High school technical curriculum settings in all countries in the world and its enlightenment
The challenges of the new technology revolution today and the demand for talents in the new century have enabled countries to put the focus of competition in education reform. In the wave of reform in the world's basic education curriculum, transforming traditional technical education, setting a technical course with era characteristics, and has become the mainstream orientation in the basic education reforms in many countries. It is only a brief description of the technical curriculum settings in the general high school and its revelation to us.
I. The world's high school technical curriculum is set up
1. Canada
In the 1980s, the Sino-Education Reform of Canada was "from the past temporary leagues entered the stage of reforming the new situation". The Canadian government believes that "there is knowledgeable, can master the human resources of new technologies, can adapt to the development of new technologies, and keep up with the strategic issues of industrial change", "the high school curriculum of the high school curriculum is Chinese, mathematics, science, society Science, Canadian education, business or technical education, sports and health, aesthetic education. In addition, many provinces have "employment entry" and half-time courses. Many secondary schools have opened electronic computer awareness, electronic computer entry, electronic computer processing, information processing, systematic concept, etc., and some secondary schools have opened "forest development "" Mineral development "and its" processing industry "and other courses related to local economic activities.
In the 1990s, Canada made a new learning culture and strive to improve the reform of the scientific and technical quality of all citizens. One of the transformations of the secondary school curriculum, and the characteristics of its reform are the application of new technologies in the field of courses and teaching. In the range, introduce modern new technologies into a secondary school, providing students with new education to adapt to the development needs of modern society. In this way, the technical class is presented in a student's day table as a high-grade compulsory course.
The high school stage of Canada is generally 2 years (11 ~ 12) or 3 years (10 ~ 12), and the course structure is complex. Ontario high school is a four-year system, and graduation requirements have a total of 16 credits, including technical education or business education as a must-have, with 1 credit, social, art, and sports. At the same time, 14 credits have been established. Elective course doors include machinery, motor, automotive repair, electronic computer, typing, woodworking, goldworks, accounting, tailors, office procedures, corporate exchanges, etc., most of them are technical content.
2. Russia
From the 1920s, the Soviet Union began in primary and secondary schools to start a labor program characterized by integrated technical education in primary schools. In the late 1950s, the content of the labor courses has been adjusted, with technical drawings, labor teaching, public welfare labor, and social production internships and other subjects. The class has increased, and labor teaching is 3 lessons during the middle school. In addition, public welfare labor At 2 lessons every week, the production internship of social production in the last 2 weeks of the year, in addition to each of the 7th, 8th grades. In the 1970s, the number of labor teaching was returned to 2 lessons every week, but in the 8th, 10th grade, some of the comprehensive technical subjects were added. In the 1980s, informationism and computer technical courses began in high schools. At the same time, the number of class hours of labor teaching and vocational teaching in high schools increased to 4 lessons per week. In addition, it also stipulates that the necessary public welfare labor and production labor is every At the time of the week, the labor internship was 20 days.
After the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation announced the basic teaching plan, mapping, manual, labor, etc. into a "process" course in 1993. As a compulsory base course, 2 hours a week, 3 lessons per week, 3 hours a week, 3 hours a week, at the time of the 7th grade, at the same time, 7th grade has information lesson. In addition, there is also an elective course. Some schools set typography and shorthand, economics principles, structural design and model production, home economics, production labor or service labor, etc. In 1997, the Russian Ministry of Education also made structural adjustments to the teaching content, which sets 10 must-have projects, and requires every student to complete 10 design programs in the technical study process, from the 2nd grade, 1 per academic year. Russia issued a different teaching content of the students in 1997. Junior high school is: equipment materials and machine parts processing, housekeeping art, sewing, food, hand technology, maintenance, intelligence information technology (computer application); high school stages: family economics, corporate management foundation, production and environmental protection, society Labor and professional self-choice, intelligence information technology, art processing, etc. 3. United Kingdom
In 1988, the UK issued the "Education Reform Law". According to this method, the technical class of design and technology, information technology is the main content of the United Kingdom's 5 ~ 16 years old. The British education department also puts a different goal according to the specific content. Each goal has established ten levels and puts forward different levels, requiring children aged 5 to 7 to reach 1 to 3, 7 to 11 children. Reached 2 ~ 5, children aged 3-7 and 14-6, 14 ~ 16 years old reached 4 to 10.
In 1999, the British announced the main points of the new national unified course and decided to be implemented from the fall of 2000. In the new curriculum structure, the technology, information is included in the 11-door must-have, and the employment guidance course is also set, the labor experience, including volunteer services, is also included in the school curriculum system. The name of the information course is changed from "Information Technology" to "Information and Communication Technology".
