Sender: Albin (Aile Bin), News District: Linux
Title: Linux Elective Class: UNIX Common Order
Sending station: Bihai Qingtian (Wed Apr 21 23:14:19 1999), transfer
Copyright Notice:
This article is the Linux elective course of Dalian University of Technology. You are welcome to reprint, but it is forbidden to use this material.
Any commercial or profitable event. Please keep this copyright statement when you reprint.
Author: He Binwu, hbwork @ dlut.edu.cn, Network Center of Dalian University of Technology, April 1999.
URL: ftp://ftp.dlut.edu.cn/pub/people/albin/
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Fourth, UNIX system common command
UNIX system commonly used command format:
Command [Flags] [argument1] [argument2] ...
Where Flags is started, multiple FLAGs can be used to connect, such as LS -L -A is the same as LS -LA.
Depending on the command, the parameters are divided into optional or must; all commands are entered from the standard input, output
The result is displayed in the standard output, and the error message is displayed in the standard error output device. Redirect function
These devices are redirected.
The command returns an 0 value after normal execution, if the command error can be complete, then return one
Non-zero value (available variables available in Shell). This return value can be used as control logic in Shell Script
a part of.
Note: Different UNIX version of FLAGS may vary.
1. Command related to the user
1.1 Login
(This command function is different from the Solaris / BSD under Linux Redhat, and the execution login exits the current task).
Login:
PASSWORD:
Related documents:
Set the necessary paths, terminal types, other variables, or special programs when the shell runtime is set in the following files.
$ HOME / .profile (Bourne Shell, SH, BASH)
$ HOME / .CSHRC (CSH, TCSH)
$ HOME / .TCSHRC (TCSH)
/ etc / passwd file lists each user's shell
/etc/csh.cshrc
/etc/csh.login
/ etc / profile (bourne shell, bash)
/ ETC / Login (Bourne Shell, Bash)
CSH: /etc/csh.cshrc and $ home / .cshrc will read each time,
And /etc/csh.login and $ home / .login only registered shell
After modify the corresponding file, use the source .cshrc to enable relevant modifications, if the PATH is modified
You also need to use a REHASH to refresh the executable Hash table.
TCSH: $ homen / .tcshrc, no files read .cshrc
SH: / etc / profile and $ home / .profile registration shell
Bash: / etc / profile and $ home / .bash_profile registration shell read
.bashrc interactive non-registration shell is read.
Handmade related files in Sh / Bash:
. / etc / profile
Related file execution order
SH: / etc / profile -> $ home / .profile
CSH / TCSH: /etc/csh.cshrc -> /etc/csh.login -> $ home / .cshrc
-> $ home / .login
Variable setting:
SH / BASH: TERM = VT100; EXPORT TERM
Al: Export Term = VT100 (Bash) CSH: STENV TERM VT100
Common variables:
(1) Backspace $ homen / .profile $ homen / .cshrc
Stty Erase ^ h
(2) UMASK new file or directory protection properties
(3) TERM
(4) Do not join the PATH.
1.2. Rlogin
Similar to Telnet, connect to the remote host.
Rlogin Remotehost [-l loginname]
OR:
RSH [-l loginname] Remotehost [Command]
Related documents:
Remote host /etc/hosts.equiv and $ home / .rhosts
Related network configuration files:
The R system service in the /etc/inetd.conf file.redhat is Shell, Login, Exec, Correspondence
The network daemon (daemon) is in .rshd, in .rlogind, in.rexecd.
Recommendation: Off from the security perspective, turn off the R series service.
1.3. Telnet
Telnet Remotehost [Port]
Related documents:
Telnet service in the /etc/inetd.conf file.
