ended school policy enables the school to selection of points, expand the influence of the school, and improve the prestige of the school international.
6, pay attention to and emphasize graduate education
Among the world's first-class universities, graduate students' ratio is high, such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is 1.25: 1, Harvard University is 1.42: 1, Cornell University is 1.42: 1, Stanford University is 1.37: 1, California University Berkeley The school is 0.27: 1. The graduate size of each school has more than 5,000, graduate students become the main force of the scientific research of schools, so that the number of research work and scientific research levels are greatly improved.
7. Cultivate a group of world recognized outstanding talents
Among the talents cultivated by the world's first-class universities, some have become an outstanding representative of contemporary politics, economic, cultural and science. The Nobel Prize is the highest honor of the world's scientific community. It has 62 in the University of Cambridge, the University of Cambridge, and 35 Harvard University, and 21 of California University Berkeley. There are 15 MIT and Cornell University. People, Yale University and Polloston each have 11 people, and there are 11 people in Stanford University, and 9 of Colombian University has been awarded this honor. Among the President of the United States, there are 6 people graduated from Harvard University. It graduated from Yale University, graduated from Polloston University and Stanford University, 2 people and 1. 8, running school funds (including education and R & D funds) are sufficient, and the material conditions of teaching and research are superior
Among the R & D funds in American universities, the support of the federal government, state and local governments accounted for 68%, and the foundation accounted for 18%, private companies accounted for 7%, and other sources accounted for 7%. These R & D funds are mainly concentrated in a small number of schools that have the right to grant doctoral degrees. These schools have accounted for 60% of the investment in basic research, making it a major base for the basics of the United States, and reflects the characteristics of research universities. In addition, the school's rich collections have created a very superior condition for teaching scientific research. These schools are generally more than 2 million books, and the library of Harvard is the world's largest university library, consisting of 95 ministry libraries. In 1992, there was a total of 12.39 million books, and 1049 staff members, and schools also have 2 observations, 7 areas, 56 disciplines, engineering and medical laboratories, related animals, art, archaeological museums, Providing excellent teaching environments for teachers and students.
Second, how to build a world first-class university?
(1) Reform the power configuration in my country's current higher education management, transform from government standard to school, from administrative sites to academic standard, the key is to change the relationship between government and universities, the government's power is reflected in macro management and regulation From the microscopic field to exit, do not interfere with internal affairs of the school, guarantee the school autonomy and academic freedom from the system.
1, cancel the university administrative level
In the relationship between the government and the school, the administrative level of the college is the product of the planned economy. After establishing a market economy system, the school is independently studied in accordance with the law, and there is no need to correspond to a government department; the university principal is a legal person of academic organizations, and there is no need to correspond to some officials in the government. Enterprises similar to the market, schools, and principals have no need to exist.
2. The way the reform university principal
The university principal is not a government official, not a cadre, but a leader of social academic organization. Therefore, the principal's selection should be, from the perspective of the academic organization. Of course, the university secretary is still the party's cadres, appointed by the superior organization. According to the principles, the principals selected should be mainly responsible, and must represent the interests of teachers and students in the whole school. Then, the principal should fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all aspects of the school, especially the academic power management school; on the one hand, as a legal representative of the school, to run school independently.
3. Reform the government's approving method
Education grants come from taxpayers, and government allocation is the privileged responsibility for the unobstructed. The intermediary organization responsible for the establishment of an ultra-off mediation between the government and colleges and universities should pay fundamentally to eliminate the government 's power to rent. According to the market economy system, the relationship between the government and the school is, the school has become a legal person organization that is really engaged in society. As an academic organization, the school must rely on academic power to participate in the market competition, otherwise it will be eliminated.
Yang Dongping, a scholar, pointed out that from the 1990s, my country's higher education and universities have become very large in spiritual substances. This deterioration has two directions, one of which is increasingly officially, administrative. Can my country built a world-class university? Can a few first-class universities? When can I built? Which universities can be built first? The problem like this series is impossible to be considered by the government, but should be determined by the development of universities. The government can focus on a batch of schools, but more universities should develop in a free and competitive environment, identify their development direction and struggle targets. The role of the government should provide a free and competitive environment for the development of universities, and should not intervene in the specific matters of colleges and universities. (2) Inside the university:
1. Advocate the concept of running a school that meets social development
The so-called schooling concept refers to people's awareness, positioning and function of their own school, that is, what kind of school is to do, how to do such a school. The concept of running a school will play a directional role in school, which is crucial to the development of schools. For scholars, there is any major reform of the school, and in essence is to redesign the school. Whether this design is successful, the primary is to form a clear understanding of the school's development requirements. As the famous philosopher in Germany, the educated Carl Yasbeers said: "Re-determining the idea of universities is the primary task." The importance of running a school concept is to make scholars can't always repeat the past, but to give school A vision of a future development.
Education is for economic and social development and human development services, and the development of people is also closely related to the situation of economic and social development at the time. Therefore, scientifically analyzes the status and trend of economic and social development at the time and its new demand for talents, new needs of university functions, is the basis for the development of advanced schooling. And the macro background of economic and social development is hierarchical. It is global, national, and local. These levels have both links and differences. The former has both laundry, but it is necessary to reflect through the latter. Adapted to the hierarchical symptoms of economic and social development, colleges and universities must reflect the requirements of macro and big backgrounds, but also reflect national and local development requirements. But different levels of schools are different. This is the problem of the school's positioning, which is the question necessary to answer the first-priced school. Therefore, it is the same as advanced schooling concept, and there is a characteristic of the school characteristics. Since all schools have their own special external environments and internal conditions, how to propose appropriate entry points according to their respective major contradictions, it is very important to develop.