4. United States
The United States has always attached importance to technical education courses. As early as the 1970s, the course structure of American secondary schools with heavy practical education, light academic education, reducing unified requirements, promoting free choice as characteristics, to adapt to most high school students in the United States can't upgrade university, drop out of life , Functional illiteracy increase and the status quo of pursuing equal education. According to Gudlad, the proprietary investigation of the disciplines in the American Middle School Teaching Plan, high school: Technical (professional) education 24%, English 18%, math 13%, social research 13%, science 11%, 9% of sports, 8% of art, 4% foreign language, 22% English: 17% of mathematics, 14% of social research, 13% of the science, 11% of technology (professional) education, 11% of art, sports, foreign language 2 %. In the survey, even found that individual schools such as Fairold Middle School, European Euclid Middle School, technology (career) education reached 47%, 41% respectively. The disciplines involved include industrial art, home economics, economics, business education, consumer education, driving, sales, handmade, professional livelihood education, practical research, typing, etc.
After experiencing the "Restore Base Movement", "High Quality Education" movement, the proportion of American Middle School (career) curriculum setting has fallen sharply, but it is still listed in all students to learn common core courses (language class, History, citizen, science, math, technology, health, occupation, interdisciplinary department). The following is the specific disciplines and credits requirements in the United States recommended by Boyer, the specific disciplines and credits: speeches 0.5, literature 1, art 0.5, foreign language 2, mathematics 2, science 2, citizen 1, technology 0.5, occupation 0.5, Health 0.5, US History 1, and so on. Among them, it is recommended that all student students learn the technological must-have class, understand how human use of various tools, science and technology are combined, technical progress caused by various ethical or social disputes; recommend all high school students Learning a semester of professional courses, the purpose is to help students understand the meaning of all kinds of professions in people's lives, and prepare for students. Before and after the 1990s, the awareness of technical education has reached a new height. In the US "2061 Program" and "Science Culture", it has developed technical education from kindergartens to 12th grade students from kindergarten to 12th grade students, and 2 , Students at 5, 8, and 12th level should be achieved in technical learning. In 1993, the National Education Reform Plan of "2000 Goals: US Education Law" announced, the "Economy" is included in the 8 core courses defined by the country, and accounting in the 9th to 12th grade. Technical and Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Economic Selection and Implementation of the National Skill Standards, Occupational Standards, and implements the "Certificate System". In 2000, the United States has developed technical study standards for all Americans. Since the US education administrative system belongs to a typical local sub-privilege system, the states are different in high school curriculums, but generally maintain independently set technology, economy, and vocational courses.
5. Sweden
Swedish high school original is a high school, commercial high school, technical high school three categories. Later, the government merged three high schools, forming integration high school (equivalent to China's comprehensive high school), and integrated high school learning content into 23, in addition to language, In addition to social, music, natural sciences, also have clothing processing, food processing, workshop technology, motor engineering, woodworking, construction, electronic telecommunications, processing engineering, agriculture, forestry, operation and maintenance, sales and office affairs, consumption, Economic and other subjects. After 1994, the integration high school curriculum structure has a new change. All education is organized in the form of a three-year "National Learning Program", a total of 16 national plans, 2 of which are mainly prepared for university education, and 14 are technical, professional. Each plan includes a core course in language, citizen, math, science, and art. These 16 national plans include: technology, commercial management, construction, child care, motor engineering, food production, health services, hotel management, industrial, publicity media, natural resources, electrical engineering, etc.
6. France
France's high school is divided into ordinary high schools, technology high schools and professional high schools. General High School and Technology High School for the three-year long-term education, through high school graduation, may obtain diploma, entering colleges.
After Habi Reform [[1]], France sets a "handmade, technical class" every week of 2 lessons during junior high school. At the same time, 5 classes in 9 lessons defining and elective are technical courses. The compulsory course for economic, social and technical sciences is opened in high school. At the same time, it has set up industrial technology, scientific, technical, management, typing, home policies, and labor, etc. After the reform, junior high school skills courses (technology, art, sports) rose to 29.2% of the preschool, high school technological courses rose by 12.5% from 8.2% before reform, 9 choice courses listed in junior high school In the middle, technical courses have 55.5%, and the technical curriculum accounts for approximately 60% in the course of the selection of selection and free elective repairs. In 1999, on the basis of studying the reform of high school curriculum, France started the construction of new curriculum frameworks and the drafting of new discipline courses. In the future high school curriculum, it is proposed to develop "common" in high school students in the country. Culture, including: literature, humanities, art, technology, foreign language, sports, etc., it is reflected in all schools in high school, and it means linking students to the future learning and professional life. Corresponding cultural knowledge. stand up. In its conception, "Science and Technology must learn", starting from the second grade of high school, students should contact some new courses, such as "Economic and Social Sciences", "Industrial and Technical Sciences". The purpose of the economic and social science class is to enable all students to understand the Organizational Principles of Contemporary World Economy and Society and their key links, industry and tertiary technology science to make students learn advanced information technology.