/etc/issue.net
Tips: strings /usr/sbin/in.telnetd | Egrep Issue
1.4. Passwd changed the password
1.5 EXIT exits the current shell
2. Look for commands or files
Related shell variables:
CSH / TCSH: $ PATH
.cshrc set path = (/ usr / bin / usr / local / bin $ path)
SH / BASH: $ PATH
.profile.bash_profile
Path = / usr / local / bin: $ PATH; Export Path
2.1 Which
SYNTAX: Which Command
Which is the Bash / TCSH command
[hbwork @ Toshiba] $ Which Which
Which: Shell Built-in Command.
2.2 WHERE (TCSH)
Syntax: Where command
2.3 Locate (Linux)
SYNTAX: LOCATE FILENAME
Related Commands: Updatedb Change Locate File Name Database
3. View the usage of the command
MAN
Related documents:
/etc/man.config
4. Administrator common command
4.1 INSTALL
Used to install a new command or Daemon, etc., in general, but many software installed
Use install to copy the target file to the appropriate directory and set the correct properties.
Name
INSTALL - COPY FILES AND SET THEIR Attributes
Synopsis
Install [Options] [-s] [--strip] Source Dest
Install [options] [-s] [--Strip] Source ... Directory
Install [Options] [-D, - Directory] Directory ...
Options:
[-C] [-g group] [-m mode] [-o owner] [--Group = group]
[--Mode = mode] [- Wener = Owner] [--help] [--Version]
4.2 Shutdown
Different UNIX parameters are different, and it is often shut down under Linux:
SHUTDOWN-H now
Shutdown -r now (equivalent to Reboot)
4.3 Halt
Poweroff
Shutdown, under multi-user mode (Runlevel 3) is not recommended,
4.4 Ulimit
This command can be used in Korn Shell and Bourne Shell, in the CSH series, the corresponding command is limit. Used to limit system resources available to each process, usually divide two restrictions:
The resource defined by the Hard Limits system, only root can change
Soft restrictions on the restrictions used by the new process, can increase to the system's HARD LIMIT.
Flags:
-a lists soft restrictions
-HA lists Hard Limit
-c size sets the block size of Coredump SIZE
-t size cputime
-f Size File Size
4.5 UMASK System Administrator is used to set the user's default umask value.
5. Command related to the process
Process Basic Concept: The process is related to the execution of the command, but it is not one or one; a command may correspond to a number
Processes (such as shell script, pack, etc.). But the simplest command is only one process with umask.
Process classification:
Interactive Process: Can be executed at the front desk or background, the front and back can be switched
Batch Process: Do not submit through the terminal, generally put them in the order in the task queue.
Tasks submitted by AT and crontab.
.deamon: Never terminated process, waiting to respond to service requests from other processes. Such as Sendmail,
Named (DNS), POP3 and Apache, etc.
Process related properties:
PID
Real uid
Effective Uid (SUID)
Real gid
Effective GID (SGID)
Priority (Nice Number) Executive Priority
5.1 ps
Process status lists the currently running process status, and can list all or some processes depending on the option.
Only the process (SysV) or the current user ($ user) process (BSD) starting from the current terminal is not available.
There is a difference between different UNIX versions. Linux uses BSD version of PS
BSD version PS command usage:
PS
PS AUX lists the details of all processes in the system
PS AUX | EGREP inetd
Output information content:
PID
TERMINAL is in -4 without the corresponding terminal
CPU TIME
Userid or username
Process start time or date
Process Status (STAT: S (Unnable) D (Unnterrupt Sleep) Z (OMBIE)
The W process has no resident page, N: The NICE value of the process is negative.
5.2 Kill
Kill [-signal] PID
Kill -l lists the available semaphore
Common information quantity:
-HUP (1) Restart process
PS AX | EGREP inetd
Kill -Hup PID_OF_INETD
-Kill (9) forced suspension
PID value meanings:
> 0 refers to a specific process (actual process)
= 0 All Process (PGID) of the same group
= -1 Effective Uid = Uid execute the user
<0 &&! = 1 Take the process of absolute value
5.3 Nice
Used to change the priority of one or more processes; but only root or improve the priority of the process, ordinary users can only
Reduce the priority of the process.