2, standardize the university charter
The university charter is very important to the development of universities, and the world's first-class university has its own charter. It has clear regulations on the relationship between the government and the university, the responsibility, power and obligations of the university, which has an important role in norming the behavior of school. The university charter is developed through the legislative process, and the university principal cannot be changed. In the United States, the University Board of Directors will develop regulations, management procedures, teachers' hiring systems. Many principal of China's principal suggested that Chinese universities should also develop their university charters as soon as possible to ensure their healthy development.
3. People-oriented cultivation talents and build a first-class teacher team
It has a first-class teacher team and a first-class student, one of the most significant signs of the world's first-class university. None exceptions, world-class universities attach great importance to the training and education of teachers. Establish a good working atmosphere, provide first-class teaching and research facilities to determine reasonable workload to make teachers have more self-owned and more time engaged in research work, and is considered to be the most important three of the construction of first-class teachers. Aspect. Although the school's requirements for each teacher will be different, the school generally tells the teacher school to expect him, and will take effective incentive measures such as a raise to motivate teachers. The principal should communicate more with teachers, expressed interest and appreciation of their work, so that they feel in a supported environment. In terms of cultivating first-class students, there are many ways to learn from the world's first-class universities. The French Paris Higher Normal School only tricks hundreds of students every year, but it has cultivated the world celebrity and many Nobel Prize winners like Sart. The school president is confirmed that the Parisian high-profile requires students to generally have a good foundation and broad knowledge of knowledge, such as the entry requirements for the entry and study requirements. For most students, they don't know their own discipline when they enrolled, and the school will fully satisfy their knowledge and learn more about relevant disciplines, and fully excavate the gap between disciplines. In order to create suitable learning and living environment for students, each first-class university is different, but the goal is consistent. Oxford University has 39 colleges, and each college has more than 400 students. They are submitted to different disciplines and different grades, organized by certain structures and mechanisms, which is based on undergraduate. The school principal Lucas believes that students are accommodation and learning in the college, and some professors have lived in the college, which is very beneficial to the environment that creates intellectual development and personality development. Due to many students from different disciplines, professors gave students like family care, care, and guidance, which is conducive to students' growth as families. 4. Establish a good management mechanism to give full play to the role of professor
What is the main reason for the success of Harvard University? Lu De Ting, the Harvard University Honor, believes it is because Harvard University has formed a clear business concept, a system system and operation mechanism. "Even if there is no principal, Harvard University can work." He said, excellent The university should have such a system, providing a wide range of knowledge leadership for different specialists. This view is the consensus of the world's first-class university.
The academic system is a factor in determining the survival and development of universities. Playing academic democracy, Caspepar, principal of Stanford University, is mainly widely listening to professors. "I have 50% of management time to listen to professors' opinions. Stanford's school motto is the leader of the freedom of the freedom", the principal should advocate and practice this idea. In addition, we have established a senior professor consisting of senior professors The Committee accepts and investigates the handling of complaints that hinder academic democracy, and the university administrative agencies have also accepted and investigated and handled such complaints. "
Implement a diverse hierarchical management model, clarify the responsibilities, power, interests, and school relationships of the department, are considered important by many princiers of Chinese and foreign countries. For example, the Card-Mei University strategic planning is well done, the key is to have a good planning mechanism, and the different people are responsible. Card - Mei University has established a school's Strategic Planning Commission in the 1970s, requiring each institution in the school to plan for the tasks you are committed, and each teacher must participate in the plan. Clearly plan a key factor in the major development goals, practical processes, and implementing these goals. Dean or department director is the main implementor of planning, the principal's responsibility is to pay attention to mobilizing all positive factors, and communicating with teachers, deans, councils, etc. in planning implementation, so that the planning is inclusive and flexible.
In this regard, draw on the experience of running schools in foreign countries, create an academic environment, pay attention to the vitality of academic democracy and professors, is an important reason for modern universities to maintain knowledge innovation, full of life vitality; administrative system is an indispensable organization of university management Management is the service, the administrative system is sufficient and effectively for the school's academic system. 5. Building a scientific and technological innovation system of research universities and improve scientific and technological innovation
Innovation is the vitality of a research university. The primary task of creating world-class universities in my country is that the strategic needs of the country, strengthening key technology innovation and system integration, promoting industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, contributing to national and regional economic development; at the same time, to strengthen the front edge , The basic research of the originality, strive to improve academic level.
6, broaden fundraising channels, strengthen infrastructure construction, create a good campus environment atmosphere
With the development of all aspects of school, the demand for funds is getting bigger and bigger. In addition, in addition to continuing to strive for more government funding, scientific research contract funds, tuition fees and school-run industries, it is recommended to establish a Strong professional fundraising fund management team to ensure the growing demand for school funding funds.
To build a world-class university, you must create a good, first-class small environment. This small environment includes both a hard environment and a soft environment. It is necessary to improve the hard environment including the construction of public facilities and infrastructure construction, teaching scientific research rooms, and students' living facilities. And accelerate the socialization process of logistics. At the same time, it is necessary to pay more attention to the construction of a soft environment, including: to create a good academic environment, an advocated academic environment that advocates science, explores truth, academic freedom, and rigorous research; strive to create a kind of campus The cultural atmosphere, the spirit of promoting patriotic dedication, inheriting the tradition of "self-improvement, thick morality", adhere to the "stroning in words".
In short, in the face of the challenge of the new century, my country's universities only have to make their own development, only to seek new ideas, take new measures to truly achieve the grand goal of the world's first-class university.