7. Philippines
Since 1989, all new courses in the Philippines' general middle school and vocational technology in the Philippines are only allowed to add elective courses in vocational technical secondary schools. New courses are divided into eight universities: English, Philippines, Mathematics, Science and Technology, Social Disciplines, Sports Health and Music, Technology and Housekeeping, Values Education.
In 1989, the new courses highlight the status of the technical curriculum. In the eight universities of the eight universities, there are two types of technical subjects, and one is set in the "Science and Technology" name, and the other is located in the "Technology and Family Economy" name. under. "Science and Technology" accounts for 13.6% of total credits; the basic knowledge and basic technology of family economy, agriculture, industrial, commercial, etc. in Technology and Family Economy, accounting for 13.6%, 3, 4 The grade is 18.2% of total credits. Philippine Middle School First, Secondary Grade Learning Concept, Third, and Fourth Grade for Specialized Learning.
8. Japan
In the primary and secondary school curriculum standards promulgated in 1998, the primary school has a compulsory course "family political" and "handmade", including the 5th, 6th grade, the number of hours is 60 and 55, the first-middle settlement must repair lesson "technology and family" The first academic year of the first school year is 70, the second school year is 35. Learning project is the basic content of housekeeping and technology, a total of 11 items: "Woodwork", "Electrician", "Gold", "Machinery", "Cultivation", "Information Foundation", "Family Life", "Food", " Clothing "," residence "," conservation ", among them," woodwork "," electrician "," family life "," food "is a must.
In the general high school curriculum standards, the general high school curriculum of men and women in Japan, as well as the elective subjects of men and women, and the issuance of the process, agriculture, workers, orders, and water, 1999 promulgated, high school curriculum standards implemented in 2003, increase information The content of the chemical, and "information" is listed as a compulsory base lesson. Its technical courses are divided into: housekeeping, 2 credits, accounting for 2.7% of credits required for high school graduation; life technology, 4 credits, accounting for 5.4%; information, 2 credits, accounting for 2.7%. In addition, there is also a process class, 2 credits, 2.7% based on industrial technology.
9. Korea
Before after 1990, South Korea began using the fifth curriculum reform. In this curriculum reform, the "Industrial and Technology" series of courses is set up, mainly technical, domestic, technical and homework in the first day, the first week average 3 lessons, the second day is 4 ~ 6 hours, the first In the third grade, one door is elected in agriculture, industrial, commercial, water industry, and family. The number of hours per week is 4 ~ 6. In high school, no matter whether it is a liberal art, a general high school student, it must be repaired in technology and housekeeping, and 1 goar in agriculture, industrial, commercial, water industry, home, and information industry. In 1996, South Korea conducted the sixth curriculum reform. In the junior high school, the technology and industries are classified as a compulsory class, and each grade class is scheduled to be 3 lessons every week, and the computer is listed as an elective course. On this basis, high school ordinary course teaching plans have also clarified the technical must repair subjects and the number of hours should be fulfilled. The specific requirements are: technology 8, family political 8, agriculture 6, industrial 6, business 6, water industry 6, Home is 6, the information industry 6, and increase the "outlet and professional" subject. In addition, some practical and cultural elective subjects have been proposed.
Second, the common trend of high school technical curriculum setting in all countries in the world
We can see some common trends by comparison between countries (regional) technical curriculum settings:
1. More and more national independent sets of technical courses.
Although the form is different, the name is different, but almost every country and region have technical education in the curriculum setting, and more use of independent forms to implement high school technological education, achieving its technical education. purpose. For example, in Australia, there are 8 must be carried out, technology and application technology are one of them; in the UK, technology is a separate basic compulsory course that must accept 5 ~ 16 children.
2. More and more countries see technology as a subject group.
Many countries not only use technology as an independent course, but also set a group of subjects to form a subject group. From this aspect, it can be seen that the content of technical education in basic education is becoming more and more rich. On the other hand, it can be seen that people 's demand for technical education is increasing. For example, Sri Lanka has opened 8 technical courses in high schools in 1999, they are: civil technology, electricity and electronic technology, mechanical technology, food technology, biological resources, software technology, social service technology, etc.
3. More countries use compulsory and elective forms.
The subject is generally specific subjects such as basic technologies, information technology, housekeeping, and vocational guidance, while elective subjects reflect their own economic structure and industrial characteristics, and more specific subjects associated with local natural conditions and education conditions.
4. More countries are exploring the content system that is adapted to the development of modern science and technology.
More and more countries have come out of the traditional vision of industry and profession, establish a big technical concept associated with science, society, economy, occupation, morality, and focus on building technology and science, technology and society. Technical Education Content Structure under the Technical Education of Technical and Economic, Technology and Family, Technical and Occupation, Technology and Labor.