NICE uses a negative number to increase priority, while positive numbers indicate that the priority is lowered, usually the range is -20 to 20.
If no priority is not specified, Nice will reduce or do not change the priority of the process. Of course, if there is no authority
The priority of the process will not have any changes.
Under normal circumstances we use nice to reduce the priority of the background process (the default priority is 10).
Nice find. -name "* .c" -print &
Nice 16 Find. -Name "* .c" -print &
5.4 Wait
Wait Pid
Waiting for the job, the parameter is PID, which is sometimes used in Shell Script.
5.5 NOHUP
Nohup Command &
5.6 SLEEP
Sleep Seconds
Process front and rear replacement: Ctrl-Z, FG, BG
6. Communication 6.1 FTP
6.2 Mailx
6.3 minicom (serial terminal, modem)
7. Document comparison
CMP
COMM
DIFF (for comparison text file)
DIFF3 (compared 3 files)
SDIFF
8. File operation
Touch creates files, modify file dates, etc.
chmod
Chwon
chgrp
RM caution RM -RF
MV mobile file or rename
CP CP -R Copy Directory
Cat
RCP Remote Replication
Ln is hard connection by default, each file has the same inode
Ln -s Sourcefile Targetfile
9. Directory operation
Mkdir [-p] [-m mode] Directory
RMDir [-P] Directory
10. File information command
LS
Find
The most basic function is to find a file name or directory, the common format is as follows:
Find. -print (similar to ls -lr)
Find can use the following properties to find:
-Name finds the file name, the file name of the incomplete group *?
-Perm 00x000 eight-on-file attribute
-time N N days before visiting files
-Mtime N modified files
-ctime n file modified between N
-EXEC Command Returns the code of the command to zero (find the corresponding file), true, Command must
/; The result, in addition, {} is the file path name in the execution of the command.
-ok Command is similar to the Exec, but the user is required to confirm between each command.
-Print prints the current path name
-newer filename If the final modification date of the file is true than that of FileName.
-Type C C = [B, C, D, L, P, F] file type
-user username, as a file owner, is true for UserName
-nouser file owner does not exist in the / etc / passwd file
-group grouname file group
Logical operator: -a -o!
List:
Find $ homen / (-name a.out -o -name "* .o" /) -time 7 -exec rm {} /;
Find. -Atime 0 -Print
Find / .name .profile -print
Find. -perm 777 -a -mtime 7 -EXEC CHMOD 755 {} /
File
More
Less
Tail (tail -f filename)
HEAD
WC
Read for shell programming
COL
PG (Sysv)
11. Editor
vi
ED
Joe
12. File content lookup
GREP
EGREP
Regular expression:. * ^ $ ? []
Strings
13. Task Scheduling
AT
ATQ lists the tasks in the queue
crontab
14. Storage, induction, and compression
Compress .z
Uncompress .z
CPIO
DD DD if = inputfile of = OutputFile
DD if = boot.img of = / dev / fd0h1440
Pack .Z 30% -50% text file
PCAT PACT file.z
gzip .gz
gunzip
Tar Tar - [TXC] vf targetfile [SourceFile]
Tar -cvf target.tar sourcefilelist
Tar -tvf target.tar [filename]
Tar -xvf target.tar [filename]
GNU Tar:
Tar -zcvf target.tar.gz SourceFileList
Tar -zxvf target.tar.gz [filelist]
Tar -ztvf target.tar.gz [filelist]
Zcat .z
Uuencode
Uudecode
15. Other orders
date
ENV
Unix2dos (linux is not)
Dos2unix
uname
Uptime
Free
Time
TOP
16. Text Processing
CUT
The FMT is converted to 72 columns per row, used for email formatting
Fold folding, one line to multi-line, generally 80 columns
Join
Paste
Sort
TR
Tr '/ "' ' #! / bin / sh For i in * DO MV $ I `Echo $ I | TR / [A-Z] / [A-Z] /` DONE UNIQ report / delete files in the same copy line SED stream editor SED 'S / 96 / TT /' Student.txt awk AWK '{Print $ 1 "" $ 2}' Sourcefile awk -f class.awk student.txt> Linux-student.txt The contents of the file Class.awk are as follows: # # Class.awk # Begin {Printf "% -12S% S / N", "class", "student name"; Printf "---------------------------------------- / n / n" } / [1-9] / b * $ / {Class = $ 0} / ^ 9 [5-8] / {PrintF "% -12S% S / N", Class, $ 0 | "sort"} #ENF of class.awk awk -f trafficient.awk traffic.txt The document traffic.awk content is as follows: # # Traffic.awk # {IF ($ 2 <10000) T_0 = $ 2; IF ($ 2> 10,000 && $ 2 <50000) T_10 = $ 2; IF ($ 2> 5000 && $ 2 <100000) T_50 = $ 2; IF ($ 2> 100000) T_100 = $ 2; Total = $ 2} End {Printf "T_0 =% DKB% 5.2F /% / N", T_0, T0 * 100 / Total Printf "T_10 =% DKB% 5.2F /% / N", T_10, T10 * 100 / Total Printf "T_50 =% DKB% 5.2F /% / N", T_50, T_50 * 100 / Total Printf "T_100 =% DKB% 5.2F /% / N", T_100, T_100 * 100 / Total Printf "total =% DKB / N", Total} #End of traffic.awk 17. Network configuration commands and troubleshooting commands 17.1 ifconfig Interface Config, NIC configuration command, related files: / proc / net / dev Detailed inspection: man ifconfig Example: #ifconfig Lo Link ENCAP: LOCAL LOOPBACK card logo package type: Local loopback INET Addr: 127.0.0.1 Bcast: 127.255.255.255 Mask: 255.0.0.0 IP address: 127.0.0.1 Broadcast address: 127.255.255.255 Subnet mask: 255.0.0.0 Up Broadcast Loopback Running MTU: 3584 Metric: 1 Launched the Broadcast Local Roal Running Maximum Transmission Unit: 3584 Route Distance Vector: 1 Rx Packets: 718 Errors: 0 Dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0 Accept data package: 718 TX Packets: 718 Errors: 0 Dropped: 0 overruns: 0 Carrier: 0 Sended data package: 718 Collisions: 0 Collision: 0 Eth0 Link ENCAP: Ethernet Hwaddr 00:80: C8: 4C: 6A: D0 NIC logo package type: Ethernet Hardware (MAC) Address: 00: 80: C8: 4C: 6A: D0 INET Addr: 202.118.66.81 Bcast: 202.118.66.255 Mask: 255.255.255.0 IP address: 202.118.66.81 Broadcast address: 202.118.66.255 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 Up Broadcast Running Multicast MUNTU: 1500 metric: 1 Laked Accept Broadcasting Multi-Broadcast Maximum Transmission Unit: 1500 Route Distance Vector: 1 RX Packets: 13900 Errors: 0 Dropped: 0 overruns: 0 frame: 0 Accept data package: 13900 TX Packets: 5859 Errors: 0 Dropped: 0 overruns: 0 Carrier: 0 Sended data package: 5859 Collisions: 0 Collision: 0 Interrupt: 10 Base Address: 0xE400 Interrupt (IRQ): 10 Port Address: 0xE400 #ifconfig eth0 Display information about Eth0 #ifconfig -a Displays configuration information for all network devices #ifconfig eth0 down Down Eth0 #ifconfig eth0 202.118.66.81 Broadcast 202.118.66.255 [UP] #ifconfig eth0 202.118.6.81 Broadcast 202.118.66.255 Netmask 255.255.255.0 #ifconfig eth0 up 17.2 ROUTE Routing Table Maintenance Command, Related Files: / Proc / Net / Route $ / SBIN / ROUTE Kernel IP Routing Table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface LocalNet * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 49 ETH0 192.168.1.0 * 255.255.255.0 u 0 0 655 Eth1 192.168.2.