5. The curriculum content is increasingly open and selectable.
Some countries have more than dozens of elective subjects. At the same time, all countries in the world generally focus on introducing contemporary new technologies into basic education, so that the content of technical education reflects the characteristics and good development prospects of the times. Some countries have opened an independent information technology course, while some countries pay attention to the application and penetration of information technology in all disciplines.
6. The course goal is a coordinated development of the skill based bid to technical capabilities and common capabilities.
Pursue special skills and obtain combination of technical awareness, technical ability training, and human emotions, attitudes, values, scientific spirit, innovation capabilities, interaction methods, etc., pursue tool value and development value. In this regard, we can peek in the technical education concept from Japan, Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States and other countries. Third, the provision of technical curriculum in the world is given to us
1. Balance academic courses and technical courses
In history, the "pendulum" phenomenon in the world's general high school academic courses and technical (career) courses and the consequences of the resulting consequences provide us with valuable heritage. In the past, when the main goal of education refers to improving academic achievements, pursuing classic academic quality, and even pursuing "elite education", the course often increases the proportion of academic books, while the goal of education points to achieving education equality, facing all students, strengthening The connection between education and life, when the practicality of the curriculum, often increases non-academic subjects to increase practical subjects.
From the nature, task, goal of high school, starting from the era characteristics of science and technology development, from China's national conditions, reasonable setting of technical courses, reasonable arrangements of academic subjects and non-academic subjects, elective courses and must-have ratings Relationship, maintaining a certain tension between the two, avoiding the binary opposition and mutual exclusion of academic courses and technical courses.
2. Increase the versatility of technical courses
The development of contemporary science and technology has shown highly differentiated and highly integrated two-poles, and the minor improvement of science and technology will be branded in the era of era on employment structure. With the new production conditions, labor processes and process methods, the structure reforms have caused the original segmentation to be integrated in new heights. This leads to various majors, communication and mutual connection between various industries, and generate new professional structure, which puts forward new quality requirements for workers (especially interdisciplinary, cross-industry insight, professionalism migration) Wait). In this way, the original excessively limited to specific items, even in specific projects, specific skill training instead of technical learning, can no longer meet the requirements of the times, the technical courses of secondary school must add more common, transcendete Technology and basic techniques. These basic, general technical learning content belong to the scope of general education, should have a wide range of migration characteristics, should be conducive to the formation of students 'technical literacy, the improvement of social adaptability, which is conducive to the enhancement of students' innovative spirit and practical ability. It is conducive to the development of students' emotional, attitude, values and their social interaction.
3. Improve the opening of technical courses
Technical courses are a course with local economic and social development links, and have certain conditions in terms of teachers, equipment, funds, etc. To this end, under the premise of emphasis on the basic technical education, it should be constructed of a structural system with more open, more selective courses (such as based on the basic compulsory course, increase the elective course) to ensure local and The school can become the subject of the course selection, so that the goal of technical education is really realized. The technical education in basic education should take the target orientation, the mechanism of content, that is, the design of the technical curriculum should have a unified goal and requirement, but in the premise of ensuring the basic and commonality, there should be different teaching content and method. This is also a place where technical courses are different from other courses.
4. Expanding the connotation of technical education, transforming traditional technical education
In the context of modern science and technology development, the value and significance of technical education in basic education has not been revealed. If some experts have pointed out, "Ordinary education without technical education cannot be true modern education", "no Modernization of technical education, it is impossible to have a modernization of education.
However, the technical education in the basic education in the new era faces the task of discipline reconstruction and philosophy. From a worldwide, the old industrialization country is carrying out the transformation of traditional technical education centered on traditional health education, vocational education, and some developing countries are carrying out labor education-centric technology education. Renovation. The common point is to pay attention to the new educational concept, the injection of new educational content, realizing the flow of general education and technical education, making ordinary education more modern education, and constructing with modern social production and life adaptation Technical education system. Therefore, if the extension of the "technology"'s meaning will inevitably lead to educate students in traditional (formerly industrial) thinking and concept model, this aspect makes technology education resources cannot be very easy to use, On the one hand, it is impossible to avoid the limitations of narrow professional technical education. In the past, it was mentioned that the technical activities of manufacturing, smelting, printing and dyeing, and pharmaceuticals and other process processes were launched. Nowadays, the technical connotation is more (materials, energy, information, system), and more attention to its combination with the various fields of society, including the understanding of technology, the history of technology, and human pair The control of technology development, and the relationship between the humanization of technology development, etc. As a discipline introduced a secondary school program, it has changed the properties of traditional education, reorganized academic curriculum structure, reflecting the ideal pursuit of education democratization. In the scientific and technological changing contemporary society, the technical curriculum faced the renovation of traditional education renovation, reflecting the re-reflection of reflection.