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 498 Eth2 192.168.3.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 825 Eth3 127.0.0.0 * 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 13 LodeFault Olive.dlut.edu. 0.0.0.0 UG 1 0 4834 Eth0 # ROUTE Add Default GW 202.118.66.1 # ROUTE Add Default GW 202.118.66.1 Eth0 # / sbin / route add -net 202.118.68.0 Netmask 255.255.252.0 GW 202.118.66.16 # / sbin / rouet Del Default 202.118.66.1 # / sbin / route del -net 202.118.68.0 Netmask 255.255.252.0 GW 202.118.66.16 17.3 NetStat Display host current routing table, related files: / proc / net / route Netstat -Rn / home / hbwork [102] netstat -rn Routing Table: Destination Gateway Flags Ref Use Interface ----------------------------------- ------ --------- 202.118.70.27 202.118.66.16 UGHD 0 1 202.118.69.254 202.118.66.16 UGHD 0 1 202.118.68.243 202.118.66.16 UGHD 0 1 202.118.70.21 202.118.66.16 UGHD 0 0 202.118.71.10 202.118.66.16 UGHD 0 1 202.118.71.204 202.118.66.16 UGHD 0 1 202.118.68.160 202.118.66.16 UGHD 0 1 202.199.128.52 202.118.66.254 UGHD 0 2 202.118.68.66 202.118.66.16 UGHD 0 1 202.118.69.69 202.118.66.16 UGHD 0 1 202.118.69.228 202.118.66.16 UGHD 0 1 202.118.71.68 202.118.66.16 UGHD 0 1 202.118.70.37 202.118.66.16 UGHD 0 1 202.118.66.0 202.118.66.18 U 3 12259 HME0 224.0.0.0 202.118.66.18 U 3 0 HME0 Default 202.118.66.1 ug 0 70354 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 41316 LO0 Destionation: Target Network or Host Gateway: The next route, thinks the IP address of the route closer to the target, will be sent to the data transfer This IP address. Flags: U Router IS UP, target can be reached H Specific Router, route to a specific host G This route is indirectly accessed for other routing. If there is no G flag, it indicates the corresponding Routers or hosts are directly connected to the corresponding router. D This route is established by the path redirection information of the ICMP protocol. M modified by the re-direction information of ICMP REFS: The number of links currently in this route now, these connections may be ftp longer than a continuous time or Telnet Task, each of which uses TCP services or applications to add 1. USE: The amount of data package through this router since the TCP / IP starts. Interface: NIC logic name, Unix different names. 17.4 NSLOOKUP Name Server Lookup, DNS Server Diagnostic Tools Use the quote: [hbwork @ helily hbwork] $ nslookup www.dlut.edu.cn Server: Cedrus.dlut.edu.cn Address: 202.118.66.6 Name: peony.dlut.edu.cn Address: 202.118.66.18 Aliases: www.dlut.edu.cn [HBWork @ Helius HBwork] $ nslookup Default Server: Cedrus.dlut.edu.cn Address: 202.118.66.6 > www.dlut.edu.cn Server: Cedrus.dlut.edu.cn Address: 202.118.66.6 Name: peony.dlut.edu.cn Address: 202.118.66.18 Aliases: www.dlut.edu.cn > Set Q = NS # Query the DNS server of the corresponding domain > dlut.edu.cn # Enter the domain name you want to query Server: Cedrus.dlut.edu.cn # default domain server is CEDRUS.DLUT.EDU.CN Address: 202.118.66.6 # Reference /etc/resolv.conf file DLUT.EDU.CN NAMESERVER = Gingko.dlut.edu.cn DLUT.EDU.CN NAMESERVER = Olive.dlut.edu.cn DLUT.EDU.CN NAMESERVER = CEDRUS.DLUT.EDU.CN Gingko.dlut.edu.cn internet address = 202.118.66.8 Olive.dlut.edu.cn internet address = 202.118.68.1 Olive.dlut.edu.cn internet address = 202.118.69.1 Olive.dlut.edu.cn internet address = 202.118.70.1 Olive.dlut.edu.cn internet address = 202.118.71.1 Olive.dlut.edu.cn internet address = 202.118.66.16 Cedrus.dlut.edu.cn internet address = 202.118.66.6 > dl.lnpta.net.cn # Query DL.Lnpta.Net.cn domain name server Server: Cedrus.dlut.edu.cnaddress: 202.118.66.6 Non-Authoritative Answer: Dl.lnpta.net.cn nameserver = ns.lnpta.net.cn Authoritative Answers Can Be Found from: Ns.lnpta.net.cn Internet address = 202.96.64.68 > Server ns.lnpta.net.cn DEFAULT Server: ns.lnpta.net.cn Address: 202.96.64.68 Server: ns.lnpta.net.cn Address: 202.96.64.68 Non-Authoritative Answer: Www.dlut.edu.cn canonical name = peony.dlut.edu.cn > dlut.edu.cn # 查询 域 dlut.edu.cn MX record Server: ns.lnpta.net.cn Address: 202.96.64.68 Non-Authoritative Answer: DLUT.EDU.CN Preference = 1, mail exchanger = gingko.dlut.edu.cn Authoritative Answers Can Be Found from: DLUT.EDU.CN NAMESERVER = Gingko.dlut.edu.cn DLUT.EDU.CN NAMESERVER = CEDRUS.DLUT.EDU.CN DLUT.EDU.CN NAMESERVER = Olive.dlut.edu.cn Gingko.dlut.edu.cn internet address = 202.118.66.8 Cedrus.dlut.edu.cn internet address = 202.118.66.6 Olive.dlut.edu.cn internet address = 202.118.71.1 Olive.dlut.edu.cn internet address = 202.118.66.16 Olive.dlut.edu.cn internet address = 202.118.68.1 Olive.dlut.edu.cn internet address = 202.118.69.1 Olive.dlut.edu.cn internet address = 202.118.70.1 > EXIT 17.5 ping TCP / IP ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Diagnostic Tools ping [Hostname | ipaddress] Error Message: Host Unreachable NetWork unreachable [HBWork @ helily hbwork] $ ping 202.118.66.1 Ping 202.118.66.1 (202.118.66.1): 56 Data Bytes 64 bytes from 202.118.66.1: ICMP_SEQ = 0 TTL = 255 TIME = 23.1 MS 64 bytes from 202.118.66.1: ICMP_SEQ = 1 TTL = 255 TIME = 2.1 MS 64 bytes from 202.118.66.1: ICMP_SEQ = 2 TTL = 255 TIME = 1.9 ms --- 202.118.66.1 Ping Statistics --- 3 Packets Transmitted, 3 Packets Received, 0% Packet LOSS Round-trip min / avg / max = 1.9 / 9.0 / 23.1 ms 17.6 Hostname Show or set host name 17.7 DomainName Show or set host domain names 17.8 Traceroute Windows 95: Tracert Traceroute hostname Traceroute Destinationation_IP_Address 17.9 ARP Display or set the MAC address of the corresponding host / IP address Related files: / proc / net / arp CAT / Proc / Net / ARP $ ARP HOSTNAME $ ARP -A $ ARP IP_ADDRESS Show or set host names require root privileges #arp -s hostname eth_address [TEMP] [PUB] #arp -d hostname #arp -d ip_address #arp -f mac_ip_map_file common file name / etc / ether - [M [1; 32M ※ Source:. Bihai Youth bbs.dlut.edu.cn. [From: apple.dlut.edu.c] [M
